单滴乳化燃料的微爆模型

本文分析了乳化燃料应用与机理研究的现状．在理论分析与实验研究的基础上，本文提出了一个新的分析单个乳化油滴微爆的理论模型-局部混合分阶段蒸发模型，反映了实际油滴内混合的过程，较好地解释了“冷滴”、“无水边界层”等实验现象，为进一步进行微爆的预报与分析影响微爆的因素打下了基础．     

单个飞秒激光作用下熔融石英的微爆阈值研究

对飞秒激光脉冲在透明介质中产生微爆的物理机制进行了研究,比较了长短激光脉冲的光击穿机制,基于Fokker-Planck方程建立了飞秒激光微爆模型,给出了飞秒激光脉冲在透明介质中产生微爆的阈值解析表达式.针对飞秒激光脉冲在熔石英介质中的微爆阈值进行了计算,得到的结果与实验结果基本相符.     

单次飞秒激光脉冲在玻璃内部产生多次微爆的研究

在入射能量不同的情况下，用近红外飞秒激光脉冲在重钡火石玻璃（ZBaF15）内部产生了色心和微爆，在熔融石英的内部产生了多次微爆现象.实验表明：入射能量较高时，色心的中间会产生微爆；在松聚焦条件下，一个飞秒激光脉冲在透明介质内会激发多次微爆.基于飞秒激光脉冲在透明介质内的自聚焦效应和自由电子等离子体的自散焦效应，理论分析了多次微爆产生的原因；也讨论了飞秒激光脉冲诱导玻璃折射率改变的机理.     

有机玻璃的几何形状对爆炸切割影响的研究

为了改善现有的航空弹射救生系统,提高飞行员安全逃生的成功率,提出了微爆索切割技术在航空穿盖弹射救生系统中的应用。采用非线性动力显式程序LS-DYNA3D,对有机玻璃平板元件、航空舱盖的微爆索切割过程进行了数值计算分析,得到了不同装药量下有机玻璃平板元件、航空舱盖的切割深度,对比了有机玻璃的几何形状对微爆索切割深度的影响。模拟结果表明:有机玻璃平板切割实验对航空舱盖切割实验具有一定的指导意义,研究结果也可为微爆索线性切割航空舱盖的实验设计提供依据。     

单元推进剂液滴在高温高压下的微爆现象观测

 利用挂滴装置和高速摄影系统研究了单元推进剂LP1846液滴在0.2～4.0 MPa、673～973 K工况下的微爆特性。观察到液滴在不同环境压力和温度下的3种微爆模式,即液滴在着火前的轻度破碎、液滴在燃烧时的部分破碎和全部爆碎,并给出了微爆过程的特征照片,定量测试了液滴微爆延迟期、微爆温度和微爆直径与环境压力、温度的关系。初步分析了液滴微爆机理,认为第一种微爆机理主要是水组分的过热,第二、三种微爆机理是液相化学反应。研究结果对控制LP1846燃烧稳定性和指导液体发射药火炮内弹道设计均有参考价值。     

二维磁流体力学程序MFCGⅢ计算结果与测试结果的对比分析

 根据磁场、流函数和感应电流的解析公式，研制了间接馈电爆磁压缩发生器充电和爆磁压缩过程计算程序MFCGⅢ。用MFCGⅢ计算了实验模型，其结果与测试结果符合较好。因此MFCGⅢ可对实验提供优化设计，并且可分析、解释MFCG实验中有关的物理问题。     

一种纳米硅薄膜的传导机制

基于对实验和理论的分析，提出一种异质结量子点隧穿（HQD）模型，并导出了纳米硅薄膜电导率完整的表达式．其主要思想是，纳米硅薄膜中的微晶粒（几个纳米大小）具有量子点特征，在微晶粒与界面之间由于两者能隙的差异构成晶间势垒，这类似于多晶硅中经常使用的晶间势垒模型（GBT）．考虑到量子点中的单电子隧穿特征，认为纳米硅薄膜中的电传导是由微晶粒中电子弹道式输运与单电子越过势垒的隧穿构成的．这就是HQD模型的主要内容，理论结果与实验相符 关键词：     

乳化液喷雾与微爆现象的激光全息实验研究

本文采用离轴高速多脉冲红宝石激光全息摄影仪研究高温高压环境中乳化液喷雾的雾化和蒸发过程,记录方式为象面全息方式,再现时分别采用激光和白光光源。实验发现:在适当的温度压力条件下,乳化液喷雾可以发生微爆现象,微爆呈团状,又称“团状微爆”,也称为“二次雾化”,微爆能量可以将众多的小液滴及液滴碎片抛出液束区,有效地改善液体与环境气体的混合过程,具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。     

环境温度对掺水乳化柴油蒸发的影响研究

本文采用挂滴法研究了掺水质量分数30%(W30)的乳化柴油单液滴在573 K、673 K、773 K和873 K下的蒸发特性。结果表明,随着环境温度升高,归一化平方直径先增加后减小,首次微爆时刻逐渐小于进入准稳态时刻,而微爆频率先减小后增加,其微爆强度也先减小后增加,773 K是转捩点温度。本文还发现随着环境温度的升高,液滴气泡成核从单位点成核逐渐演变为多位点成核,并导致了大气泡形成过程从与强微爆过程重合过渡到与弱微爆过程重合,最终与强微爆和弱微爆过程分离。     

RDX炸药爆轰产物物态方程

采用基于统计物理的爆轰产物物态方程模型,研究了不同初始密度下RDX炸药爆轰产物性质,发现炸药初始密度小于1.20g/cm3时,炸药爆轰后只有气相产物生成,随着炸药初始密度进一步增大,爆轰后有固相碳析出。炸药初始密度小于1.60g/cm3时,各气相产物按均匀混合处理,计算的爆速、爆压和实验值符合较好。随着炸药初始密度进一步增大,计算的爆速、爆压与实验值出现较大的偏差,经分析发现此处可能出现了超临界流体相分离现象,在物态方程模型中考虑了这种效应后,得到较好的结果。     

Microexplosion of an emulsion droplet during Leidenfrost burning

An experimental study has been made of the microexplosion of an emulsion droplet on a hot surface during Leidenfrost burning. Photographic observation is used to study how the emulsion droplet behaves and what happens inside the droplet and to measure the waiting time for the onset of microexplosion. Weibull analysis was used to obtain the distribution function of the waiting time for the onset of microexplosion and to derive the formula for the rate of microexplosion as a function of water volume and emulsion temperature. The base fuels employed were n-decane, n-dodecane, n-tetradecane, and n-hexadecane. The results show that the increase in emulsion temperature with lapse of time results in the agglomeration and coalescence of microdroplets of base fuel dispersed in the continuous phase of water inside the emulsion droplet, terminated by the complete separation of the two phases. At the end of the phase separation process, an opaque water droplet is formed in the central core and is enveloped by the transparent shell of base fuel. Preferential evaporation of the base fuel occurs after the phase separation. The volume of the base fuel decreases while the water volume remains constant. The onset of the microexplosion of an emulsion droplet burning on the hot surface is classified by the wearout type of the Weibull distribution. The waiting time for the onset of the microexplosion decreases with increases in the normal boiling point of base fuel, initial water content, ambient pressure, and test surface temperature. The rate of microexplosion increases with the lapse of time and with increased normal boiling point of the base fuel. The rate of microexplosion increases linearly with increasing water volume in the emulsion droplet and decreases exponentially with the inverse of emulsion temperature.     

Fusion-fission detonators for advanced fuels

A mechanism in which a quasi-spherical fast liner implodes on a Z-superpinch as a target is discussed. It is argued that if the target is a Pu-D-T cylinder the implosion can result in a fusion-fission microexplosion whose yield is of the order of 1 GJ. This ought to be sufficient to propagate nuclear reaction axially out into hard-to-ignite fuels such as DD, LiD. A reactor in which 10 GJ is liberated every 10 s is briefly mentioned.I am grateful to Dr. M. Srinivasan for criticism and bringing to my notice the work of authors unknown to myself and to Dr. B. Robouch for his generous help with numerical caiculations. I also wish to express my thanks to Prof. M. Haines and Prof. V. Nardi for several important suggestions.     

Determination of adhesive forces in multilayer materials using a laser adhesiometer

A laser adhesiometer is developed to determine the adhesive and cohesive forces in multilayer materials. The obtained experimental dependences are explained using the laser microexplosion model. The advantages of determining the adhesive and cohesive forces using the laser adhesiometer over other methods are grounded.     

Microexplosions in tellurite glasses

Femtosecond laser pulses were used to produce localized damage in the bulk and near the surface of baseline, Al₂O₃-doped and La₂O₃-doped sodium tellurite glasses. Single or multiple laser pulses were non-linearly absorbed in the focal volume by the glass, leading to permanent changes in the material in the focal volume. These changes were caused by an explosive expansion of the ionized material in the focal volume into the surrounding material, i.e. a microexplosion. The writing of simple structures (periodic array of voxels, as well as lines) was demonstrated. The regions of microexplosion and writing were subsequently characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Fingerprints of microexplosions (concentric lines within the region and a concentric ring outside the region), due to the shock wave generated during microexplosions, were evident. In the case of the baseline glass, no chemistry change was observed within the region of the microexplosion. However, Al₂O₃-doped and La₂O₃-doped glasses showed depletion of the dopant from the edge to the center of the region of the microexplosions, indicating a chemistry gradient within the regions. Interrogation of the bulk- and laser-treated regions using micro-Raman spectroscopy revealed no structural change due to the microexplosions and writing within these glasses. Received: 27 December 2001 / Accepted: 9 July 2002 / Published online: 25 October 2002 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author. +1-509/376-3108, E-mail: sk.sundaram@pnl.gov     

Superposition of orbital angular momentum of photons by a combined computer-generated hologram fabricated in silica glass with femtosecond laser pulses

This paper introduces a novel method to realize the superposition of orbital angular momentum of photons by combined computer-generated hologram （CCGH） fabricated in silica glass with femtosecond laser pulses. Firstly, the two computer-generated holograms （CGH） of optical vortex were obtained and combined as a CCGH according to the design. Then the CCGH was directly written inside glass by femtosecond laser pulses induced microexplosion without any preor post-treatment of the material. The vortex beams with different vortex topological charges （including new topological charges） have been restructured using a collimated He-Ne laser beam incidence to the CCGH normally. A theoretical and experimental explanation has been presented for the generations of the new topological charges.     

Organized assembly from biosurfactants

The formation of higher order aggregates in aqueous media from naturally occurring surfactants (biosurfactants) and its mechanism have been studied. A liposome (vesicle), as a kind of artificial cell, is prepared according to a newly developed microencapsulation technique from phospholipids by mimicking the molecular structure of biomembranes. Secondly, the surface active properties of alkaline salts of spiculisporic acid depend on the kinds of alkali as its gegen ions; these have been studied for the purpose of a detailed understanding of vesicle formation of the alkylamine salts of spiculisporic acid in the binary system consisting of spiculisporates and water. Thirdly, the solution behavior of the ternary system of spiculisporates-oil-water is examined. Divalent cationic salts of spiculisporic acid formed oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion gels due to ionic-bonding network formation of spiculisporates around emulsified oil droplets and these are important for their gelling properties. These gelling systems may have potential to be O/W emulsion-type paints and safe fuels.     

Generating optical vortex with computer-generated hologram fabricated inside glass by femtosecond laser pulses

We introduce a novel method to generate the optical vortex with computer-generated hologram (CGH) fabricated inside glass by femtosecond laser pulses. The CGH was directly written inside glass by femtosecond laser pulses induced microexplosion without any pre- or post-treatment of the material. We also realized the restructured optical vortex beams of both the transmission and reflection pattern with high fidelity using a collimated He-Ne laser beam. The total diffractive efficiency of both the transmission and reflection pattern is about 4.79%.     

Direct optical fabrication of three-dimensional photonic crystals in a high refractive index LiNbO3 crystal

Direct optical fabrication of 3D photonic crystals in a high refractive index LiNbO3 crystal by using the femtosecond laser-induced microexplosion method is investigated. The focal distortion, caused by the refractive index mismatch-induced spherical aberration, can be significantly reduced by using a so-called threshold fabrication method. As a result, 3D fcc photonic crystals are fabricated by stacking quasi-spherical voids layer by layer. Photonic stopgaps with suppression rates of up to 30% in the transmission spectra are observed. The angle dependence of the stopgaps is also revealed.     

Physical and chemical characteristics of ultrasonically-prepared water-in-diesel fuel: Effects of ultrasonic horn position and water content

An ultrasonic technique was applied to preparation of two-phase water-in-oil (W/O) emulsified fuel of water/diesel oil/surfactant. In this study, an ultrasonic apparatus with a 28 kHz rod horn was used. The influence of the horn tip position during ultrasonic treatment, sonication time and water content (5 or 10 vol%) on the emulsion stability, viscosity, water droplet size and water surface area of emulsion fuels prepared by ultrasonication was investigated. The emulsion stability of ultrasonically-prepared fuel significantly depended on the horn tip position during ultrasonic irradiation. It was found that the change in the stability with the horn tip position was partly related to that in the ultrasonic power estimated by calorimetry. Emulsion stability, viscosity and sum of water droplets surface area increased and water droplet size decreased with an increase in sonication time, and they approached each limiting value in the longer time. The maximum values of the viscosity and water surface area increased with water content, while the limiting values of the emulsion stability and water droplet size were almost independent of water content. During ultrasonication of water/diesel oil mixture, the hydrogen and methane were identified and the cracking of hydrocarbon components in the diesel oil occurred. The combustion characteristics of ultrasonically-prepared emulsion fuel were studied and compared with those of diesel oil. The soot and NOx emissions during combustion of the emulsified fuel with higher water contents were significantly reduced compared with those during combustion of diesel oil.