外部电场下水分子间静电相互作用的分子动力学研究（英文）

本文利用分子动力学模拟探讨了不同外电场下,液态水的分子间作用及分子排布的变化.在不同外电场下,O…O原子间的径向分布函数差别很小,但是单个水分子的偶极矩的取向变化却很大.当外电场为0时,单个水分子偶极取向的范围很宽(30~150度).与此同时,本文给出了局域诱导电场随着位置的变化关系图.当外加电场增强时,局域的诱导电场强度也随之增加.由于电场下偶极矩有序性的增加,局域诱导的静电相互作用能显著增加.计算结果表明,相对介电常数随着电场强度的增加而呈现指数衰减的变化形式.这一变化趋势可以用来理解不同电化学环境下,静电相互作用和局域诱导电场的变化.     

脉冲电场O/W乳状液破乳的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法研究了水包油(O/W)型乳状液体系中重油油滴在脉冲电场中的聚集行为.通过改变电场占空比的模拟参数,探讨了一定电场强度下的油滴聚集行为,以及电场破乳时电场强度参数与占空比参数之间的联系.同时利用静电势分布、相互作用势能以及结合构象统计等分析方法,从微观角度说明在电场作用下油滴的电荷分布与聚集机制.模拟结果表明,在近0.40～0.75 V/nm范围内电场强度下,距离一定的重油滴聚集,低电场强度可通过增加占空比促使油滴聚集,且占空比随电场强度的增大而减小;油滴在电场中发生形变,油滴电荷出现两极化分布,带负电沥青质分子引导油滴朝电场反方向移动;无电场下聚集过程中沥青质处于两油滴界面,范德华作用力为油滴聚集的主要作用力,同时油滴界面沥青质分子与周围分子形成π-π结合构象,增强了油滴间的相互作用力.     

均匀电场对冰晶结构及生长的影响（英文）

采用分子动力学模拟方法研究了强度为4.0-40.0 V·nm-1的均匀电场对过冷水冰晶结构和冰晶生长速率的影响.文中通过CHILL算法来识别不同的冰相结构,通过拟合Avrami公式来得到冰晶生长所需的特征时间.结果表明,在所施加的电场强度范围内生成的冰相以立方冰为主.随着电场强度的增加,形成的立方冰的变形程度逐渐增大,冰晶的密度从0.98 g·cm-3增加到1.08 g·cm-3,同时冰晶生长的特征时间从5.153 ns减小到0.254 ns,冰晶生长的速率逐渐增长.对水分子的动力学分析表明,冰晶生长速率增加的部分原因是电场能够促进水分子运动到形成冰晶所需要的取向.此外,对冰相分子形成过程的分析表明缺陷冰分子在冰晶的生长过程中扮演着中间态的角色.随电场强度的增加,由缺陷冰转变为立方冰的比例增长的速率逐渐提高.     

径向电场对纳米管中水分子通量的影响

水分子在纳米通道中的运动对于生命活动、纳米器件的设计等都有着重要的意义. 现在已经证实, 在(6,6)的碳纳米管中, 水分子会以单分子水链的形式协同通过碳纳米管. 但是如何控制水分子的流量仍然是一个困难的课题. 本文研究了在径向电场作用下, 碳纳米管中水分子通量的变化趋势和碳纳米管的开关行为.发现在碳纳米管两端存在200 MPa的压力差时, 电场强度从1 V·nm^-1增加到3 V·nm^-1, 水分子通量线性减小. 当径向电场强度增加到3 V·nm^-1时, 碳纳米管处于关闭状态, 水分子无法通过碳纳米管. 进一步, 我们发现水偶极与碳纳米管管轴夹角的平均值的概率分布和翻转频率都与水分子在纳米管中的个数有很大关系.     

外电场下氮化铝分子结构和光谱研究

以6-311＋G(2DF)为基函数, 采用密度泛函B3P86的方法研究了外电场作用下氮化铝(AlN)基态分子的几何结构、HOMO能级、LUMO能级、能隙及谐振频率. 结果表明, 外电场的大小和方向对AlN分子基态的这些性质有明显影响. 在所加的电场范围内, 随着外电场的增大分子键长减小, 谐振频率增大, 总能量升高, 在F＝0.02 a.u.时能量达到最大, 为－297.4217 a.u., 此后继续增大电场强度, 系统总能量则开始降低; EH 和EL 随着电场的增加均逐渐增大, 在 F＝0.01 a.u.时, EH 和EL均取得最大值, 分别为－0.2776和－0.0828 a.u., 随着电场的继续增大, 能级EH和EL均逐渐减小, 而能隙在外电场增大的过程中始终处于减小趋势.     

生物分子水溶液的Monte Carlo模拟——丙氨酸溶液

本文对由五十六个水分子包围一个中性的丙氨酸分子所构成的分子集团做了MC模拟计算。求出了水—水和氨基酸—水的平均相互作用能。将丙氨酸分子周围的空间划分为三个区域——羧基区、氨基区和甲基区。分别以羧基碳、氨基氮和甲基碳作为中心原子,统计了各区中水—水和水—氨基酸相互作用能随着水分子中的氧原子和该区中心原子的距离而改变的函数,各区中水分子偶极矩的取向关联函数以及水分子中氧原子和氢原子的径向分布函数。此外,还计算了各区第一个水化层的水分子数和整个丙氨酸分子第一个水化层的水分子数。     

外电场作用下甲基乙烯基硅酮分子结构和电子光谱

采用密度泛函B3P86方法在6-311++G(d, p)基组水平上优化得到了沿分子轴方向不同外电场(0-0.04 a.u.)作用下, 甲基乙烯基硅酮分子的基态电子状态、几何结构、电偶极矩和分子总能量. 在优化构型下利用杂化CIS-DFT方法(CIS-B3P86)研究了同样外电场条件下对甲基乙烯基硅酮的激发能和振子强度的影响. 计算结果表明, 分子几何构型与电场大小呈现强烈的依赖关系, 分子偶极矩μ随电场的增加先减小后急剧增大. 电场为零时, 分子总能量为-483.5532137 a.u., 随着电场增加, 能量升高, 在F=0.02 a.u.时达到最大值-483.5393952 a.u., 此后, 继续增大电场系统总能量则开始降低. 激发能随电场增加急剧减小, 表明在电场作用下, 分子易于激发和离解.     

均匀电场对冰晶结构及生长的影响

采用分子动力学模拟方法研究了强度为4.0-40.0 V·nm^-1的均匀电场对过冷水冰晶结构和冰晶生长速率的影响. 文中通过CHILL 算法来识别不同的冰相结构,通过拟合Avrami 公式来得到冰晶生长所需的特征时间. 结果表明,在所施加的电场强度范围内生成的冰相以立方冰为主. 随着电场强度的增加,形成的立方冰的变形程度逐渐增大,冰晶的密度从0.98 g·cm^-3 增加到1.08 g·cm^-3,同时冰晶生长的特征时间从5.153 ns 减小到0.254 ns,冰晶生长的速率逐渐增长. 对水分子的动力学分析表明,冰晶生长速率增加的部分原因是电场能够促进水分子运动到形成冰晶所需要的取向. 此外,对冰相分子形成过程的分析表明缺陷冰分子在冰晶的生长过程中扮演着中间态的角色. 随电场强度的增加,由缺陷冰转变为立方冰的比例增长的速率逐渐提高.     

电场中B2分子特性研究

利用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP/6-3l1＋G(2d)方法研究在不同方向电场(0～＋0.02 a.u.)作用下的B2分子的基态键长、总能量、偶极矩、最高占据轨道(HOMO)能量、最低空轨道(LUMO)能量、能隙及势能曲线的变化规律. 结果表明: 在一定外加电场范围内, 随电场强度的增大, 分子键长变大; 总能量降低; 偶极矩增大; HOMO能级、LUMO能级均降低; 能隙依赖外电场方向, 平行分子轴(Z)方向电场使能隙递减, 垂直分子轴(X)方向电场使能隙递增; 分子势能降低, 平行分子轴线(Z)方向电场对分子势能的影响随着核间距的增大而增大, 原有的“势能平台”遭到破坏.     

外电场对甲醛分子的结构与电子光谱的影响

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)在B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)基组水平上,计算了不同外加电场(-8.22×10~9~8.22×10~9 V/m)下甲醛分子基态稳定构型、分子键长、电荷分布、能级分布、能隙、红外光谱、拉曼光谱和分子的总能量.在此基础上利用TDDFT/B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)方法研究了甲醛分子由基态跃迁到前25个激发态的激发能E、谐振强度f、吸收波长λ受外电场的影响.结果表明:随着C=O连线方向外电场的增加,C=O键键长、氢原子电荷、偶极矩和能隙递增;C—H键键长、C,O原子电荷递减,总能量降低.振动频率与红外强度及拉曼强度由于不同振动有不同变化.甲醛分子UV-Vis光谱随外电场的增加,不同的吸收峰发生了不同程度的蓝移或者红移;外电场对甲醛分子的激发能、谐振强度和吸收波长的强度有一定影响,但随电场变化比较复杂.     

Orientational ordering of a polymer chain in a strong dipole field. Tetrahedral lattice model

Orientational and conformational properties have been investigated of a rotational isomeric model of a polar polymer chain on a tetrahedral lattice in a strong electric or mechanical field of dipole symmetry. Two types of dipole moment distribution along the chain are discussed: (A) constant signs of longitudinal components of the dipole moments, and (B) alternating signs of the longitudinal components of the dipole moments. The second case represents polymer chains such as $ \rlap{--} ({\rm CH}_{\rm 2} \hbox{---} {\rm CR}_{\rm 2} {\rm \rlap{--} )}_n $>/UEQN> when the dipole moments are oriented along the bisector of the CR₂-angle, i.e., normal to the extended trans-chain conformation. It is shown that only a discrete most probable orientation of the lattice relative to the field should be considered, namely that coinciding with one of the symmetry axes of the lattices. The average dipole order parameter and dichroic functions (quadrupole order parameter) are calculated in a strong external dipole field for unit vectors with different orientation relative to the chain backbone. The quadrupole order parameter for different unit vectors is obtained also as a function of chain elongation. The polarizability induced by an additional weak dipole field is calculated as a function of the magnitude of the strong external dipole field. For the model considered here the order parameters are more strongly influenced by the external field than those for the freely jointed chain (FJC) model having the same distribution of dipole moments along the chain. The orientational ordering of the chain in a dipole field is higher than in a quadrupole field of the same magnitude.     

Effect of External Electric Field on H‐Bonding and π‐Stacking Interactions in Guanine Aggregates

The structure and electronic properties of guanine oligomers and π stacks of guanine quartets (G‐quartets) with circulene are investigated under an external field through first‐principles calculations. An electric field induces nonplanarity in the guanine aggregates and also leads to an increase in the H‐bond distances. The calculations reveal that the binding energy of the circulenes with G‐quartets increases on application of an electric field along the stacking direction. The HOMO–LUMO gap decreases substantially under the influence of an external field. The contribution of a simple dipole–dipole interaction to the stability of the stacked system is also analyzed. The electric field along the perpendicular axis increases the dipole moments of the guanine dimer, trimer, and quartet. Such an increase in the dipole moment facilitates stacking with circulenes. The stability of G‐quartet–circulene π stacks depends on the phase of the dipole moment (in‐phase or out‐of‐phase) induced by an external electric field. The stability of stacks of bowl‐shaped circulenes with G‐quartets depends on the direction of the applied field.     

电场对(4, 0)Zigzag模型单壁碳纳米管的影响

The structural and electronic properties of a (4, 0) zigzag single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) under parallel and transverse electric fields with strengths of 0-1.4×10~(-2) a.u. Were studied using the density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP/6-31G~* method. Results show that the properties of the SWCNT are dependent on the external electric field. The applied external electric field strongly affects the molecular dipole moments. The induced dipole moments increase linearly with increase in the electrical field intensities. This study shows that the application of parallel and transverse electric fields results in changes in the occupied and virtual molecular orbitals (Mos) but the energy gap between the highest occupied MO (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied MO (LUMO) of this SWCNT is less sensitive to the electric field strength. The electronic spatial extent (ESE) and length of the SWCNT show small changes over the entire range of the applied electric field strengths. The natural bond orbital (NBO) electric charges on the atoms of the SWCNT show that increase in the external electric field strength increases the separation of the center of the positive and negative electric charges of the carbon nanotube.     

A Constant Potential Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of the Atomic‐Scale Structure of Water Surfaces Near Electrodes

Novel and technologically important processes and phenomena arise at water surfaces in the presence of electric fields. However, experimental measurements on water surfaces are challenging, and the results are scarce and inconclusive. In this work, the constant potential molecular dynamics method, in which the electrode charges are allowed to fluctuate to keep the electric potential fixed, was implemented in the study of a near‐electrode water surface systems. This simulation system was set up with a vapor/liquid‐water/vapor slab and two electrodes under different sets of applied electrostatic potential, yielding i) a detailed characterization of the external E‐field dependent electrostatic potential/density/dipole moment density profiles, and ii) the relationship between the water surface width and the applied electrode voltage differences which has been rarely reported. The adjustments in the number density profiles in the vicinity of water surfaces due to external E‐fields were observed, while the capillary interfacial widths for the surfaces near both cathode and anode were found with different increment rates under increasing E‐fields. By examining dipole density profiles across the water surfaces, we found that external E‐field induced polarization occurs in both bulk and surface regimes, yet the surface polarization densities vary asymmetrically with respect to the increasing E‐fields. Detailed discussions were carried out to explain the correlation between water surface tension and surface widths, as well as the interplay between the surface polarization densities and the hydrogen bond network structure. We conclude that the mechanical and structural properties of the water surfaces could be tuned by both magnitude and direction of the strong external E‐fields. We also recognize that more surface properties with application value, such as dielectric permittivity tensor or surface potential, could also be regulated by the external E‐fields.     

Electric parameters of photosystem II particles — electric light scattering study

Electric light scattering and microelectrophoresis were applied to investigate the electric moments (permanent dipole moment and electric polarizability and electrophoretic mobility of envelope-free chloroplasts and photosystem II (PS II particles. The effect of the removal of the extrinsic polypeptides (18, 24 and 33 kDa) on the electric moments was also studied. A significant difference was observed between the orientation behaviour of chloroplasts and PS II preparations. The data indicate that the permanent and induced dipole moments contribute to the orientation of the PS II particles, whereas chloroplasts possess induced dipole moment only.

NaCl and Tris treatments of PS II preparations influence both the transverse permanent dipole moment and the electric polarizability of PS II particles. The increase in the electrophoretic mobility of PS II particles on removal of the extrinsic proteins corresponds to an increase in the electric polarizability value, demonstrating its interfacial nature.     

外电场作用下三元环状水分子团簇的特性研究

The influence of an external field on the ground states energy and dipole moment of the cyclic water trimer is investigated. Employing the Hartree-Fork method with basis sets 3-21G. The field-induced H-F force including the internal and external forces and clusters equilibrium structures under balance of this force are analyzed. The external field is varied in the 0.001~0.01 a.u. range. It is shown that the magnitude of the external electric field has important effects on these characteristics of the cyclic water trimer. The energy was found to decrease and the dipole moment to increase with the increasing external field. The change of the electronic population of every atom leads the electrostatic field to vary accordingly.     

Permanent electric dipole moments of four tryptamine conformers in the gas phase: a new diagnostic of structure and dynamics

Rotationally resolved electronic spectroscopy in the gas phase, in the absence and presence of an applied electric field, has been used to determine the charge distribution of a cross section of the energy landscape of tryptamine (TRA). We report the magnitude and direction of the permanent electric dipole moments of the four TRA conformers GPyout, GPyup, GPhup, and Antiup in their S0 and S1 electronic states. Each dipole moment is unique, providing a powerful new tool for the conformational analysis of biomolecules in the gas phase. A comparison of the results for the different conformers of TRA reveals that the position and orientation of the ethylamine side chain play a major role in determining both the permanent and induced electric dipole moments of the different species in both electronic states.     

Dielectrophoresis of cellulose nanocrystals and alignment in ultrathin films by electric field-assisted shear assembly

Ultrathin films of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are obtained by using a convective assembly setup coupled with a low-strength external AC electric field. The orientation and degree of alignment of the rod-like nanoparticles are controlled by the applied field strength and frequency used during film formation. Calculated dipole moments and Clausius-Mossotti factors allowed the determination of the critical frequencies, the peak dielectrophoresis as well as the principal orientation of the CNCs in the ultrathin films. As a result of the combination of shear forces and low electric field highly ultrathin films with controlled, unprecedented CNC alignment are achieved.     

Birefringence dispersion of N-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-4-butylaniline (MBBA) determined from channeled spectra

The birefringence of MBBA, determined from the channeled spectra, decreases when the wavelength increases, showing a normal dispersion. The changes induced by an external electrostatic field acting perpendicular on the nematic director in the birefringence values were evidenced. The birefringence increases with the electrostatic field intensity which enhances the preferential alignment by the big values of the electric dipole moments induced parallel to the long MBBA molecule. The main refractive indices were interferometrically measured for three visible monochromatic radiations and the birefringence values were concordant with those estimated from the channeled spectra. The main molecular polarizabilities were estimated.     

MECHANISM OF ORIENTATION AND LINEAR DICHROISM OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC PARTICLES IN ELECTRIC FIELDS: CHLOROPLASTS AND CHLOROPHYLL-PROTEIN COMPLEXES

Abstract— The mechanisms of orientation in pulsed and alternating electric fields of thylakoids (derived from the sonication of spinach chloroplasts) and of light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complexes (CPII) were investigated by utilizing linear dichroism techniques. Comparisons of the linear dichroism spectra of thylakoids and CPII particles suggest that the latter are oriented with their directions of largest electronic polarizabilities (and thus probably their largest dimensions) within the thylakoid membrane planes. At low electric field strengths (< 12 V cm^?1), and at low frequencies of alternating electric fields (< 0.25 Hz), thylakoid membranes tend to align with their normals parallel to the direction of the applied electric field; the mechanism of orientation involves a permanent dipole moment of the thylakoids which is oriented perpendicular to the planes of the membranes. However, at high field strengths and high frequencies of the applied alternating electric fields, the thylakoids tend to orient with their planes parallel to the applied field, thus exhibiting an inversion of the sign of the linear dichroism as the electric field strength is increased. At the higher frequencies and at higher field strengths, the orientation mechanisms of the thylakoids involve induced dipole moments related to anisotropies in the electronic polarizabilities. The polarizability is higher within the plane than along a normal to the plane, thus accounting for the inversion of the dichroism as the electric field strength is increased. The CPII particles align with their largest dimension parallel to the applied field at all field strength, indicating that the induced dipole moment dominates the orientation mechanisms in pulsed electric fields. The magnitude of the absolute linear dichroism of CPII suspensions increases with increasing dilution, indicating that aggregates of lower symmetry are formed at higher concentrations of the CPII complexes.