有机染料敏化网状二氧化钛纳米纤维微孔膜太阳能电池研究

利用静电纺丝技术, 在TiO₂纳米粒子上电纺一层网状TiO₂纳米纤维微孔膜作为光散射层, 并在TiO₂纳米粒子中掺杂少量MgO以抑制电子和空穴的复合, 得到TiO₂纳米纤维/纳米粒子复合光阳极用于染料敏化太阳能电池. 将这种光阳极分别与有机三苯胺染料SD2, SD3或钌染料N719及鹅脱氧胆酸(CDCA)共敏化时, 在AM 1.5 (100 mW/cm²)的模拟太阳光照射下, 染料敏化太阳能电池的光电转换效率达到6.35%～8.85%. 同时, 使用半固态电解质可以达到液态电解质90%的光电转换效率.     

染料敏化纳米太阳能电池

本文介绍了染料敏化纳米太阳能电池的结构和原理,对纳米TiO₂膜、敏化染料、空穴传输材料的研究进展进行了综述.     

聚吡咯/石墨复合对电极在染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用研究

通过化学氧化法制备了聚吡咯纳米粒子, 并将其与石墨共混旋涂于ITO导电玻璃上, 作为染料敏化太阳能电池的对电极. 通过SEM观察到聚吡咯纳米粒子粒径在80～100 nm之间, 循环伏安测试表明聚吡咯电极对I₂/I^－电解质氧化还原体系具有较好的催化能力. 光伏电池的电化学交流阻抗测试结果说明掺入石墨后可有效降低聚吡咯对电极的电荷转移阻抗. 以钌染料N719为光敏剂, 聚吡咯/石墨复合电极为对电极组装成的染料敏化太阳能电池, 在AM 1.5 (100 mW•cm^－2) 的模拟太阳光照射下, 得到6.01%的光电转换效率, 达到相同条件下铂对电极性能的92%.     

二氧化钛在钙钛矿太阳电池中的应用

纳米TiO₂由于具有合适的禁带宽度、良好的光电化学稳定性、制作工艺简单等特点,目前广泛应用于染料敏化、量子点和钙钛矿等太阳电池中。作为电池的重要组成部分之一,纳米TiO₂晶体尺寸、颗粒大小和制备方法等明显影响电池的光伏性能,相关研究工作一直是染料敏化、量子点和钙钛矿等太阳电池方面的重点。本文综述了纳米TiO₂作为致密层和骨架层在钙钛矿太阳电池中的应用研究进展,主要讨论了纳米TiO₂的不同形貌、制备方法以及结构等对电池光电性能的影响,并针对纳米TiO₂在后续对电池性能提升方面进行了展望。     

N,N-二甲基碘化铵:染料敏化太阳能电池钙钛矿前驱体电解质的高效添加剂

钙钛矿前驱体（PbI₂和CH₃NH₃I）分散体系，作为一种新型染料敏化太阳能电池（Dye-sensitized Solar Cells，DSSCs）电解质，光电流和光电压的继续提升是其发展过程中亟待解决的问题.在本工作中，研究发现，通过引入二甲基碘化铵（DMAI）作为钙钛矿前驱体电解质的高效添加剂，可将光电流密度从12.85 mA·cm^-2急剧提升至19.19 mA· cm^-2.借助阻抗和塔菲尔曲线分析，发现其光电流的增加与TiO₂半导体导带的向上移动对不平衡载流子复合的抑制作用具有一定的相关性.进一步通过叔丁基吡啶的调节作用，可将光电转换效率提高到8.46%，超过了传统的碘电解质.也为染料敏化太阳能电池的研究开辟了新的途径.     

含苯并噻二唑的吩噻嗪染料分子的设计合成及其在染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用

设计合成了三种含苯并噻二唑的吩噻嗪类有机染料光敏剂JY50~JY52,在对其光物理和电化学性质进行研究的基础上,使用三种染料对纳米TiO₂电极进行敏化制备太阳能电池器件,并系统研究了其光电转化效率及电荷传输阻抗等光伏特性.研究结果表明,在染料分子中引入共轭基团有助于其摩尔吸光系数的提升,从而提升光电流.两个长烷基链的引入能够有效地抑制染料分子激发态电子在TiO₂光阳极表面的电子复合,从而提升其电子注入效率.其中,在AM 1.5（100 mW·cm^-2）的模拟光强下,基于碘电解质的染料JY51电池器件获得了7.61%的光电转化效率.     

染料敏化太阳能电池对电极

对电极是染料敏化太阳能电池的重要组成部分,改进对电极是提高其能量转换效率及降低成本的有效手段之一.本文重点综述了2008年以来染料敏化太阳能电池对电极的研究成果,详细介绍了各类对电极包括金属Pt、Au、Ni,纳米炭材料和导电聚合物等对电极的优点和制备工艺.Pt对电极性能最好,但是高成本限制了它在染料敏化太阳能电池产业化中的应用;新型的价格低廉、活性较高的纳米炭材料和导电聚合物及其复合材料等对电极在染料敏化太阳能电池的研究中逐渐引起人们的重视.     

染料敏化太阳能电池掺杂TiO2纳晶光阳极

染料敏化太阳能电池（dye-sensitized solar cells, DSC）效率高、制作简单、成本低,因此被认为是最有希望的第三代太阳能电池。DSC光阳极的主要作用是吸附染料、传输电子和提供电解质扩散通道,因此对DSC光电性能具有决定性作用。近年来,通过掺杂调控TiO₂光阳极的电子特性,从而提高DSC的光电效率受到广泛关注。本文对掺杂TiO₂光阳极的研究现状进行了综述,重点分析了非金属元素、过渡金属元素及主族元素的掺杂对TiO₂光阳极的能带结构、光吸收特性、染料吸附量、电子传输和界面复合过程以及所组装DSC光电性能的影响,分析了非金属元素共掺杂的协同效应。同时,对稀土元素掺杂TiO₂作为光谱转换材料提高DSC光吸收效率和光电转换效率进行了探讨,最后论文对掺杂TiO₂光阳极今后的研究重点和研究方向进行了展望。     

有机-无机半导体复合体系中光诱导电子转移及光电转换性质的研究

由于纳米材料技术和有机-无机复合材料技术的引入,染料敏化纳晶TiO₂薄膜光电化学太阳能电池以较高的能量转换效率,并以低价,清洁,稳定性好,性能优异等特点而成为一种大有应用前景的新型太阳能电池.其中,光诱导电子转移、能量传递是发挥其光电转换功能的关键过程.本论文围绕反胶束中纳米CdS的制备和表征及界面电荷转移、联吡啶钌的光物理性质和光电转换性质等进行了研究,得到的结论如下.     

基于MWCNT/TiO2对电极和硫醇盐/二硫化物非碘氧化还原电对的染料敏化太阳能电池性能

采用水热法合成出多壁纳米碳管/二氧化钛(MWCNT/TiO₂)复合物, 并作为染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)中对电极材料并组装成电池. 通过场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、同步热重-差示扫描量热(TGA-DSC)、拉曼(Raman)光谱和光电子能谱(XPS)等方法对其形貌、组成和结构进行表征. 结果表明, 酸化MWCNT表面―COOH与水热生长出的锐钛矿TiO₂表面―OH之间, 通过形成类似于O＝C―O―Ti 或者C―O―Ti 的结构, 能有效地增强复合物薄膜层与导电玻璃基底之间的相互作用. 通过循环伏安(CV)、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)、塔菲尔曲线(Tafel)和电池的伏安特性曲线等方法研究了该类对电极对硫醇盐/二硫化物(T-/T₂)非碘氧化还原电对的光电化学特性. 结果表明: 当MWCNT与TiO₂质量比为3:1时, 基于该复合物对电极与T-/T₂非碘氧化还原电对所组装DSSC的开路电压为0.63 V, 短路电流为15.81 mA·cm^-2, 填充因子为0.65, 光电转换效率达到6.47%.     

Large size, high efficiency fiber-shaped dye-sensitized solar cells

A high-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cell prototype has been designed and fabricated, in which the working electrode and counter electrode are in direct contact and singly twisted. The cell is sealed in a capillary. In this solar cell configuration, the area ratio between the counter and working electrode is extremely low which allows the independent adjustment of electrolyte volume and the distance between counter electrode and photo-anode. Also it is more easily sealed compared to planar solar cell. The effects of TiO(2) film thickness, twisted pitch of counter electrode and length of device have been investigated. Our results indicate that this novel configuration has demonstrated excellent modularization function, three dimensional light harvesting capacities and the relative independence of incident light angles due to the symmetry structure. The power conversion efficiency of one cell of 9.5 cm in length can reach up to 5.41% at standard test condition (100 mW cm(-2)) and the power output may double under intense diffuse illumination. As far as we know, this is the longest and most efficient fiber-shaped dye-sensitized solar cell consisting of liquid electrolyte. The longer the fiber-shaped solar cell is, the more suitable it is for woven solar power textile if it is encapsulated in transparent flexible plastic capillary.     

Low Sheet Resistance Counter Electrode in Dye-sensitized Solar Cell

In order to search for the high efficiency and low sheet resistance counter electrode indye-sensitized solar cell, we used Ti plate as the conducting substrate to prepare the counterelectrode by thermal decomposition of H2PtC16. Ti plate counter electrode shows low sheetresistance, good reflecting performance and matching kinetics. The dye-sensitized solar cell with theTi plate counter electrode shows better photovoltaic performance than that of the cell with thefluorine-doped tin oxide-coated glass counter electrode.     

Quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells assembled with polymeric ionic liquid and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) counter electrode

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanofibers (PEDOT-NF) with high catalytic activity were synthesized and employed as a counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). A polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) was used as a gelling agent and an iodide source for making a highly conductive gel polymer electrolyte. A quasi-solid-state DSSC assembled with this PIL-based gel polymer electrolyte and PEDOT-NF counter electrode exhibited high conversion efficiency of 8.12% at 100 mW cm^− 2.     

Theoretical design and experimental synthesis of counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells: Amino-functionalized graphene

For some specific catalytic reaction, how to construct active sites on two dimensional materials is of great scientific significance. Dye-sensitized solar cells(DSCs) can be viewed as one representative photovoltaics because in which liquid electrolyte with triiodide/iodide(I_3~-/I~-) as redox couples are involved. In this study, amino-functionalized graphene(AFG) has been designed according to theoretically analyzing iodine reduction reaction(IRR) processes and rationally screening the volcanic plot. Then, such AFG has been successfully synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method and shows high electrocatalytic activity towards IRR when serving as counter electrode in DSCs. Finally, a high conversion efficiency of 7.39% by AFG-based DSCs was obtained, which is close to that using Pt as counter electrode.     

Application of carbon materials as counter electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells

Hard carbon spherule (HCS) has been investigated as a counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells. The overall conversion efficiency of the cell reached 5.7%, which is comparable to 6.5% of the counter electrode of platinum-sputtered fluorine-doped tin oxide used in Grätzel-type solar cells under the same experimental condition. It is found that the photovoltaic performance was strongly affected by the specific surface areas of the carbon materials.     

Metal chalcogenide complex-mediated fabrication of Cu2S film as counter electrode in quantum dot sensitized solar cells

Cu2S film onto FTO glass substrate was obtained to function as counter electrode for polysulfide redox reactions in CdS/CdSe co-sensitized solar cells by sintering after spraying a metal chalcogenide complex, N4H9Cu7S4 solution. Relative to Pt counter electrode, the Cu2S counter electrode provides greater electrocatalytic activity and lower charge transfer resistance. The prepared Cu2S counter electrode represented nanoflower-like porous film which was composed of Cu2S nanosheets on FTO and had a higher surface area and lower sheet resistance than that of sulfided brass Cu2S counter electrode. An energy conversion efficiency of 3.62% was achieved using the metal chalcogenide complex-mediated fabricated Cu2S counter electrode for CdS/CdSe co-sensitized solar cells under 1 sun, AM 1.5 illumination.     

High dispersion Pt nanoparticles using mesoporous carbon support for enhancing conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells

<正>Mesoporous carbon(MC) with surface area of 380 m~2/g was prepared and employed as the carbon support of Pt catalyst for counter electrode of dye-sensitized solar cells.Pt/MC samples containing 1 wt%Pt were prepared by reducing chloroplatinic acid on MC using wet impregnation.It was found that Pt nanoparticles were uniform in size and highly dispersed on MC supports.The average size of Pt nanoparticles is about 3.4 nm.Pt/MC electrodes were fabricated by coating Pt/MC samples on fluorine-doped tin oxide glass.The overall conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells with Pt/MC counter electrode is 6.62%,which is higher than that of the cells with conventional Pt counter electrode in the same conditions.     

CoSe/TiN同轴纳米管阵列在染料敏化太阳能电池对电极中的应用研究

以钛网作为基底,采用阳极氧化、氨气氮化的方法制备了TiN纳米管,随后电沉积CoSe,制备了CoSe/TiN/Ti同轴纳米管阵列电极。循环伏安结果表明,CoSe/TiN/Ti电极对I-3具有高的电催化还原性能,这归因于高催化活性的CoSe和高导电的TiN的协同效应。以CoSe/TiN/Ti电极作为对电极组装染料敏化太阳能电池,电池的能量转换效率高达9.25%,比传统Pt/FTO对电极组装的电池(8.09%)高1%。这一结果为非Pt对电极纳米结构的设计提供了一个很好的思路。     

电沉积-置换法制备Pt/Ti对电极及其对染料敏化太阳能电池性能的提升

采用电沉积-置换法在Ti片上制备了染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)的对电极Pt/Ti. 形貌表征结果显示, 与传统热解法制备的Pt/FTO对电极相比, Pt/Ti对电极Ti基底上Pt催化颗粒的粒径和分散性得到显著改善. 光电流-光电压特性曲线测试结果表明, 以Pt/Ti为对电极的DSSC与以Pt/FTO为对电极的DSSC相比, 光电转化效率提高了20.8%. 由于Pt颗粒分散性和粒径的改善所引起的Pt催化性能的提高、 Pt/Ti对电极更低的电阻以及Ti基底更好的反光性能是提升DSSC性能的原因.