Powerful pulsed electrophysical transformers from the Institute of High-Current Electronics,Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Problems in the creation and exploitation of powerful pulsed electrophysical transformers, developed at the Institute of High-Current Electronics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, are discussed. The power of the largest installations is 2.5·10¹² W (pulsed). The small size, the outside location of the main components requiring maintenance, and the absence of large volumes of transformer oil make the pulsed transformers competitive with pulsed voltage generators. Institute of High-Current Electronics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 58–66, December, 1995.     

Broadband radiation from rare-gas plasmas excited by a modulated rf discharge

An investigation was made of plasma radiation spectra created by a modulated rf discharge having an anomalously low operating voltage, in krypton, xenon, argon, and neon. Broadband radiation was recorded in the ultraviolet and visible spectral regions.Institute of High-Current Electronics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 10, pp. 32–36, October, 1995.     

Stäckel spaces in electrovacuum,permitting complete separation of variables in the diagonalized dirac equation. Type (1.1)

Institute of High-Current Electronics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 6, pp. 31–34, June, 1992.     

Experimental observations of the stepped Cu-atom ionization in the active medium of a Cu laser

An optogalvanic effect in a pulsed copper-vapor laser is discovered and investigated. It is found that the generalized deexcitation rate constant of the resonance level to the ionization state of the active medium is <σv>∼ (3±1)·10⁻⁷ cm³·s⁻¹. An optothermal effect caused by the hysteresis of the optogalvanic phenomenon is found experimentally. The feasibility of measuring the stepped ionization constants of resonance and metastable states for a number of metal atoms in a pulse-discharge plasma is discussed. Institute of Physics of Semiconductors of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Atmospheric Optics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of High-Current Electronics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Tomsk State University. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebhykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 8, pp. 57–62, August, 1999.     

High-power Čerenkov microwave oscillators utilizing High-Current nanosecond Electron beams

A short review is given of results obtained at the Institute of High-Current Electronics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on generating high-power microwave radiation. Most of the research was devoted to a study of stimulated Čerenkov radiation from relativistic electron beams. It is shown that the efficiency of a relativistic 3-cm backward wave tube with a nonuniform coupling resistance can reach 35%. High-frequency radiation was discovered in the emission spectrum of the Čerenkov oscillators and it was shown that the nature of the radiation was associated with the stimulated scattering of low-frequency radiation by the relativistic electrons. Radiation with a power of 500 MW was obtained in the 8-mm wavelength range using a two-beam Čerenkov oscillator. High-current pulse-periodic nanosecond accelerators with a charging device utilizing a Tesla transformer were used in the experiments. The possibility was demonstrated of generating high-power microwave radiation with a pulse-repetition frequency of up to 100 Hz. An average power of ∼500 W was achieved from the relativistic oscillators. A relativistic backward wave tube with a high-current electron beam was used to make a prototype nanosecond radar device. Some of the results presented were obtained jointly with the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Applied Physics. Questions concerning multiwave Čerenkov interaction are not considered in this paper. Institute of High-Current Electronics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 5–20, December, 1996.     

Model of Coulomb interaction,interaction coupling constants,and particle mass

A model is proposed for the elementary Coulomb interaction and a formula is given for the Coulomb interaction energy of elementary charges. It is postulated that the electron charge is elementary and that a free charge cannot be a fraction of the electron charge. An explanation is given for the mass of charged leptons and some hadrons.Institute of High-Current Electronics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 21–26, July, 1995.     

Generation of powerful X-rays in the range 7–20 keV

On the basis of general relations, the potential of two approaches to the production of powerful x-rays in the spectral range 7–20 keV is evaluated. The very limited potential of the electron beams of vacuum diodes and thermal radiation of Z-pinch plasma is demonstrated. Some prospects for increasing the power of such radiation by generating high-energy electrons in Z-pinch plasma are investigated. Institute of High-Current Electronics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated, from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 92–99, December, 1997.     

Approximate equations for space-charge limited currents

We derive approximate equations for space-charge limited currents for planar, cylindrical, and spherical diodes, and in transfer tubes. The accuracy of the equations for the planar diode is about 1% for all voltages considered. We conclude that these currents can be described by simple equations to within a few percent for a broad class of space-charge limited currents and for nearly all practical voltages. Institute of High-Current Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 11, pp. 49–53, November, 1998.     

X-radiation from a SNOP-1 unit

Experimental and theoretical studies are made of the spatial distribution of a dose of x-radiation from an SNOP-1 accelerator with a diode operating in the electron-beam pinch regime. The Monte Carlo method is used to calculate the spectral distribution of the accelerator radiation, and it is shown that the fraction of ultrahard x-radiation (10–100) keV in the spectrum may reach 40–50%. Institute of High-Current Electronics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 79–83, December, 1995.     

Using the kramers-kronig relation for estimation of the impulse responses of extra-wide-band systems

To estimate the impulse responses of extra-wide-band systems, we propose a new approach based on the reduction of their complex spectra to a form satisfying the causality principle. The approach is tested using the obtained experimental data on distortions of pulses transmitted via the segments of coaxial cables. The proposed approach is compared with standard methods of estimating the impulse responses. The results obtained show the advantages of the proposed approach. Institute of High-Current Electronics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 433–439, May, 2000.     

Operation of a plasma-filled diode

Preliminary experiments are performed to study a plasma-filled diode terminating a GIT-4 inductive multiplier. It is shown that the admission of a slightly ionized gas (argon) into a vacuum diode can improve the matching of the diode with the generator and increase the yield of x-rays generated by the beam. It is confirmed that the readings of the x-ray detectors depends on the actuation delay time of the value used to regulate the gas concentration in the vacuum gap. Institute of High-Current Electronics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 28–32, December, 1995.     

Fast primary store based on an Arkad’ev-Marx generator

We describe the design of an Arkad’ev-Marx generator with the capacitors discharging energy into the magnetic field within a time less than 1 μsec. We give the equivalent circuit of the generator and calculations for the transient for different firing circuits. We present the results of an experimental study of a generator consisting of 10 stages. Institute of High-Current Electronics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. Centre d’Etudes de Gramat, France. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 17–24, December, 1997.     

Converters for ultrahard x-rays

A linear theory is constructed to explain the operation of single- and multipass converters for transforming the energy of beam electrons into bremmstrahlung within the spectral interval 10–100 keV (ultrahard x-rays, or UHX-radiation) in a cold-target approximation. Expressions are obtained that make it possible to calculate the spectral and energy characteristics of such radiation. The completed calculations make it possible to give recommendations on choosing target material and thickness and deceleration regimes from the viewpoint of maximizing the output of UHX-radiation energy. Institute of High-Current Electronics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 73–78, December, 1995.     

High-power high-pressure pulsed CO2 lasers

The results of investigations and development of high-pressureCO ₂ lasers are considered. It is shown that the high-pressure active medium allows radiation pulses to be formed with smooth tuning of frequency and duration over wide ranges. Data on small-size wide-apertureCO ₂ lasers with an output pulse energy up to 5 kJ are presented. Institute of High-Current Electronics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 8, pp. 74–77, August, 1999.     

Modeling of a pump discharge for chemical non-chain-reaction HF lasers

A model of a pump discharge for a chemicalHF laser in aNe/SF ₆/C₂H₆ gaseous mixture excited with a self-maintained discharge is described. The results of numerical modeling are presented. It is shown that the density of positive and negative ions in the current maximum of such discharges exceeds the electron density by two orders of magnitude. Institute of High-Current Electronics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 8, pp. 63–66, August, 1999.     

High-voltage generator with inductive energy store and plasma-based microsecond current interrupter

Experimental study of a plasma-based microsecond current interrupter, with electrodynamic acceleration of the plasma along a coaxial electrode system and expansion at a nozzle, shows the possibility of stable current switching close to its maximum. The possibility of improving the characteristics of this interrupter using a highresistance link between the interrupter and the primary energy store—a capacitor battery—is demonstrated. The voltage and power may be increased by factors of 10 and 4.5, respectively. Institute of High-Current Electronics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 84–91, December, 1997.     

Peskar' — An electron beam generator for industrial applications

The design of a electronic beam pulse generator for industrial applications is described. The parameters of the electron beam are 700 kV, 25 kA, and 1 μsec. The design features of the magnetic circuits and the test bench used to test and inspect them are described. Institute of High-Current Electronics, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 98–102, December, 1995.     

Relativistic three-centimeter backward-wave tube with 3 GW pulse power

In this paper, we present the results of investigations of a uniform three-centimeter relativistic backward-wave tube (BWT) with circular waveguide operating mode E₀₁ with pulse power 3 GW and efficiency about 20%. We have obtained a dependence of the radiation pulse duration on the generated power. We discuss the problems involved in shortening the duration of the microwave pulses in oscillators with high microwave field intensity on the surface of the slow-wave structure. Institute of High-Current Electronics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 84–88, December, 1996.     

Dislocation substructure formed by irradiating iron with a low-energy high-current electron beam

Calculations were made of the time variation of the temperature in iron at different depths from a surface irradiated with a low-energy high-current electron beam. The mutual relationship betwen the changes in the dislocation and grain structures of the iron polycrystals and the maximum temperature reached during irradiation was traced. The variation of the microhardness in the surface layers of the irradiated iron was found to be nonmonotonic.V. D. Kuznetsov Siberian Physicotechnical Scientific-Research Institute, Tomsk State University. Institute of Power Electronics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Physics Institute of Strength and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 5, pp. 42–47, May, 1993.