六苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷五种氢解脱苄化合物的合成及工业制备

综述了六苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HBIW)五种氢解脱苄化合物的合成条件和工业制备工艺。这五种化合物是:四乙酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADBIW)、四乙酰基二甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADFIW)、四乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TAIW)、四乙酰基二乙基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADEIW)和六乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HAIW)。其中的TADBIW系由HBIW经一次氢解合成,其它四种都系由HBIW经两次氢解合成。HBIW的这五种氢解脱苄化合物均可经硝解合成六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW)。另外,本文总结了HBIW及其五种氢解脱苄产物的红外、核磁和质谱数据及它们的基本性能参数。     

六苄基六氦杂异伍兹烷五种氢解脱苄化合物的合成及工业制备

综述了六苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷（HBIW）五种氢解脱苄化合物的合成条件和工业制备工艺。这五种化合物是：四乙酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷（TADBIW）、四乙酰基二甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷（TADFIW）、四乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷（TAIW）、四乙酰基二乙基六氮杂异伍兹烷（TADEIW）和六乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷（HAIW）。其中的TADBIW系由HBIW经一次氢解合成，其它四种都系由HBIW经两次氢解合成。HBIW的这五种氢解脱苄化合物均可经硝解合成六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷（HNIW）。另外，本文总结了HBIW及其五种氢解脱苄产物的红外、核磁和质谱数据及它们的基本性能参数。     

由四乙酰基二甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷合成六硝基六氮 杂异伍兹烷

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW)是一笼形硝胺,它是迄今已知的能量最高的高能量密度化合物(HEDC),本文由四乙酰基二甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADFIW)合成了HNW。所合成的HNW中含有少量(2%～3%)的未硝解完全的副产物,经分离鉴定,确定其为五硝基一甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(PNMFIW)。以此路线合成HNW有以下优点：催化剂耗量低,反应条件温和,得率高,流程简单等。     

异伍兹烷衍生物的研究进展

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW或CL-20)是当今世界上综合性能最好的单质炸药,在20余年的研究过程中,各国研究者合成出了百余种异伍兹烷衍生物.根据笼体上取代基的不同以及合成反应的类型,系统总结了各类衍生物的合成、用途及反应性.最后对异伍兹烷衍生物的发展方向进行了展望.     

Pd(OH)2纳米粒子的制备、结构表征及其在HBIW催化氢解中的应用

2,4,6,8,10,12－六硝基－2,4,6,8,10,12－六氮杂异伍兹烷（HNIW）作为目前威力最大的单质炸药,日益受到各国国防和航空工业的重视^[1,2]。HNIW的合成,大体上分为缩合、催化氢解和硝化三步。在原料2,4,6,8,10,12－六氯杂异伍兹烷（HNIW）作为目前威力 最大的单质炸药,日前受到各国国防和航空工业的重视^[1,2]。HNIW的合成,大体上分为缩合、催化氢解和硝化三步。在原料2,4,6,8,10,12－六苄基－2,4,6,8,10,12-氮杂异伍兹烷（HBIW,化合物1）催化氢解中,催化剂Pd(OH)2/C因制备和回收工艺繁锁而成本较高,是造成HNIW生产成本居高不下的主要原因^[3]。改进催化氢解的催化剂,对HNIW的工业化生产具有重要意义。很多催化剂的催化效率随催化剂颗粒减小到纳米量级而显著提高[4,5],Pd(OH)2纳米粒子催化活性可望超过Pd(OH2)/C催化剂,用于催化氢解中。本文用共沸蒸馏法对自制的水合Pd(OH)2进行脱水处理,首次制得了Pd(OH)2纳米粒子。采用高分辨率透射电镜、激光动态光散射、紫外－可见吸收研究了Pd(OH)2纳米粒子的微观结构,并比较了Pd(OH)2纳米粒子和Pd(OH)2/C在化合物1催化氢解中的活性。     

六苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷的氧化反应性

研究了2，4，6，8，10，12－六苄基－2，4，6，8，10，12－六氮杂四环[5．5．0．0^5,9．0^3.11]十二烷在多种氧化条件下的氧化反应性，得到了一系列新的六氮杂异伍兹烷衍生物，并利用两步法以较高的收率得到期望的化合物六苯甲酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷。     

几种新型六氮杂异伍兹烷衍生物结构与性能的理论预测—— 高能量密度化合物的寻求

以CN, NC, ONO2, N3, NH2, N2H, NHNH2, N4H和N4H3 9种含氮高能基团为取代基, 分别取代2,4,6,8,10,12-六氮杂异伍兹烷(IW)中亚氨基的6个H原子所形成的9种六氮杂异伍兹烷衍生物作为研究目标分子. 运用密度泛函理论, 在B3LYP/6-31G**水平上求得了它们的分子几何构型、电子结构、解离能(BDE)及IR谱等信息, 并设计等键反应计算了生成热( ). 基于统计热力学原理计算拟合了100～1200 K温度范围内体系的热力学函数, 利用Kamlet-Jacobs方程估算了它们的爆轰性能. 研究结果表明, 9种六氮杂异伍兹烷衍生物存在两种可能的热解引发类型. 在衍生物HNiIW, HBDAIW和HBAIW中, 可能的热解引发键是取代基内部的化学键, 而其余衍生物的热解引发键则可能是骨架N与取代基R之间N—R键. 另外, 硝酸酯基(ONO2)取代所得化合物HNiIW的密度ρ、爆速D及爆压p分别为1.998 g•cm－3, 9.71 km•s－1和44.47 GPa, 完全达到高能量密度化合物(HEDC)的基本要求, 且优于已应用的HNIW, 有望成为新型的HEDC.     

四乙酰基二亚硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷水合物(TADNIW•H2O)的合成与晶体结构

以无机试剂组成的三元复合亚硝解脱苄试剂, 由四乙酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADBIW)合成了四乙酰基二亚硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADNIW•H₂O)——合成高能量密度化合物六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW)和其他高能量密度精细化工产品的另一重要前体. 目标化合物的分子结构用¹H NMR, IR, MS及元素分析方法进行结构鉴定. 在乙酸乙酯、丙酮和DMF组成的混合溶剂中制得TADNIW•H₂O单晶, 用X射线衍射法测定了目标化合物的晶体结构, 晶体学数据: 单斜晶系, 空间群P2₁/n; 晶胞参数: a＝1.0738(2) nm, b＝1.4870(3) nm, c＝1.1185(2) nm, ＝98.95(3)°; V＝1.7642(6) nm³; Z＝4; D_c＝1.553 g•cm^－3, F(000)＝864, ＝0.126 mm^－1. 与其他前体相比, TADNIW更容易经硝解转化为HNIW.     

三乙酰基三苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TATBIW·0.5H2O)的合成及晶体结构

通过控制六苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HBIW)的氢解程度,成功制备了其氢解反应过程中一个重要的中间体三乙酰基三苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TATBIW),并对其单晶结构(TATBIW·0.5H2O)进行了测定,它属三斜晶系,空间群为P-1,a=0.9893(2)nm,b=1.2624(3)nm,c=1.3396(3)nm;V=1.5963(6)nm3,z=2,Dc=1.194 g·cm-3,该化合物的单晶数据未见文献报道.TATBIW的制备有助于我们进一步了解HBIW的氢解反应机理,提高氢解产品得率.     

ε-六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷（CL-20）热解机理的理论研究

运用量子化学中非限制性Hartree-Fock自洽场(UHF-SCF)PM3分子轨道(MO)方法,计算研究六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW或CL-20)的最稳定ε晶型化合物的气相热解引发反应.求得可能的四种不同热解反应通道的过渡态、活化能和位能曲线,发现其热解引发步骤为五元环上侧链N—NO2键的均裂.在过渡态附近相关原子电荷发生突变.     

γ-六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷的晶体结构

合成了六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW),用溶剂缓慢挥发法制得了γ-HNIW的单晶,以X射线衍射仪测定了晶体结构,属于单斜晶系,空间群P2~1/n。晶胞参数为:a=1.3213(11)nm,b=0.8161(6)nm,c=1.4898(4)nm;β=109.168(9)ⅲ;Z=4;V=1.5175(4)nm^3。Dc=1.918g/cm^3,Dm=1.92g/cm^3。最终偏离因子R=0.0360。     

Synthesis and crystal structure of β-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane

A polycyclic caged compound with high strain—hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW)—has been synthesized via a three-step reaction: condensation, hydrogenolysis debenzylation and nitrolysis, starting with benzylamine and glyoxal. HNIW is the most powerful high energy density compound (HEDC) ever tested. β-HNIW possesses a caged structure consisting of two five-membered rings and one six-membered ring with a nitro group attached to each of the six bridging nitrogens. The nitro group lies basically within a plane. The lengths of C—C bonds of β-HNIW range from 0. 156 nm to 0.159 nm, 0.002–0.005 nm longer than the sp³ C-C bond. The β-HNIW’s crystal belongs to orthorhombic system and space groupPca2₁ with parameters:a = 0.9670 (2),b = 1.1616 (2),c = 1.3032 (3) nm;V = 1.4638(5) nm³,Z = 4; D_c = 1.989 g/cm³ and D_m = 1.982 g/cm³. Project supported by the Advanced Research Funds (12060451867) from the Commission of Science and Technology for National Defence.     

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷及其残余物的热分解

在(2.0±0.1) MPa氩气氛围下六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW)在(204.0±0.5)、(208.0±0.5)、(212.0±0.5)和(216.0±0.5) ℃下分别加热10、20、30、40、50 和60 min. 采用元素分析、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅立叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱仪、差示扫描量热(DSC)仪、热重-差示扫描量热仪-质谱(TG-DSC-MS)仪和热重-红外(TG-FTIR)仪对(208.0±0.5) ℃下得到的残余物进行研究. 结果表明, HNIW离子在210.0 ℃左右恒温热解60 min 后, 残余物的组成为C2H2N2O. 残余物中未分解的HNIW比初始HNIW稳定性差. 在等温条件下, HNIW是逐步分解的. HNIW残余物的热分解分为三个阶段, 第一个分解阶段主要为未分解的HNIW的热分解, 第二阶段主要为五员环硝铵和碳氮杂环化合物的分解反应, 第三阶段主要为五员环硝铵的分解反应和NO2的二次反应, 并获得了每一个阶段的热分解产物.     

Studies on Debenzylation and Photolysis of 1-Benzyl- and 1-(β-Phenethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines

Debenzylation of 1-(3-benzyloxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines 1 , 6 , 7 with hydrochloric acid and ethanol gave the corresponding phenolic isoquinolines 2 , 8 , 9 and tetrahydroprotoberberines 4 , 12 , 13 . Compounds 2 , 8 , 9 on photolysis also gave, besides the expected noraporphines 3 , 10 , 11 , the tetrahydroprotoberberines 4 , 12 , 13 [1–4] (Schemes 1 and 2). 6-Benzyloxy-1-(5-benzyloxy-2-bromo-benzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (27a) containing no methoxy or methylenedioxy groups either in ring A or C does not give protoberberine during debenzylation; but 28 , the debenzylation product of 27a , on photolysis gives both the noraporphine 29 and the tetrahydroprotoberberine 30 (Scheme 6), proving that during debenzylation of 1-(3-benzyloxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines containing additional methoxy or methylenedioxy groups, the necessary formaldehyde comes from the latter groups. During photolysis both the methoxy groups (methylenedioxy groups) and the C(3) atom of the tetrahydroisoquinoline moiety provide the formaldehyde. Veratrole under debenzylation and photolytic conditions and tetrahydroisoquinoline under the latter condition also give rise to formaldehyde (Schemes 8 and 10). The novel bromohomoprotoberberine 43 along with 42 was formed during debenzylation of the 1-phenethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 41 . Photolysis of 42 yielded the novel nor-homoaporphine 44 , in addition to 43 ; the latter was debrominated to give the homoberbine 45 .     

Effects of binders and graphite on the sensitivity of ε-HNIW

In order to optimize formulations of PBX based on Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) and meet the application in mixed explosive, the mold powder of HNIW coated by varied binders was obtained by aqueous suspension technology. Several particle sizes of graphite were added as additive with a 0.5 % mass ratio. The experiment results showed that fluorine resin (FPM) was better than polyurethane and cis-butadiene rubber when the mass percentage of binders was fixed at 4 %. The characteristic height of HNIW/FPM (96/4) mold powder was at 28 cm (2.5 kg hammer), while that of the neat HNIW was at 15 cm merely, and the friction explosion probability fell from 100 to 70 %. The addition of flake graphite with proper grain size would reduce the mechanical sensitivity of HNIW and improved the fluxion property of HNIW-based mold powders. The thermal stability characteristic of HNIW FPM (96/4) and HNIW/FPM/G (96/4/0.5) were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) at 10 °C min^?1, the peak decomposition temperatures were at 251 and 250 °C, which were closed to that of neat HNIW(249 °C) and also identified superior thermal stability of compound.     

Kinetics of thermal decomposition of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane

Thermal decomposition of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) in the solid state and in solution was studied by thermogravimetry, manometry, optical microscopy, and IR spectroscopy. The kinetics of the reaction in the solid state is described by the first-order equation of autocatalysis. The rate constants and activation parameters of HNIW thermal decomposition in the solid state and solution were determined. The content of N₂ amounts to approximately half of the gaseous products of HNIW thermolysis. The thermolysis of HNIW and its burning are accompanied by the formation of a condensed residue. During these processes, five of six nitro groups of the HNIW molecule are removed, and one NO₂ group remains in the residue, which contains amino groups and no C−H bonds. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 815–821, May, 2000.     

基于质谱的六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷热分解动力学

采用低能电子轰击质谱研究了六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW)的裂解过程, 建立了质谱中离子强度曲线的非等温动力学处理方法, 根据产物离子的Arrhenius曲线解释了HNIW热分解的机理. 结果表明, HNIW质谱裂解的表观活化能为145.1 kJ·mol-1. 在130-150 ℃范围内, HNIW质谱的离子产物主要是电子轰击产生的, 其活化能在28-41 kJ·mol-1之间; 在213-228 ℃范围内, 离子主要是热分解产生的, 其活化能在143-179 kJ·mol-1之间. HNIW在213-228 ℃的热分解动力学参数存在良好的动力学补偿效应, 补偿效应公式为lnA=0.252Ea-0.645. HNIW 热分解的主要反应为HNIW.438→6NO2+2HCN+HNIW.108, HNIW.438→6NO2+3HCN+HNIW.81, HNIW.438→6NO2+4HCN+HNIW.54.     

Selective oxidative debenzylation of mono- and oligosaccharides in the presence of azides

When using benzyl ethers as permanent protecting groups in oligosaccharide synthesis selective oxidative debenzylation with NaBrO(3) + Na(2)S(2)O(4) under biphasic conditions is efficient and compatible with anomeric azides and many other functions.     

Artificial glycosyl phosphorylases

alpha- and beta-Cyclodextrin 6(A),6(D)-diacids (1 and 2), beta-cyclodextrin-6-monoacid (14), beta-cyclodextrin 6(A),6(D)-di-O-sulfate (16) and beta-cyclodextrin-6-heptasulfate (19) were synthesised. Acids 1, 2 and 14 were made from perbenzylated alpha- or beta-cyclodextrin, by diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL)-promoted debenzylation, oxidation and deprotection. Addition of molecular sieves was found to improve the debenzylation reaction. Sulfates 16 and 19 were made by sulfation of the appropriately partially protected derivatives and deprotection. Catalysis of 4-nitrophenyl glycoside cleavage by these cyclodextrin derivatives was studied. Compounds 1, 2 and 16 were found to catalyse the reaction, with the catalysis following Michaelis-Menten kinetics and depending first order on the phosphate concentration. In a phosphate buffer (0.5 M, 59 degrees C, pH 8.0), K(M) varied from 2-10 mM and the k(cat)/k(uncat) ratio from 80-1000 depending on the stereochemistry of the substrate and the catalyst, with 2 being the best catalyst and with the sulfated 16 also displaying catalytic ability. The monoacid 14 and the heptasulfate 19 were not catalytic.