Water entry of a magnetic fluid coated sphere

This paper describes the dynamics of the air cavity created by water entry of magnet-magnetic fluid projectile. The impact of a projectile, permanent magnet coated with kerosene-based magnetic fluid, on the free surface of water is investigated experimentally. The cavity of air in water created by the impact of the projectile is observed with the high-speed video camera system. Effects of the adsorption of magnetic fluid and alternating magnetic fields are revealed.     

Facile fabrication of large-scale stable superhydrophobic surfaces with carbon sphere films by burning rapeseed oil

Stable anti-corrosive superhydrophobic surfaces were successfully prepared with the carbon nanosphere films by means of depositing the soot of burning rapeseed oil. The method is extremely cheap, facile, time-saving and avoided any of the special equipments, special reagents and complex process control. The method is suitable for the large-scale preparation of superhydrophobic surface and the substrate can be easily changed. The as-prepared surfaces showed stable superhydrophobicity and anti-corrosive property even in many corrosive solutions, such as acidic or basic solutions over a wide pH range. The as-prepared superhydrophobic surface was carefully characterized by the field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscope to confirm the synergistic binary geometric structures at micro- and nanometer scale. This result will open a new avenue in the superhydrophobic paint research with these easily obtained carbon nanospheres in the near future.     

Water entry of stripe-coated hydrophobic circular cylinders

Abstract  

This paper visually demonstrates water entry of horizontal hydrophobic circular cylinders, 12 mm in diameter and 300 mm long, by three types of coating of a water-repellent material; (a) perfectly coated, (b) right half surface coated, and (c) stripe coated. After the entry of the cylinder into water, the hydrophobic surface of the cylinder forms an air cavity behind it, whereas the hydrophilic surface is perfectly wetted. As a result, the resulting cavities are found to independently grow and break off from the cylinder even for the Type (c).     

Water droplet impact on superhydrophobic surfaces with microstructures and hierarchical roughness

Quantitative correlation between the critical impact velocity of droplet and geometry of superhydrophobic surfaces with microstructures is systematically studied.Experimental data shows that the critical impact velocity induced wetting transition of droplet on the superhydrophobic surfaces is strongly determined by the perimeter of single micropillar,the space between the repeat pillars and the advancing contact angle of the sidewall of the micropillars.The proposed model agrees well with the experimental results,and clarifies that the underlying mechanism which is responsible for the superhydrophobic surface with hierarchical roughness could sustain a higher liquid pressure than the surfaces with microstructures.     

球在可自由移动的球形空腔内作纯滚动的运动分析

对在光滑水平面上可自由移动的球形空腔内作纯滚动的球的运动进行分析,给出球心及其边缘上任意一点在静止参考系中的运动轨迹方程,并绘出它们相应的轨迹,求出球在球形空腔内平衡位置附近作小振动的周期,并和球在可自由移动的球形空腔内作纯滑动的情况作了比较.     

Quasi-wetting on a sphere

Wetting phenomena on a sphere of radius R are studied in the context of the Sullivan model. Neither a first nor a continuous transition is found for finite R. Only in the strict limit of R→∞ a second-order transition appears. For temperatures T higher than the wetting temperature in a flat geometry, T^∞_w, the thickness l of the enhanced density layer, which forms on the surface of the sphere, is for large R proportional to In R.     

Fabrication of a superhydrophobic surface on a wood substrate

A layer of lamellar superhydrophobic coating was fabricated on a wood surface through a wet chemical process. The superhydrophobic property of the wood surface was measured by contact angle (CA) measurements. The microstructure and chemical composition of the superhydrophobic coating were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). An analytical characterization revealed that the microscale roughness of the lamellar particles was uniformly distributed on the wood surface and that a zinc stearate monolayer (with the hydrophobic groups oriented outward) formed on the ZnO surface as the result of the reaction between stearic acid and ZnO. This process transformed the wood surface from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic: the water contact angle of the surface was 151°, and the sliding angle was less than 5°.     

Drag reduction on a patterned superhydrophobic surface

We present an experimental study of a low-Reynolds number shear flow between two surfaces, one of which has a regular grooved texture augmented with a superhydrophobic coating. The combination reduces the effective fluid-surface contact area, thereby appreciably decreasing the drag on the surface and effectively changing the macroscopic boundary condition on the surface from no slip to limited slip. We measure the force on the surface and the velocity field in the immediate vicinity on the surface (and thus the wall shear) simultaneously. The latter facilitates a direct assessment of the effective slip length associated with the drag reduction.     

Biminimal hypersurfaces in a sphere

In this paper, we mainly concentrate on the biminimal hypersurfaces in a sphere. First, we obtain some rigidity theorems for biminimal hypersurfaces. Then we give a classification of non-minimal biminimal isoparametric hypersurfaces in a sphere.     

Small-world networks on a sphere

The Small-World Network on a Sphere SWNS is a non-crossing network that has no hubs and presents the small-world property diam ~ log?N with diam being the maximal distance between any two vertices and N being the number of vertices. The SWNS is constructed using a partition of the sphere and the parallels are regular sections of the sphere with constant latitude. The number of cells on the parallels, however, increases exponentially from the pole to the equator of the sphere. We analytically compute the distribution of connectivity, the clustering coefficient and the SWNS distances. The resilience of the model against selective attacks is also discussed.     

Velocity measurement of a settling sphere

We study experimentally the motion of a solid sphere settling under gravity in a fluid at rest. The particle velocity is measured with a new acoustic method. Variations of the sphere size and density allow measurements at Reynolds numbers, based on limit velocity, between 40 and 7 000. At all Reynolds numbers, our observations are consistent with the presence of a memory-dependent force acting on the particle. At short times it has a t ^-1/2 behaviour as predicted by the unsteady Stokes equations and as observed in numerical simulations. At long times, the decay of the memory (Basset) force is better fitted by an exponential behaviour. Comparison of the dynamics of spheres of different densities for the same Reynolds number show that the density is an important control parameter. Light spheres show transitory oscillations at Re∼ 400, but reach a constant limit speed. Received 12 April 2000 and Received in final form 13 July 2000     

Compression of a soft sphere packing

Mechanical properties of packings of deformable spheres of polyelectrolyte gel are studied experimentally. These particles are plunged into a brine. They have the property to swell and shrink when the concentration of salt of the solution is varied. An oedometric compression is performed imposing cycles of deformation at constant speed and constant salinity C_s. Under many different conditions, we study the laws of deformation relating the macroscopic compression force F, to the macroscopic strain . We find empirical non linear relations of the type . The values of this exponent m are discussed and compared to the results of measurements on a single sphere compressed on a plane as well as to the results of experiments and simulations on dry model granular assemblies. The swelling and deswelling properties of the spheres are used to perform isotropic compression tests. In this situation we determine the relation between the force at equilibrium and the macroscopic strain . The results are compared with those obtained in the oedometric compression tests. Received 27 January 1998     

Thermal field of a multilayered sphere

The formalism of the theory of electrodynamic fluctuations is used to calculate the characteristics of the thermal field of a multilayered isothermal conductive sphere. We have obtained expressions for the spectral density of electrical and magnetic energy and for the spectral density of the average Poynting vector for the thermal field of an inhomogeneous sphere that are valid for any distance from observer to the center of the sphere and for any value of the diffraction parameter. The results are illustrated by a numerical example of thermal emission of wet snow flakes.Radiophysical Research Institute, Nizhny Novgorod. Translated from lzvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 38, No. 8, pp. 771–784, August, 1995.     

Electrostatic charging of a conducting sphere using another conducting sphere at constant voltage

This study uses results of classical electrostatics to predict the resulting voltage of a conducting sphere that is charged by a second sphere maintained at a constant voltage. The voltage of the charged sphere is calculated as a function of the charging voltage and the size ratio of the two spheres. Theoretical predictions are verified experimentally using conducting spheres of various sizes and a Faraday ice pail apparatus. The results may seem somewhat counterintuitive. For example, a charging sphere held at 100 V will charge another sphere of equal size only to 69.3 V by contact.     

Stable superhydrophobic surfaces over a wide pH range

A stable superhydrophobic surface was fabricated by solidifying poly(epoxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane-co-bisphenol A) [P(ETPDMS-co-BPA)] copolymer on a rough substrate. The low surface energy of the copolymer and the geometric structure at micrometer scale of the surface contribute to the superhydrophobic property. The as-prepared surface shows stable superhydrophobicity over a wide pH range (1-14) and the wettability is excellent stable to heating, water, corrosive solution and organic solvent treatments. The procedure is simple and time-saving as well as utilizing non-fluorine-containing compounds.     

Rebound behaviors of droplets impacting on a superhydrophobic surface

The rebound behaviors of droplets impacting on a self-fabricated superhydrophobic brass surface (WCA=164.5°) were observed and studied by using high-speed-camera. In accordance with energy conversion, theoretical analysis of different behaviors and rebound mechanism were given. At lower velocities, three behaviors in different velocity ranges were observed: partial rebounding, entire rebounding and ejecting during rebounding. At higher velocities, such two behaviors as rebound after splashing and rebound, ejecting after splashing, occurred alternately and exhibited certain periodicity. A function to predict the critical impact velocity is derived from energy conservation condition, and the prediction values tally with the experimental values, with the maximum relative error about 14%.     

Fabrication of superhydrophobic wood surfaces via a solution-immersion process

Superhydrophobic wood surfaces were fabricated from potassium methyl siliconate (PMS) through a convenient solution-immersion method. The reaction involves a hydrogen bond assembly and a polycondensation process. The silanol was formed by reacting PMS aqueous solution with CO₂, which was assembled on the wood surface via hydrogen bonds with the wood surface -OH groups. The polymethylsilsesquioxane coating was obtained through the polycondensation reaction of the hydroxyl between wood and silanol. The morphology of products were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the surface chemical composition was determined using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetry (TGA) and contact angle measurement. Analytical results revealed that rough protuberances uniformly covered the wood surface, thus transforming the wood surface from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic. The water contact angle of the superhydrophobic wood surface was about 153° and a sliding angle was 4.6°.     

Fabrication of superhydrophobic wood surface by a sol-gel process

The superhydrophobic wood surface was fabricated via a sol-gel process followed by a fluorination treatment of 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H- perfluoroalkyltriethoxysilanes (POTS) reagent. The crystallization type of silica nanoparticles on wood surface was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), the microstructure and chemical composition of the superhydrophobic wood surface were described by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), the bonding force between the silica nanoparticles and POTS reagent was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and the superhydrophobic property of the treated sample was measured by contact angle (CA) measurements. An analytical characterization revealed that nanoscale silica spheres stacked uniformly over the wood surface, and with the combination of the high surface roughness of silica nanoparticles and the low surface free energy film of POTS on wood surface, the wood surface has turned its wetting property from hydrophilic into superhydrophobic with a water contact angle of 164° and sliding angle less than 3°.