Dependence of effective spectrum width of synchrotron radiation on particle energy

In the classical theory of synchrotron radiation, for the exact quantitative characterization of spectral properties, the concept of effective spectral width is introduced. In the first part of our work, published in EJPC 75 (2015), the effective spectral width as a function of the energy E of the radiating particle was obtained only in the ultra-relativistic approximation. In this article, which can be considered as a natural continuation of this work, a complete investigation is presented of the dependence of the effective width of the synchrotron radiation spectrum on energy for any values of E and for all the polarization components of the radiation. Numerical calculations were carried out for an effective width not exceeding 100 harmonics.     

Harmonics in a Quantum Free Electron Laser: Towards a compact, coherent γ-ray source

Short-wavelength Free Electron Lasers (FELs), which have recently produced intense, hard X-rays are currently based on the concept of classical Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE). In order to extend the production of intense, coherent radiation to sub-Å wavelengths then an alternative to the conventional SASE-FEL concept will be necessary, as conventional SASE-FELs require long wigglers (~ 100 m) and large accelerators (~ km) and produce radiation which has poor temporal coherence. Recently, we have introduced the concept of the Quantum Free Electron Laser (QFEL). The QFEL is characterised by quantised electron momentum recoil and the emission of monochromatic, coherent radiation from a compact apparatus. This makes it appealing for applications requiring a high degree of temporal coherence. We show that a SASE-QFEL may offer the possibility to produce intense, coherent γ-rays via harmonic generation. This has the potential to open up new applications e.g. coherent interactions involving nuclear transitions.     

Multifrequency radiation force of acoustic waves in fluids

In this article we introduce the concept of multifrequency radiation force produced by a polychromatic acoustic beam propagating in a fluid. This force is a generalization of dynamic radiation force due to a bichromatic wave. We analyse the force exerted on a rigid sphere by a plane wave with N frequency components. Our approach is based on solving the related scattering problem, taking into account the nonlinearity of the fluid. The radiation force is calculated by integrating the excess of pressure in the quasilinear approximation over the surface of the sphere. Results reveal that the spectrum of the multifrequency radiation force is composed of up to N(N−1)/2 distinct frequency components. In addition, the radiation force generated by plane progressive waves is predominantly caused by parametric amplification. This is a phenomenon due to the nonlinear nature of wave propagation in fluids.     

Minimum entropy production closure of the photo-hydrodynamic equations for radiative heat transfer

In the framework of a two-moment photo-hydrodynamic modelling of radiation transport, we introduce a concept for the determination of effective radiation transport coefficients based on the minimization of the local entropy production rate of radiation and (generally nongrey) matter. The method provides the nonequilibrium photon distribution from which the effective (variable) absorption coefficients and the variable Eddington factor (VEF) can be calculated. For a single band model, the photon distribution depends explicitly on the frequency dependence of the absorption coefficient. Without introducing artificial fit parameters, multi-group or multi-band concepts, our approach reproduces the exact results in both limits of optically thick (Rosseland mean) and optically thin (Planck mean) media, in contrast to the maximum entropy method. Also the results for general nonequilibrium radiation between the limits of diffusive and ballistic photons are reasonable. We conjecture that the reason for the success of our approach lies in the linearity of the underlying Boltzmann equation of the photon gas. The method is illustrated and discussed for grey matter and for a simple example of nongrey matter with a two-band absorption spectrum. The method is also briefly compared with the maximum entropy concept.     

A concept of equivalent absorption and emission coefficients for gray analysis of radiative heat transfer

Due to the non-gray of gas radiation, the total emissivity differs from the total absorptivity. Therefore, in gray analysis, the equivalent absorption coefficient is not equal to the equivalent emission coefficient. Based on this idea, in this paper, a concept of equivalent absorption coefficient and equivalent emission coefficients is presented for gray analysis of gas radiative heat transfer. The equivalent emission coefficients are calculated by Leckner's formula and the equivalent absorption coefficients are estimated by inverse analysis. A one-dimensional gas radiation is taken as an example to show the efficiency of this concept. The results show that the concept of equivalent absorption and emission coefficients is feasible. It is necessary to use both the equivalent absorption coefficient and the equivalent emission coefficient for gray analysis.     

High-power microwave generation from large-orbit devices

Experimental and theoretical studies conducted at the University of Maryland on the production of high-power microwave radiation in cusp-injected, large-orbit devices are reviewed. Three classes of devices belonging to this category are discussed. In the first case, an axis-encircling rotating electron beam interacts via the negative mass instability with the modes of a smooth cylindrical waveguide, producing broadband radiation at multiple harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency. In the second case, the beam interacts with a multiresonator magnetron circuit designed to provide mode control, resulting in high-power radiation at a desired cyclotron harmonic. In the third case, the beam interacts with a transverse wiggler magnetic field produced by samarium-cobalt magnets placed interior and/or exterior to the beam. In this last case the interaction is analogous to a circular-geometry free-electron laser. Experimental results form all three configurations are reviewed and compared with theoretical expectations. The possibility of enhanced operational efficiency in all of these devices by electron energy recovery is discussed and a design for a first experiment to test this concept is presented     

Monte Carlo ray-tracing simulation for radiative heat transfer in turbulent fluctuating media under the optically thin fluctuation approximation

The Monte Carlo ray-tracing method (MCRT) based on the concept of radiation distribution factor is extended to solve radiative heat transfer problem in turbulent fluctuating media under the optically thin fluctuation approximation. A one-dimensional non-scattering turbulent fluctuating media is considered, in which the mean temperature and absorption coefficient distribution are assumed and the shape of probability density function is given. The distribution of the time-averaged volume radiation heat source is solved by MCRT and direct integration method. It is shown that the results of MCRT based on the concept of radiation distribution factor agree with these of integration solution very well, but results of MCRT based on the concept of radiative transfer coefficient do not agree with these of integration solution. The solution of time-averaged radiative transfer equation by the concept of radiative transfer coefficient should be treated with caution.     

On the limits of induced radiation concept in FELs

We discuss a restriction of the induced radiation concept in classical beam systems due to accompanying spontaneous radiation (radiation friction). For short wave FELs, spontaneous radiation renders a noticeable influence on the phasing of particles, which is the base mechanism of induced radiation in classical systems. It leads to an essential restriction on the radiating system length and gain which cannot be compensated by an increase in the beam current. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

考虑互耦的半波振子线阵辐射和散射方向图综合

对于半波振子阵列天线,可用感应电动势法算得其阻抗矩阵,依据等效电路原理计入单元间的互耦计算辐射场.将其推广至考虑互耦的散射场计算,基于此辐射场和散射场的计算公式,提出一种考虑互耦同时综合半波振子阵列天线辐射和散射方向图的新方法.运用粒子群优化算法,通过优化振子的间距,同时综合指定辐射和散射方向图.运用该方法,通过对中心工作频率处的辐射和散射特性以及在威胁角度给定频带内的散射特性优化,有效降低半波振子阵在中心工作频率处的辐射和散射方向图的副瓣电平,并减小其在威胁角度给定频带内的雷达散射截面.计算结果与FEKO仿真结果吻合良好,验证方法的正确性.     

Generation of Terahertz radiation with two color semiconductor lasers

We discuss and analyze concepts for the generation of tuneable continuous wave terahertz (THz) radiation with two color diode lasers. First, different geometries of two color lasers are reviewed. We show that the THz power of two color lasers in combination with external photomixers becomes sufficient for scanning THz imaging applications when optical amplification with a tapered amplifier is implemented. Then, the concept of direct emission of THz radiation out of a two‐color semiconductor laser is reviewed and the potential of this concept with respect to THz bandwidth and achievable THz power is critically analyzed.     

Plasmonic nanoloop array antenna

In this Letter, we create an optical nanoantenna array composed of parasitic plasmonic loops that can enhance radiation characteristics and direct the optical energy successfully. Three metallic loops inspired by the concept of the Yagi-Uda antenna are optimized around the region where they feature high scattering performance to control the radiation beam. The loop geometry, when compared to the dipole configuration, has the benefit of using the available aperture in an effective way to provide higher directivity. The angular emission of the nanoloop array antenna is highly directive, and a directivity of 8.2 dB for upward radiation is established.     

Reduction of sound radiation by using force radiation modes

The location of a vibration source within a machine is sometimes found to have a significant effect upon its radiated acoustic power. It is known that a simple reduction of vibration cannot always reduce the radiated acoustic power, so that treatments based on analysis of a structure’s vibration modes are not always effective. At the same time, radiation mode analysis is known to be a powerful tool for interpreting sound radiation since those modes are independent of a structure’s surface vibration. However, knowledge of the radiation modes alone cannot be used directly to understand the relationship between vibration source location and acoustic power radiation. In this paper, it is shown that the radiation mode concept can be extended to understand the relationship between acoustic power and driving force distribution by considering the product of the structure’s mobility matrix and the radiation modes: the resulting functions are here defined to be force radiation modes (f_rad-modes). An example is presented in which the acoustic power radiated by a simply-supported, baffled beam is reduced by using guidance provided by the structure’s force radiation modes. The results demonstrate that the force radiation modes can be used to guide the reduction of radiated acoustic power by changing the driving force location without the need to perform additional calculations or experiments.     

Feasibility of in‐line instruments for high‐resolution inelastic X‐ray scattering

Inelastic X‐ray scattering instruments in operation at third‐generation synchrotron radiation facilities are based on backreflections from perfect silicon crystals. This concept reaches back to the very beginnings of high‐energy‐resolution X‐ray spectroscopy and has several advantages but also some inherent drawbacks. In this paper an alternate path is investigated using a different concept, the `M⁴ instrument'. It consists of a combination of two in‐line high‐resolution monochromators, focusing mirrors and collimating mirrors. Design choices and performance estimates in comparison with existing conventional inelastic X‐ray scattering instruments are presented.     

Thermal Equilibrium Between Radiation and Matter

In 1916, Einstein rederived the blackbody radiation law of Planck that originated the idea of quantized energy one hundred years ago. For this purpose, Einstein introduced the concept of transition probability, which had a profound influence on the development of quantum theory. In this article, we adopt Einstein's assumptions with two exceptions and seek the statistical condition for the thermal equilibrium of matter without referring to the inner details of either statistical thermodynamics or quantum theory. It is shown that the conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium of electromagnetic radiation and the energy balance of thermal radiation by the matter, between any of its two energy-states, not only result in Planck's radiation law and the Bohr frequency condition, but they remarkably yield the law of the statistical thermal equilibrium of matter: the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. Since the transition probabilities of the modern quantum theory of radiation coincide with their definition in Einstein's theory of blackbody radiation, the presented deduction of the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution is equally valid within the bounds of modern quantum theory. Consequently, within the framework of the fundamental assumptions, the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of energy-states is not only a sufficient, but a necessary condition for thermal equilibrium between the matter and radiation.     

Application of radiation modes to the problem of low-frequency noise from a highway bridge

Low-frequency noise radiated from highway bridges is a serious environmental problem in Japan. Although the suppression of bridge vibration as usually done in practice can alleviate the radiation, it may not be optimal because the behavior of radiation is not taken into consideration. Concept of radiation modes, which can represent both vibration and radiation behavior, is adapted to a highway bridge. The objectives of this paper are to study the benefits of using radiation modes in (1) identification of low-frequency noise characteristics and (2) active control of low-frequency noise radiation. Numerical study shows that the radiation modes enable radiation characteristics of low-frequency noise to be physically understood and the active controller designed by radiation modes is superior to the controller designed without considering radiation behavior. Because the concept of radiation modes can reveal the mechanics of radiation/vibration, it is appropriate to the problem of low-frequency noise radiated from highway bridges.     

Temperature field formed inside a blood vessel under the action of pulsed laser radiation

A model that simulates the dynamics of the temperature field formed by pulsed laser radiation inside a biological structure containing blood vessels is developed. The threshold conditions of denaturation of vessel walls and subsequent blocking the blood flow are determined based on the thermochemical concept. The possibility of application of a pulsed modulation of the radiation for increasing the homogeneity of coagulation of vessel walls and reducing the risk of damage of tissues caused by the phase transition is considered. The modulation frequency range of radiation that ensures the realization of this effect is determined.     

The principle of primary spectrum pyrometry

1 Introduction Planck Law[1] is the fundamental of radiation temperature measurements, which in- dicates the quantitative relationship between the radiation intensity and the temperature of ideal blackbody.wherewhere C1 is Planck first constant, C2 Planck second constant, λ the wavelength, ε the spectral emissivity of an actual surface, I = ε (λ, T, θ, φ, β), Ib(λ, T) the radiation distri- bution of the real surface, λ1 the lower limit wavelength, λ2 the higher limit wavelength, d…     

The renaissance of General Relativity: How and why it happened

After an initial burst of excitement about its extraordinary implications for our concept of space and time, the theory of general relativity underwent a thirty‐year period of stagnation, during which only a few specialists worked on it, achieving little progress. In the aftermath of World War II, however, general relativity gradually re‐entered the mainstream of physics, attracting an increasing number of practitioners and becoming the basis for the current standard theory of gravitation and cosmology‐a process Clifford Will baptized the Renaissance of General Relativity. The recent detection of gravitational radiation by the LIGO experiment can be seen as one of the most outstanding achievements in this long‐lasting historical process. In the paper, we present a new multifaceted historical perspective on the causes and characteristics of the Renaissance of General Relativity, focusing in particular on the case of gravitational radiation in order to illustrate this complex and far‐reaching process.     

A free electron laser experiment on "angular steering"

A paper by Jerby (1990) has discussed a number of mechanisms whereby FEL radiation may be directed electronically into different radiation patterns. We have devised an experiment (1992) to test this concept using the Columbia microwave FEL, which amplifies radiation at 24 GHz to a level <1 MW. A 4 mm dia, electron beam (580 kV) is propagated in a guiding field of 0.8 T inside an overmoded 24 mm dia. cylindrical waveguide. A TE11 mode is grown in a 33 cm long first undulator section (period 3.36 cm), and upon entering the following undulator section (period 2.26 cm, length 40 cm), the electron bunches convert to TM11 radiation which is further amplified. The far-field pattern of the TM11 emitted power is distinct from the TE11 pattern. Numerical and experimental studies are described in this paper showing the resulting radiation pattern.<>