Effects of reduction temperature and content of Pd loading on the performance Pd/CeO2 catalyst for CO oxidation

Palladium nanoparticles were prepared by thermally assisted reduction using glutathione as reduction agent. The Pd loading on CeO₂ for CO oxidation was optimized to 1.5 wt%. The catalysts reduced at 350 C show the highest activity for CO oxidation, which achieve 100% CO conversion at 70℃.     

Temperature-programmed reduction and oxidation of bimetallic Pd?Ni/Al2O3 catalysts

Temperature-programmed reduction and oxidation of bimetallic catalysts Pd–Ni/Al₂O₃ seem to indicate phase segregation of palladium and nickel oxides and alloying of palladium and nickel in the process of reduction of oxidized catalysts.

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- Pd–Ni/Al₂O₃ , .

     

Pd/C catalysts. Deactivation and behavior of supported Pd particles upon heating

Deactivation of Pd/C catalysts upon heating in H₂ has been studied as a function of support surface composition. The behavior of Pd particles on a chosen part of surface upon sample heating in an electron microscope chamber has been investigated.     

Direct oxidation of methane at low temperature using Pt/C,Pd/C,Pt/C-ATO and Pd/C-ATO electrocatalysts prepared by sodium borohydride reduction process

The main objective of this paper was to characterize the voltammetric profiles of the Pt/C,Pt/C-ATO,Pd/C and Pd/CATO electrocatalysts and study their catalytic activities for methane oxidation in an acidic electrolyte at 25 ℃ and in a direct methane proton exchange membrane fuel cell at 80 ℃. The electrocatalysts prepared also were characterized by X-ray diffraction( XRD) and transmission electron microscopy( TEM). The diffractograms of the Pt/C and Pt/C-ATO electrocatalysts show four peaks associated with Pt face-centered cubic( fcc) structure,and the diffractograms of Pd/C and Pd/C-ATO show four peaks associated with Pd face-centered cubic( fcc) structure. For Pt/C-ATO and Pd/C-ATO,characteristic peaks of cassiterite( SnO_2) phase are observed,which are associated with Sb-doped SnO_2( ATO) used as supports for electrocatalysts. Cyclic voltammograms( CV) of all electrocatalysts after adsorption of methane show that there is a current increase during the anodic scan. However,this effect is more pronounced for Pt/C-ATO and Pd/C-ATO. This process is related to the oxidation of the adsorbed species through the bifunctional mechanism,where ATO provides oxygenated species for the oxidation of CO or HCO intermediates adsorbed in Pt or Pd sites. From in situ ATR-FTIR( Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared) experiments for all electrocatalysts prepared the formation of HCO or CO intermediates are observed,which indicates the production of carbon dioxide. Polarization curves at 80 ℃in a direct methane fuel cell( DMEFC) show that Pd/C and Pt/C electroacatalysts have superior performance to Pd/C-ATO and Pt/C-ATO in methane oxidation.     

In situ spectroscopic study of the oxidation and reduction of Pd(111)

Using a photoemission spectroscometer that operates close to ambient conditions of pressure and temperature we have determined the Pd-O phase diagram and the kinetic parameters of phase transformations. We found that on the (111) surface oxidation proceeds by formation of stable and metastable structures. As the chemical potential of O2 increases chemisorbed oxygen forms followed by a thin surface oxide. Bulk oxidation is a two-step process that starts with the metastable growth of the surface oxide into the bulk, followed by a first-order transformation to PdO.     

氧化还原预处理对一氧化碳低温氧化Pd/CeO2-TiO2催化剂性能的影响

研究了氧化还原预处理对溶胶-凝胶法制备的CeO2-TiO2复合氧化物负载Pd催化剂上CO低温氧化性能的影响，并对催化剂的稳定性进行了考察。H2-TPR结果表明，83 ℃的耗氢峰是PdO和载体中CeO2共同还原的结果，高温还原后Pd与载体之间相互作用加强。经高温氧化(500 ℃)低温还原(150 ℃)预处理的催化剂CO低温氧化活性最好，在反应气组成为0.5% CO＋1.6% O2＋6.0%N2＋Ar，空速为30 000 mL·g－1·h－1，程序升温反应显示CO完全转化温度为48 ℃，这种预处理方式能够形成适宜的载体与金属间相互作用。稳定性实验在室温下进行，反应气组成为0.6% CO＋14.7% O2+55.3％N2＋Ar，Pd/CeO2-TiO2催化剂具有较好的低温反应稳定性，100%CO转化率可持续12 h。     

Structural changes of aromatic polyamide nanofibers upon annealing treatment

Aromatic polyamide nanofibers with trifluoromethyl groups prepared using a precipitation polymerization method were annealed at various temperatures. The X-ray diffraction patterns and infrared spectra of the annealed products depended strongly on the annealing temperature. There was a transition in the temperature region of 250–300°C, where the conformation and the mobility of molecular chains changed significantly. Furthermore, the intermolecular hydrogen bonding increased, resulting in a higher degree of crystallinity. However, the morphology was unchanged. Meanwhile, the molecular structure and degree of crystallinity depended on the reaction period. However, those obtained by the annealing treatments above 250°C were the same.     

Formation of palladium hydride complexes upon the reduction of Pd(II) by hydrogen

Conclusions The reduction of palladium(II) acetate by hydrogen in the presence of 1,10-phenanthroline or 2,2-dipyridyl gives palladium hydride clusters containing a massive metal-like nucleus with interstitial hydrogen atoms. The ligands are found to be peripheral palladium atoms, while the acetate groups are found in the external sphere.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 2381–2384, October, 1985.The authors express their gratitude to S. G. Ellert for measuring the magnetic susceptibility and to A. L. Chuvilin for the electron microscopic data.     

Pd/CeO2甲烷氧化催化剂的构效关系

钯基催化剂是甲烷氧化活最具活性的催化剂.在宏观和纳米尺度上,它们的组成、结构和形态的调整可以显著改变其催化行为和稳定性,对催化剂的整体性能有很大的影响.在已经应用的几种载体和促进剂组合中, Pd/CeO2由于其活性和耐用性以及Pd/Pd O载体之间较强的相互作用而引起了人们的极大关注.这使得人们可在纳米尺度上创建特定的结构,从而对甲烷活化特性产生重大的影响.本文综述了该领域的最新发现,特别是设想如何在纳米尺度上尽可能控制Pd-CeO2相互作用,从而有助于设计更强劲的甲烷氧化催化剂.     

Graphyne-oxide supported Pd catalyst with ten times higher nitrobenzenes reduction activity than Pd/C

Research on Chemical Intermediates - Upon oxidation, a graphyne-like porous carbon-rich network (GYLPC), which is a two-dimensional carbon material consisting of sp- and sp2-hybridized carbon atoms...     

Structural and electronic property changes of the nucleic acid bases upon base pair formation

A systematic study of structures and electronic properties has been carried out for the nucleic acid bases adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine and for the base pairs adenine–thymine and guanine–cytosine. We focus our attention on these properties, which experience significant changes when single nucleic bases join to form base pairs. Such properties are expected to play an important role during the formation of the DNA molecule in its B conformation. All-electron calculations with inclusion of correlation effects were performed according to the local and nonlocal density functional approaches. We compare our results with previous ab initio and semiempirical values and with available experimental data. Advantages and disadvantages for these density functional-based methods are discussed. We conclude that applications of such models to investigate larger compounds of a similar nature are promising. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Oxidation state and symmetry of magnesia-supported Pd13O(x) nanocatalysts influence activation barriers of CO oxidation

Combining temperature-programmed reaction measurements, isotopic labeling experiments, and first-principles spin density functional theory, the dependence of the reaction temperature of catalyzed carbon monoxide oxidation on the oxidation state of Pd(13) clusters deposited on MgO surfaces grown on Mo(100) is explored. It is shown that molecular oxygen dissociates easily on the supported Pd(13) cluster, leading to facile partial oxidation to form Pd(13)O(4) clusters with C(4v) symmetry. Increasing the oxidation temperature to 370 K results in nonsymmetric Pd(13)O(6) clusters. The higher symmetry, partially oxidized cluster is characterized by a relatively high activation energy for catalyzed combustion of the first CO molecule via a reaction of an adsorbed CO molecule with one of the oxygen atoms of the Pd(13)O(4) cluster. Subsequent reactions on the resulting lower-symmetry Pd(13)O(x) (x < 4) clusters entail lower activation energies. The nonsymmetric Pd(13)O(6) clusters show lower temperature-catalyzed CO combustion, already starting at cryogenic temperature.     

Physical and electrochemical characterizations of nanostructured Pd/C and PdNi/C catalysts for methanol oxidation

Pd and PdNi nanoparticles supported on Vulcan XC-72 carbon were prepared by a chemical reduction with formic acid process. The catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. The results showed that the Pd and PdNi nanoparticles, which were uniformly dispersed on carbon, were 2–10 nm in diameters. The PdNi/C catalyst has higher electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation in alkaline media than a comparative Pd/C catalyst and shows great potential as less expensive electrocatalyst for methanol electrooxidation in alkaline media in direct methanol fuel cells.     

Pd/C-catalyzed selective reduction of aromatic azides with Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridine

The reagent combination of Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridine and Pd/C was found to be an efficient reducing system for the selective reduction of aromatic azides.     

Probing the conformational changes upon oxidation in cross-conjugated architectures featuring vinylogous TTF units

We report the synthesis and electropolymerisation of 1,3,5-tris(1,3-dithiole-2-ylidenephenylene)benzene 4. The resulting polymer features extended tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) units and can be considered as a cross-conjugated, cross-linked structure. Upon p-doping, electrochemical and UV-vis spectroelectrochemical experiments indicate that the polymer undergoes a unique conformational change within the dendralene unit from one definitive orthogonal arrangement to another.     

Electrochemical oxidation of methanol using dppm-bridged Ru/Pd, Ru/Pt and Ru/Au catalysts

The electrochemical oxidation of methanol was carried out using a series of dppm-bridged Ru/Pd, Ru/Pt and Ru/Au heterobimetallic complexes as catalysts. The major oxidation products were formaldehyde dimethyl acetal (dimethoxymethane, DMM) and methyl formate (MF). The Ru/Pd and Ru/Pt bimetallic catalysts generally afforded lower product ratios of DMM/MF and higher current efficiencies than the Ru/Au catalysts. The Ru/Au bimetallics exhibited product ratios and current efficiencies similar to those obtained from the Ru mononuclear compound CpRu(PPh(3))(2)Cl. Increasing the methanol concentration afforded higher current efficiencies, while the addition of water to the samples shifted the product distribution toward the more highly oxidized product, MF.     

Catalytic oxidation of methane over Pd/Co3O4

The catalytic activity of Pd/Co₃O₄ toward methane oxidation has been examined in this study as a function of Pd loading, reaction temperature, space velocity and methane concentration in the reaction gas mixture. The bare oxide is quite active achieving a 100% methane conversion at 480°C under the reaction conditions used. The catalyst with the highest Pd loading tested of 10 wt.% yields the best activity curve, but the 5 wt.% Pd/Co₃O₄ catalyst performs nearly as well. Complete conversion for this catalyst is attained at 300°C and the activity remains stable over a 90-min test period.     

On the ground state of Pd13

First-principles electronic structure calculations within a gradient corrected density functional formalism have been carried out to investigate the electronic structure and magnetic properties of Pd(13) clusters. It is shown that a bilayer ground-state structure that can be regarded as a relaxed bulk fragment is most compatible with the experimental results from Stern-Gerlach measurements. An icosahedral structure, considered to be the ground state in numerous previous studies, is shown to be around 0.14 eV above the ground state. A detailed analysis of the molecular orbitals reveals the near degeneracy of the bilayer or icosahedral structures is rooted in the stabilization by p- or d-like cluster orbitals. The importance of low-lying spin states in controlling the electronic and magnetic properties of the cluster is highlighted.