碳化钨颗粒增强钢基复合材料的冲蚀磨损性能研究

以直径为188～250 μm的石英砂为磨料,在自制颗粒冲蚀磨损试验机上对WC颗粒增强ZG45钢基表层复合材料的气-固两相冲蚀磨损性能进行研究,采用扫描电子显微镜观察其磨损表面形貌.结果表明,在相同冲蚀角条件下,增强相WC颗粒的直径越大,复合材料的耐磨性越差,复合材料在冲蚀角为45°时的冲蚀磨损率最大;而ZG45钢在冲蚀角为15°～30°范围内的冲蚀磨损率达到最大值,此后随着冲蚀角增加而减小;复合材料抗冲蚀磨损性能在较小冲蚀角(15°左右)下优于ZG45钢,在较大冲蚀角(≥30°)时劣于ZG45钢.     

化学镀Ni -Cu -P 镀层在3 种腐蚀介质中冲蚀行为的研究

通过改变冲蚀介质的种类与浓度、冲蚀介质流速、冲蚀时间、冲蚀攻角等,研究了化学镀Ni-Cu-P合金镀层的耐冲蚀性能.结果表明:在(wt%)2%的氢氧化钠介质中,化学镀Ni-Cu-P合金镀层耐冲蚀性能最佳;在稀盐酸中冲蚀有以下规律:随着盐酸浓度的增加,冲蚀失重逐渐增加;随着冲蚀速度的增大,试样的冲蚀失重逐渐增加,二者之间符合指数关系,冲蚀失重的变化有一临界液体流速;在攻角为45°时冲蚀失重最大.相比化学镀Ni-P镀层,化学镀N i-Cu-P镀层具有更好的耐冲蚀性能.     

氯化橡胶涂层冲蚀磨损行为的研究

针对含有海砂的海水环境,研究了氯化橡胶涂层在不同冲击角度、不同海砂浓度的环境中的冲蚀磨损行为及机理.结果表明:在含砂的海水环境中,氯化橡胶涂层的最大冲蚀磨损量发生在冲蚀角度为67.5°,最小冲蚀磨损量发生在冲蚀角度为22.5°;在不同冲蚀角度下,冲蚀磨损量均随着海砂浓度的增加而增加;低角度冲蚀磨损时,涂层的破坏形式主要以切削和犁削为主,高角度下,涂层的破坏形式则以变形与凿击为主.     

几种水机常用金属材料的冲蚀磨损性能研究

研究了在水力机械中普遍应用的铸铁(HT200)、中碳结构铸钢(40#)、不锈钢(1Cr18Ni9Ti)和高铬铸铁(KmTBCr26)4种材料的冲蚀磨损规律,得出了材料的冲蚀磨损率随磨损时间、冲蚀速度、磨粒浓度和粒径变化的规律,同时根据观察材料冲蚀磨损表面形貌探讨了其冲蚀磨损机理.结果表明:材料的冲蚀磨损性能受到材料基本机械性能的控制,其中高硬度材料的抗冲蚀性能较好,在相同试验条件下其磨损率由大到小排列顺序为HT200＞40#＞1Cr18Ni9Ti＞KmTBCr26;4种材料的冲蚀磨损率随磨粒粒径、浆料浓度和磨粒冲击速度的变化规律基本一致,当磨粒粒径小于425 μm时,磨粒粒径对KmTBCr26和1Cr18Ni9Ti的磨损率影响很小;金属材料的组织结构对材料的冲蚀磨损性能和机理影响较大,其中KmTBCr26和1Cr18Ni9Ti的冲蚀磨损机理以脆性断裂、破裂及颗粒脱落为主,而HT200和40#的冲蚀磨损机理以选择性切削式冲蚀磨损为主.     

几种钢的腐蚀冲蚀磨损行为与机理研究

在相同试验条件下研究了１６Ｍｎ，２７ＳｉＭｎ和１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９不锈钢在浆体（ｐＨ值在１～１２的范围，固体粒子是粒径２２０～４００μｍ的石英砂）冲蚀作用下的腐蚀冲蚀磨损行为，分析了ｐＨ值和冲击速度等对钢腐蚀冲蚀磨损的影响，以及腐蚀与冲蚀之间的交互作用机理，建立了钢的腐蚀冲蚀磨损率与ｐＨ值及冲击速度之间的三维关系图．研究发现：冲击速度对１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９不锈钢腐蚀冲蚀磨损的影响可用指数关系表示，但对其它２种钢，冲击速度的影响不能用简单的数学关系表示；钢的腐蚀冲蚀磨损率随ｐＨ值降低而增加，ｐＨ值越低和／或钢的耐腐蚀性越差，腐蚀与冲蚀的交互作用越大，钢的腐蚀冲蚀磨损越严重．耐腐蚀性较好的钢（如１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９不锈钢）的腐蚀冲蚀磨损机理主要为冲蚀磨损；耐腐蚀性比较差的钢（如１６Ｍｎ钢）除冲蚀磨损外，腐蚀及其与冲蚀磨损的交互作用也都是重要的磨损机理，特别在ｐＨ值比较低时更是如此     

液固两相流冲洗油管道的冲蚀磨损特性数值模拟及分析

以液固两相流冲洗油管道为研究对象,采用Realizableκ-ε湍流模型、随机轨道模型,结合液固两相流冲蚀磨损试验,建立修正的冲蚀磨损数理模型,数值预测典型工况下冲洗油管道内速度、压力、冲蚀磨损率等流动参数分布情况,分析了冲蚀磨损的形成机制.研究结果表明:受曲率半径影响,冲洗油管道冲蚀磨损速率随曲率半径的增加而减小;由于颗粒惯性及管内二次流影响,弯头中间区域外侧壁面和出口直管段内侧面磨损较为严重,三通管件的最大冲蚀磨损率位于孔口处,数值预测结果与失效解剖案例吻合.本文建立的冲蚀磨损定量预测方法,适用于压力管道的风险评定及寿命预测.     

砂粒对多相流弯管冲蚀的影响因素分析

冲蚀是一个管壁材料受固相颗粒重复撞击而剥落,又伴随着腐蚀的复杂力学过程。冲蚀严重时可能引起管道失效或泄漏,从而产生经济损失和环境污染。为了研究多相流弯管冲蚀的基本规律和主要影响因素,本文基于自行设计的循环管路进行了水-砂两相流对弯管段碳钢贴片的冲蚀试验。基于弯道流动特征分析、扫描电镜观察和贴片的冲蚀速率估计,得到了弯管段壁面的主要损伤特征。弯管段壁面可分为四个区:外拱璧、内拱璧和左右两颊壁面。外拱璧处试验贴片的主要损伤特征为大量压痕、划痕和近圆形的蚀坑分布,其壁面减薄的主要机制为弯道流动中砂粒的多次高速冲击和切削作用;而内拱璧处的损伤特征主要是蚀坑周围包围着腐蚀产物,流动中的砂粒低速冲击和腐蚀氧化作用更为明显;两颊壁面处冲刷磨损与腐蚀增重作用相当。此外,分析了砂粒粒径、含砂量以及贴片材质对冲蚀速率的影响。大粒径及较高含砂量对冲蚀速率均起到增强作用;壁面的材料属性有差异,表面形貌的损伤特征亦有不同。     

热处理对NiTi形状记忆合金冲蚀磨损性能的影响

采用自制浆罐式砂水冲蚀磨损试验装置研究了4种经不同条件热处理的NiTi合金与1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的冲蚀磨损性能;采用XL-30型扫描电子显微镜观察试样的冲蚀磨损表面形貌;采用MH-6型显微硬度计测量NiTi合金硬度;采用自制拉伸装置测量NiTi合金的力学性能.结果表明:5种试样的冲蚀磨损量随着冲蚀时间、冲蚀速度、砂水比及砂粒度的增加而增大,4种NiTi合金的耐冲蚀性能相近,均明显优于1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢,其中试样NiTi-3和NiTi-1表现出较好的耐冲蚀性能;硬度并非NiTi合金冲蚀磨损性能的决定因素,超弹性和超塑性是NiTi合金具有较好耐冲蚀性的主要原因,热处理使得NiTi合金的超弹性变形量减小,但增加了NiTi合金的塑性变形量;合金丝磨损表面不同部位的磨损机理不同,中部为典型的变形磨损,侧面为微切削磨损,5种试样均表现为典型的韧性材料冲蚀磨损特征.     

DH32船用钢板在模拟极地破冰环境中的冰载荷冲蚀磨损性能研究

使用自行设计并加工的低温海冰冲蚀磨损试验机研究了船用低温钢板DH32在模拟极地破冰环境下不同船速条件下的耐海冰冲蚀磨损性能. 利用失重法研究了不同转速下的冲蚀磨损失重率,通过扫描电子显微镜和白光干涉显微镜对材料冲蚀磨损后的微观组织形貌和表面3D形貌轮廓进行观察,并讨论了不同冰水比的冰载荷冲蚀磨损-腐蚀机理. 结果表明:随着模拟船速的不断增加,DH32钢的冲蚀磨损失重率也随之增大. 当转速为3.3 m/s(模拟船速6节)、冰水比为1∶2时,DH32钢样的冲蚀磨损失重率升高幅度最大,达到12%,其在海冰条件下冲蚀磨损以冲蚀磨损坑、犁削、犁沟以及滑坑等失效机理为主. 另外,文中还讨论了常温下砂粒冲蚀磨损和不同冰水比的冰载荷冲蚀磨损的对照性,为后续制定与海冰载荷相关的材料冲蚀磨损标准提供数据支持. 试验证实,以5.5 m/s在43%(质量分数)石英砂+海水溶液中进行冲蚀磨损试验可以近似模拟2∶1冰水比条件下海冰冲蚀磨损对材料破坏作用.      

钢结构表面涂层受风沙冲蚀机理和评价方法

内蒙古中西部地区钢结构表面涂层受风沙冲蚀磨损严重.在模拟钢结构涂层受风沙冲蚀磨损试验的基础上,应用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观测涂层在不同冲蚀条件下的冲蚀磨损部位微观形貌,分析涂层材料受风沙冲蚀磨损的损伤机理,提出了评价涂层冲蚀磨损程度的计算方法.结果表明:低角度冲蚀时微切削作用占主导,硬度起决定作用,高角度冲蚀时挤压变形占主导,柔韧性起决定作用,由于涂层硬度较低,柔韧性好,所以高角度时涂层的耐冲蚀性能较好;最大冲蚀磨损失重量出现在45°左右,是由于该材料具有介于塑性和脆性材料之间的冲蚀磨损特性;速度越大,粒子的动能越大,冲蚀磨损失重量越大;在低浓度时,冲蚀磨损失重量随着浓度的增加而增加,而在高浓度时则出现下降的趋势;评价公式的计算结果与实验结果吻合.研究结果为钢结构涂层的耐久性研究提供了理论依据.     

The 7th International Conference on Fluid Mechanics May 24-27,2015,Qingdao,China

正http://www.icfm7.org First Announcement and Call for PapersThe objective of International Conference on Fluid Mechanics(ICFM)is to provide a forum for researchers to exchange new ideas and recent advances in the fields of theoretical,experimental,computational Fluid Mechanics as well as interdisciplinary subjects.It was successfully convened by the Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics(CSTAM)in Beijing(1987,     

INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS

Contributions： The Journal, Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica, is pleased to receive papers from engineers and scientists working in various aspects of solid mechanics. All contributions are subject to critical review prior to acceptance and publication.     

基于鲁棒滤波的捷联导引头视线角速度估计方法

针对捷联导引头无法直接获取视线角速度等信息的问题,研究了鲁棒滤波在大气层外飞行器捷联导引头视线角速度估计中的应用。为了建立非线性滤波估计模型,考虑目标视线角速度的慢变特性,采用一阶马尔科夫模型建立了状态方程;推导了视线角速度的解耦模型,并建立了量测方程;考虑到实际应用中存在系统噪声统计特性失准的问题,基于Huber-Based鲁棒滤波方法,设计了视线角速度滤波器,并完成了基于Huber-Based滤波方法和扩展卡尔曼滤波方法的数学仿真。仿真结果表明Huber-Based滤波方法的视线角、视线角速度及视线角加速度估计精度分别达到0.1140'、0.1423'/s、0.0203'/s2,而扩展卡尔曼滤波方法的视线角、视线角速度及视线角加速度估计精度仅分别为0.6577'、0.6415'/s、0.0979'/s~2。仿真结果证明了该方法可以有效地估计出相对视线角速度等信息,并且在非高斯噪声的条件下,依然可获得较高的估计精度,具有一定的鲁棒性。     

Guide for authors

正Each of the sections below provides essential information for authors.We recommend that you take the time to read them before submitting a contribution to Acta Mechanica Sinica.We hope our guide to authors may help you navigate to the appropriate section.How to prepare a submission This document provides an outline of the editorial process involved in publishing a scientific paper in Acta Mechanica     

Use specification of multiscale materials for life spanned over macro-, micro-, nano-, and pico-scale

Multiscale material intends to enhance the strength and life of mechanical systems by matching the transmitted spatiotemporal energy distribution to the constituents at the different scale, say—macro, micro, nano, and pico,—, depending on the needs. Lower scale entities are, particularly, critical to small size systems. Large structures are less sensitive to microscopic effects. Scale shifting laws will be developed for relating test data from nano-, micro-, and macro-specimens. The benefit of reinforcement at the lower scale constituents needs to be justified at the macroscopic scale. Filling the void and space in regions of high energy density is considered.Material inhomogeneity interacts with specimen size. Their combined effect is non-equilibrium. Energy exchange between the environment and specimen becomes increasingly more significant as the specimen size is reduced. Perturbation of the operational conditions can further aggravate the situation. Scale transitional functions and/or f_j/j+1 are introduced to quantify these characteristics. They are represented, respectively, by , and (f_mi/ma,f_na/mi,f_pi/na). The abbreviations pi, na, mi, and ma refer to pico, nano, micro and macro.Local damage is assumed to initiate at a small scale, grows to a larger scale, and terminate at an even larger scale. The mechanism of energy absorption and dissipation will be introduced to develop a consistent book keeping system. Compaction of mass density for constituents of size 10⁻¹², 10⁻⁹, 10⁻⁶, 10⁻³ m, will be considered. Energy dissipation at all scales must be accounted for. Dissipations at the smaller scale must not only be included but they must abide by the same physical and mathematical interpretation, in order to avoid inconsistencies when making connections with those at the larger scale where dissipations are eminent.Three fundamental Problems I, II, and III are stated. They correspond to the commonly used service conditions. Reference is made to a Representative Tip (RT), the location where energy absorption and dissipation takes place. The RT can be a crack tip or a particle. At the larger size scales, RT can refer to a region. Scale shifting of results from the very small to the very large is needed to identify the benefit of using multiscale materials.     

Impact non-pénétrant sur le thorax : influence de la courbure sur la propagation des ondesNonpenetrating impact on the thorax: influence of curvature on wave propagation

Theoretical studies of the propagation of impact waves through the thorax are needed to improve the design of bulletproof jackets and blast protections (Fung in ‘Biomechanics Motions, Flow, Stress, and Growth’, Springer-Verlag, 1990; Cooper et al., J. Trauma 40 (1996) S38–S41). The influence of the weak acoustic coupling at the interface between the thoracic wall and the lung were described in (Grimal et al., C. R. Acad. Sci. IIB 329 (2001) 655–662); in this work, we study, within the frame of elastodynamics and with an approximate analytical method, the effects of the curvature of this interface. Results are given in terms of strain energy for the pressure wave, transmitted or converted. Focalisation of energy in the medium representing the lung is important for curvatures measured in humans. To cite this article: Q. Grimal et al., C. R. Mecanique 330 (2002) 569–574.     

Vérification expérimentale de la relation de réciprocité d'Onsager pour l'électro-osmose et l'électro-filtration dans une argile naturelleExperimental verification of the Onsager's reciprocal relations for electro-osmosis and electro-filtration phenomena on a saturated clay

This Note is devoted to the experimental verification of the Onsager's reciprocal relations in the particular case of electro-osmosis and electro-filtration. A special set up has been designed to carry out the measurements of both the electro-osmotic permeability and the streaming potential. This has been performed by using a natural material i.e., saturated kaolinite. To cite this article: K. Beddiar et al., C. R. Mecanique 330 (2002) 893–898.