The acute toxicity of tri-n-butyltin taurocholate

The acute toxicity for tri-n-butyltin taurocholate (TBT-TA), a newly synthesized organotin steroid, was determined using Long Evans rats. The organotin compound was suspended in corn oil and administered by gavage using standard techniques. The TBT-TA exhibited a taurocholic acid toxicity at 24 h and a tributyltin toxicity at three days. The LD₅₀ values were 611 and 384 mg kg^?1 respectively. The dead rats exhibited distended stomachs, enlarged cecums, and lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. The toxicity is similar to that observed with other trialkyltin compounds.     

Synthesis of tri-n-butyltin taurocholate,taurodeoxycholate and glycocholate

The bile acids, taurocholic, taurodeoxycholic and glycocholic acid, were reacted with bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide (TBTO) to form 1:1 derivatives. The water of reaction was removed with 2, 2-dimethoxypropane or by azeotropic distillation with benzene. The compounds were characterized by ¹³C and ¹¹⁹Sn NMR, IR, elemental analysis, molecular weight determination, DTA, TGA, and conductance measurements. The data indicated that tri-n-butyltin glycocholate forms a covalent ester, tin being tetracoordinated. The taurocholic and taurodeoxycholic acid derivatives contain one molecule of coordinated water. They partially dissociate in polar solvents. The taurocholic and glycocholic acid derivatives were tested in vitro as anticancer agents and exhibited ED₅₀ in the 0.2–0.4 ppm (mg kg^?1) range against KB epidermoid tumor and P-388 leukemia using NCI protocols.     

The synergistic effect of polysorbate 80 upon the toxicity of tri-n-butyltin chloride

Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) was used as an emulsifying agent for administering tri-n-butyltin chloride (TBTCl) to rats below, at and above the LD₅₀ for the compound. Tween 80 greatly enhanced the toxicity of the organotin compound. The LD₅₀ in the presence of Tween 80 (16% of the emulsion) is less than half of the LD₅₀ when the TBTCl was administered in corn oil.     

The chemical form and acute toxicity of arsenic compounds in marine organisms

A method for the separation and identification of inorganic and methylated arsenic compounds in marine organisms was constructed by using a hydride generation/cold trap/gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HG/CT/GC MS) measurement system. The chemical form of arsenic compounds in marine organisms was examined by the HG/CT/GC MS system after alkaline digestion. It was observed that trimethylarsenic compounds were distributed mainly in the water-soluble fraction of muscle of carnivorous gastropods, crustaceans and fish. Also, dimethylated arsenic compounds were distributed in the water-soluble fraction of Phaeophyceae. It is thought that most of the trimethylated arsenic is likely to be arsenobetaine since this compound released trimethylarsine by alkaline digestion and subsequent reduction with sodium borohydride. The major arsenic compound isolated from the water-soluble fraction in the muscle and liver of sharks was identified as arsenobetaine from IR, FAB Ms data, NMR spectra and TLC behaviour. The acute toxicity of arsenobetaine was studied in male mice. The LD₅₀ value was higher than 10 g kg⁻¹. This compound was found in urine in the non-metabolized form. No particular toxic symptoms were observed following administration. These results suggest that arsenobetaine has low toxicity and is not metabolized in mice. The LD₅₀ values of other minor arsenicals in marine organisms, trimethylarsine oxide, arsenocholine and tetramethylarsonium salt, were also examined in mice.     

A comparative study on acute toxicity of methylarsonic acid,dimethylarsinic acid and trimethylarsine oxide in mice

The acute toxicity of methylarsonic acid, CH₃AsO(OH)₂ (MAA), dimethylarsininc acid, (CH₃)₂AsO(OH) (DMAA), and trimethylarsine oxide, (CH₃)₃AsO (TMAO), were examined in mice with oral administration. The LD₅₀ values of MAA, DMAA and TMAO were 1.8, 1.2 and 10.6 g kg^?1 respectively. The toxicity of MAA and DMAA was very much lower than that for inorganic arsenic compounds. It was shown that TMAO has a similar acute toxicity to arsenobetaine. On the other hand, when the mice were administered 14.4 g kg^?1 of TMAO once only orally, a garlic-like odor (trimethylarsine, (CH₃)₃As) was definitely detectable in the exhalation of the animals by the human olfactory sense within about a few minutes.     

Comparison of in silico models for prediction of Daphnia magna acute toxicity

Eight in silico modelling packages were evaluated and compared for the prediction of Daphnia magna acute toxicity from the viewpoint of the European legislation on chemicals, REACH. We tested the following models: Discovery Studio (DS) TOPKAT, ACD/Tox Suite, ADMET Predictor?, ECOSAR (Ecological Structure Activity Relationships), TerraQSAR?, T.E.S.T. (Toxicity Estimation Software Tool) and two models implemented in VEGA on 480 industrial compounds for 48-h median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) to D. magna, matching them with experimental values. The quality of the estimates was compared using a standard statistical review and an additional classification approach in which the hazard predictions were grouped using well-defined regulatory criteria. The regression parameters, correlation coefficient being the most influential, showed that four models (ADMET Predictor?, DS TOPKAT, TerraQSAR? and VEGA DEMETRA) had similar reliability. These performed better than the others, but the coefficient of determination was still low (r² around 0.6), considering that at least half the predicted compounds were inside the training sets. Additionally, we grouped the results in four defined toxicity classes. TerraQSAR? gave 60% of correct classifications, followed by DS TOPKAT, ADMET Predictor? and VEGA DEMETRA, with 56%, 54% and 48%, respectively. These results highlight the challenges associated with developing reliable and easily applied acceptability criteria for the regulatory use of QSAR models to D. magna acute toxicity.     

氟化钠对小鼠的急性毒性实验研究

为探讨氟化钠对小鼠的急性毒性及反应,采取灌胃法给小鼠一次性给药,观察了7 d内35.00、55.56、88.18、139.97、222.18、352.67、559.79 mg/kg等7个剂量组小鼠的毒性反应和死亡情况,计算了氟化钠经口半数致死量(LD50)及95%可信限.结果表明,各剂量组中毒小鼠均出现不同程度的抽搐、...     

硝基芳烃对梨形四膜虫急性毒性的定量构效关系研究

硝基芳烃衍生物是炸药、染料、农药和有机合成的重要原料或中间体,应用极为广泛,但它们均为有毒物质,是我国松花江中主要有机污染物之一,其中有些化合物已被美国环保局列为优先监测污染物[1].     

Acute toxicity and metabolism of arsenocholine in mice

The acute toxicity of arsenocholine was examined in mice by oral administration and intravenous injection. The LD₅₀ values of arsenocholine were 6.5 g kg^?1 for oral administration and 187 mg kg^?1 for oral administration and 187 mg kg^?1 for intravenous injection. Decreases of respiration and spontaneous motility were observed in the mice dosed orally at 12 g kg^?1. The animals exhibited ataxia and finally showed paralysis of the hind legs within 20 min of administration. When arsenocholine was administered orally to mice at 5 or 50 mg As kg^?1, the greater part of the arsenic administered was recovered in urine within 96 h. The metabolite of arsenocholine in urine was identified as arsenobetaine by high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (HPLC ICP) and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB MS). These results suggested that the major part of orally administered arsenocholine was absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in mice and then rapidly excreted in urine with biotransformation.     

理论线性溶解能参数在苯砜基羧酸酯类化合物急性毒性QSAR研究中的应用

采用密度泛函理论方法,在B3LYP/6-31G(d)理论水平下,计算了45种苯砜基羧酸酯化合物的量子化学参数.经多元线性回归分析,得到描述此类化合物对发光菌急性毒性的模型:-lgEC50=3.02 6.24EHOMO-0.091μ-0.006P 1.22q(1)-6.67q(10),其中R=0.92,r2adj=0.82,F=42.0,q2=0.79.通过对模型进行分析,得到如下结论:苯环和酯基取代基的电负性越大,分子体积越小,毒性越大.该研究为探讨此类化合物急性毒性的机理奠定了理论基础.     

Assessment of in silico models for acute aquatic toxicity towards fish under REACH regulation

We evaluated the performance of eight QSAR in silico modelling packages (ACD/ToxSuite?, ADMET Predictor?, DEMETRA, ECOSAR, TerraQSAR?, Toxicity Estimation Software Tool, TOPKAT? and VEGA) for acute aquatic toxicity towards two species of fish: Fathead Minnow and Rainbow Trout. For the Fathead Minnow, we compared model predictions for 567 substances with the corresponding experimental values for 96-h median lethal concentrations (LC50). Some models gave good results, with r² up to 0.85. We also classified the predictions of all the models into four toxicity classes defined by CLP. This permitted us to assess other parameters, such as the percentage of correct predictions for each class. Then we used a set of 351 substances with toxicity data towards Rainbow Trout (96-h LC50). In this case the predictability was unacceptable for all the in silico models. The calculated r² gave poor correlations (≤0.53). Another analysis was performed according to chemical classes and for mode of action. In the first case, all the classes show a high percentage of correct predictions, in the second case only narcotics and polar narcotics were predicted with good confidence. The results indicate the possibility of using in silico methods to estimate aquatic toxicity within REACH regulation, after careful evaluation.     

Synthesis and radioprotective action of silathiazolidines and germathiazolidines

We report on the synthesis and characterization of new sila‐ and germa‐thiazolidines derived from 2‐[1‐(1‐naphthyl)ethyl]‐2‐imidazoline. The radioprotective activity was evaluated in mice by intraperitoneal injection. A notable diminution in the toxicity and increase in radioprotective efficacy were shown for the organometallic derivatives compared with the unsubstituted organic precursors. For some of the cyclic compounds, a delay effect was observed tranducing a slow opening in vivo of the thiazolidine ring. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Coral: QSAR models for acute toxicity in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)

CORrelation And Logic (CORAL) is a software that generates quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR) for different endpoints. This study is dedicated to the QSAR analysis of acute toxicity in Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Statistical quality for the external test set is a complex function of the split (into training and test subsets), the number of epochs of the Monte Carlo optimization, and the threshold that is a criterion for dividing the correlation weights into two classes rare (blocked) and not rare (active). Computational experiments with three random splits (data on 568 compounds) indicated that this approach can satisfactorily predict the desired endpoint (the negative decimal logarithm of the 50% lethal concentration, in mmol/L, pLC₅₀). The average correlation coefficients (r²) are 0.675 ± 0.0053, 0.824 ± 0.0242, 0.787 ± 0.0101 for subtraining, calibration, and test set, respectively. The average standard errors of estimation (s) are 0.837 ± 0.021, 0.555 ± 0.047, 0.606 ± 0.049 for subtraining, calibration, and test set, respectively. The CORAL software together with three random splits into subtraining, calibration, and test sets can be downloaded on the Internet ( http://www.insilico.eu/coral/ ). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Synthesis and radioprotective study of new siladithioacetals and germadithioacetals

A series of organosilicon and organogermanium compounds derived from cysteamine, methylcysteamine and 2‐[1‐(1‐naphthyl)ethyl]‐2‐imidazoline have been prepared and their radiopharmacological properties (radioprotective activity and toxicity) have been determined in mice. A number of these new organometallic derivatives have been found to possess radioprotective activity. We have also noted a notable decrease of the toxicity and a fairly large increase in the radioprotective activity in comparison with the unsubstituted organic molecules. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

人工神经网络预测非环状亚硝胺急性毒性的QSAR研究

在DFT-B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)水平对60种非环状亚硝胺分子结构进行几何全优化,通过多元逐步线性回归(MSR)分析筛选出9个量子化学描述符作为自变量,log LD50(lethal dose 50％,LD50:大鼠口服急性毒性)作为因变量,采用人工神经网络(ANN)方法构建QSAR模型.经Levenber...     

Consensus QSAR models estimating acute toxicity to aquatic organisms from different trophic levels: algae,Daphnia and fish

ABSTRACT

We report new consensus models estimating acute toxicity for algae, Daphnia and fish endpoints. We assembled a large collection of 3680 public unique compounds annotated by, at least, one experimental value for the given endpoint. Support Vector Machine models were internally and externally validated following the OECD principles. Reasonable predictive performances were achieved (RMSE_ext = 0.56–0.78) which are in line with those of state-of-the-art models. The known structural alerts are compared with analysis of the atomic contributions to these models obtained using the ISIDA/ColorAtom utility. A benchmarking against existing tools has been carried out on a set of compounds considered more representative and relevant for the chemical space of the current chemical industry. Our model scored one of the best accuracy and data coverage.

Nevertheless, industrial data performances were noticeably lower than those on public data, indicating that existing models fail to meet the industrial needs. Thus, final models were updated with the inclusion of new industrial compounds, extending the applicability domain and relevance for application in an industrial context. Generated models and collected public data are made freely available.     

聚乙烯醇颗粒的急性毒性实验

将30只新西兰大白兔分成6组:低、较低剂量、中、较高剂量、高剂量PVA组、对照组组(1.0mg.kg-1,1.6mg·kg-1,2.0 mg·kg-1,2.5 mg·kg-1,5.0mg·kg-1,40％泛影葡胺2ml/只),经皮穿刺肝动脉给药,连续观察给药后的急性毒性表现,共14d,并检测血液生化指标,进行病理组织学...     

Prediction of acute toxicity of organophosphorus pesticides using topological indices

Topological indices were used in the prediction of the acute toxicity (intraperitoneal and oral LD₅₀) of organophosphorus pesticides on rats. Models with six variables for the prediction of LD₅₀-i.p. (r?=?0.849, Q ²?=?0.613) and eight variables for LD₅₀-oral (r?=?0.906, Q ²?=?0.701) were selected. External group and cross-validation by use of leave-n-out tests were also performed in order to assess the stability and the prediction performance of the selected topological models.     

Comparison of the acute toxicity of tributyltin and copper to veliger larvae of Nassarius reticulatus (L.)

The ban on the use of tributyltin (TBT) is promoting an increasing use of copper as an active biocide in antifouling paints, with consequent rising levels of this metal in the environment. This study assesses the acute toxicity of copper and tributyltin to the larvae of the mollusc gastropod Nassarius reticulatus. Recently hatched veligers were exposed to nominal TBT‐Sn concentrations of 0.9, 1.4, 1.9, 2.8, 3.8, 4.7 and 5.6 µg l^?1 and nominal copper concentrations of 9.4, 23.4, 46.9, 70.3, 93.8, 117.2, 140.6 and 164.1 µg l^?1 for up to 96 h, under static conditions (17 ± 1 °C and 33 ± 1 psu). The percentage of larval mortality was determined for each organometal/metal concentration and exposure time (1, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h). Both TBT and copper had a highly significant effect on larvae survival (p < 0.001) for all times of exposure, except for the first hour in the particular case of TBT. The lowest observed effect concentration for TBT‐Sn decreased over time from 3.8 µg l^?1 at 24 h to 1.9 µg l^?1 at 96 h, whereas for copper it remained constant over time (46.9 µg l^?1). The median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) for TBT‐Sn decreased from 4.87 µg l^?1 at 24 h to 1.78 µg l^?1 at 96 h, and the LC₅₀ for copper decreased from 83.08 µg l^?1 at 24 h to 58.84 µg l^?1 at 96 h. TBT is far more toxic to N. reticulatus larvae than copper. However, owing to the higher copper environmental concentrations, the risk factors of the two biocides may approach each other. This stresses the need to find adequate substitutes for organotin biocides in future antifouling paints. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.