Collocated discrete least‐squares (CDLS) meshless method: Error estimate and adaptive refinement

Meshless methods are new approaches for solving partial differential equations. The main characteristic of all these methods is that they do not require the traditional mesh to construct a numerical formulation. They require node generation instead of mesh generation. In other words, there is no pre‐specified connectivity or relationships among the nodes. This characteristic make these methods powerful. For example, an adaptive process which requires high computational effort in mesh‐dependent methods can be very economically solved with meshless methods. In this paper, a posteriori error estimate and adaptive refinement strategy is developed in conjunction with the collocated discrete least‐squares (CDLS) meshless method. For this, an error estimate is first developed for a CDLS meshless method. The proposed error estimator is shown to be naturally related to the least‐squares functional, providing a suitable posterior measure of the error in the solution. A mesh moving strategy is then used to displace the nodal points such that the errors are evenly distributed in the solution domain. Efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed error estimator and adaptive refinement process are tested against two hyperbolic benchmark problems, one with shocked and the other with low gradient smooth solutions. These experiments show that the proposed adaptive process is capable of producing stable and accurate results for the difficult problems considered. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Steady‐state solution of incompressible Navier–Stokes equations using discrete least‐squares meshless method

A fractional step method for the solution of the steady state incompressible Navier–Stokes equations is proposed in this paper in conjunction with a meshless method, named discrete least‐squares meshless (DLSM). The proposed fractional step method is a first‐order accurate scheme, named semi‐incremental fractional step method, which is a general form of the previous first‐order fractional step methods, i.e. non‐incremental and incremental schemes. One of the most important advantages of the proposed scheme is its capability to use large time step sizes for the solution of incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. DLSM method uses moving least‐squares shape functions for function approximation and discrete least‐squares technique for discretization of the governing differential equations and their boundary conditions. As there is no need for a background mesh, the DLSM method can be called a truly meshless method and enjoys symmetric and positive‐definite properties. Several numerical examples are used to demonstrate the ability and the efficiency of the proposed scheme and the discrete least‐squares meshless method. The results are shown to compare favorably with those of the previously published works. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

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提出了将杂交边界点法和双重互易法结合求解势问题的一种新的算法. 将势问题的解分为通解和特解两部分，通解使用 杂交边界点方法求解，特解则利用局部径向基函数近似. 该方法输入数据只是求解域上离散 的点，不需要额外的方程来计算域内物理量，后处理十分简便. 数值算例表明了该方法的稳 定性和有效性.     

Meshless Galerkin analysis of Stokes slip flow with boundary integral equations

This paper presents a novel meshless Galerkin scheme for modeling incompressible slip Stokes flows in 2D. The boundary value problem is reformulated as boundary integral equations of the first kind which is then converted into an equivalent variational problem with constraint. We introduce a Lagrangian multiplier to incorporate the constraint and apply the moving least‐squares approximations to generate trial and test functions. In this boundary‐type meshless method, boundary conditions can be implemented exactly and system matrices are symmetric. Unlike the domain‐type method, this Galerkin scheme requires only a nodal structure on the bounding surface of a body for approximation of boundary unknowns. The convergence and abstract error estimates of this new approach are given. Numerical examples are also presented to show the efficiency of the method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Kinetic meshless method for compressible flows

We present a grid‐free or meshless approximation called the kinetic meshless method (KMM), for the numerical solution of hyperbolic conservation laws that can be obtained by taking moments of a Boltzmann‐type transport equation. The meshless formulation requires the domain discretization to have very little topological information; a distribution of points in the domain together with local connectivity information is sufficient. For each node, the connectivity consists of a set of nearby nodes which are used to evaluate the spatial derivatives appearing in the conservation law. The derivatives are obtained using a modified form of the least‐squares approximation. The method is applied to the Euler equations for inviscid flow and results are presented for some 2‐D problems. The ability of the new scheme to accurately compute inviscid flows is clearly demonstrated, including good shock capturing ability. Comparisons with other grid‐free methods are made showing some advantages of the current approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A finite point method for adaptive three‐dimensional compressible flow calculations

The finite point method (FPM) is a meshless technique, which is based on both, a weighted least‐squares numerical approximation on local clouds of points and a collocation technique which allows obtaining the discrete system of equations. The research work we present is part of a broader investigation into the capabilities of the FPM to deal with 3D applications concerning real compressible fluid flow problems. In the first part of this work, the upwind‐biased scheme employed for solving the flow equations is described. Secondly, with the aim of exploiting the meshless capabilities, an h‐adaptive methodology for 2D and 3D compressible flow calculations is developed. This adaptive technique applies a solution‐based indicator in order to identify local clouds where new points should be inserted in or existing points could be safely removed from the computational domain. The flow solver and the adaptive procedure have been evaluated and the results are encouraging. Several numerical examples are provided in order to illustrate the good performance of the numerical methods presented. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Error estimate and adaptive refinement for incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations using the discrete least squares meshless method

In this paper, an adaptive refinement strategy based on a node‐moving technique is proposed and used for the efficient solution of the steady‐state incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The value of a least squares functional of the residual of the governing differential equation and its boundary conditions at nodal points is regarded as a measure of error and used to predict the areas of poor solutions. A node‐moving technique is then used to move the nodal points to the zones of higher numerical errors. The problem is then resolved on the refined distribution of nodes for higher accuracy. A spring analogy is used for the node‐moving methodology in which nodal points are connected to their neighbors by virtual springs. The stiffness of each spring is assumed to be proportional to the errors of its two end points and its initial length. The new positions of the nodal points are found such that the spring system attains its equilibrium state. Some numerical examples are used to illustrate the ability of the proposed scheme for the adaptive solution of the steady‐state incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The results demonstrate a considerable improvement of the results with a reasonable computational effort by using the proposed adaptive strategy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A meshless collocation method for the plane problems of functionally graded material beams and plates using the DRK interpolation

A meshless collocation method is developed for the static analysis of plane problems of functionally graded (FG) elastic beams and plates under transverse mechanical loads using the differential reproducing kernel (DRK) interpolation, in which the DRK interpolant is constructed by the randomly distributed nodes. A point collocation method based on this DRK interpolation is developed for the plane stress and strain problems of homogeneous and FG elastic beams and plates. It is shown that the present DRK interpolation-based collocation method is indeed a truly meshless approach with excellent accuracy and has a fast convergence rate.     

基本解方法与边界节点法求解Helmholtz方程的比较研究

基本解方法和边界节点法是基于径向基函数的两种重要无网格边界离散数值技术。针对Helmholtz方程,本文比较研究这两种数值方法在不同计算区域问题上的计算精度、插值矩阵对称性、病态性及计算成本。数值试验结果表明,两种方法都可以有效求解边界数据准确的Helmholtz问题。在数值离散过程中,两种方法都可以通过调整配置点的位...     

基于逆复合二次径向基函数的对称复合材料层合板自由振动分析

利用逆复合二次径向基函数无网格配点法对Reddy的高阶剪切变形理论进行离散,预测了对称复合材料层合板的自由振动特性.将不同材料参数、几何尺寸和边界条件的层合板固有频率计算结果与相关文献中的结果进行对比,结果表明:逆复合二次径向基函数在对称复合材料层合板自由振动分析方面具有收敛性好及精度高等一系列优点.     

基于无网格法的Timoshenko曲梁动力分析

曲梁具有外形美观、受力性能良好的优点,故在工程中得到广泛应用。本文基于移动最小二乘近似和一阶剪切变形理论,提出一种对Timoshenko曲梁自由振动和受迫振动进行分析的无网格方法。通过一系列离散点离散曲梁,建立曲梁无网格模型,然后推导曲梁势能和动能方程,通过哈密顿原理给出曲梁自由振动和受迫振动的控制方程,因为本文方法不能直接施加边界条件,所以使用完全转换法处理本质边界条件,最后求解方程得到频率和振动模态。文末通过算例验证了本文方法的有效性,且通过收敛性分析表明本文方法具有较好的收敛性,并进一步分析了不同边界条件、跨高比和变截面变曲率对曲梁自由振动和受迫振动的影响,将计算结果与文献解或ABAQUS解进行对比分析,表明本文方法具有较高的精度,且适用于实际工程情况。     

无网格局部强弱法求解不规则域问题

无网格局部彼得洛夫-伽辽金(meshless local Petrov-Galerkin,MLPG)法是一种具有代表性的无网格方法,在计算力学领域得到广泛应用.然而,这种方法在边界上需执行积分运算,通常很难处理不规则求解域问题.为了克服MLPG法的这种局限性,提出了无网格局部强弱(meshless local strong-weak,MLSW)法.MLSW法采用MLPG法离散内部求解域,采用无网格介点(meshless intervention-point,MIP)法施加自然边界条件,并采用配点法施加本质边界条件,避免执行边界积分运算,可适用于求解各类复杂的不规则域问题.从理论上讲,这种结合式方法,既保持了MLPG法稳定而精确计算的优势,同时兼备配点型方法在处理复杂结构问题时简洁而灵活的优势,实现了弱式法和强式法的优势互补.此外,MLSW法采用移动最小二乘核(moving least squares core,MLSc)近似法来构造形函数,是对传统移动最小二乘(moving least squares,MLS)近似法的一种改进.MLSc使用核基函数代替通常的基函数,有利于数值求解的精确性和稳定性,而且其导数近似计算变得更为简单.数值算例结果初步表明:这种新方法实施简单,求解稳定、精确,表现出适合工程运用的潜力.     

A variational multiscale Newton–Schur approach for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations

In the following paper, we present a consistent Newton–Schur (NS) solution approach for variational multiscale formulations of the time‐dependent Navier–Stokes equations in three dimensions. The main contributions of this work are a systematic study of the variational multiscale method for three‐dimensional problems and an implementation of a consistent formulation suitable for large problems with high nonlinearity, unstructured meshes, and non‐symmetric matrices. In addition to the quadratic convergence characteristics of a Newton–Raphson‐based scheme, the NS approach increases computational efficiency and parallel scalability by implementing the tangent stiffness matrix in Schur complement form. As a result, more computations are performed at the element level. Using a variational multiscale framework, we construct a two‐level approach to stabilizing the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations based on a coarse and fine‐scale subproblem. We then derive the Schur complement form of the consistent tangent matrix. We demonstrate the performance of the method for a number of three‐dimensional problems for Reynolds number up to 1000 including steady and time‐dependent flows. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

无网格法在三维复杂超音速流场模拟中的应用研究

对最小二乘无网格方法在含复杂外形三维超音速流场中的应用进行了研究.选用分解法求解采用最小二乘法得到的对称方程组,针对最小二乘无网格方法的计算特点生成近似正交均匀分布的离散点,对B1AC2R常规导弹超音速流场采用最小二乘无网格方法进行了无粘数值模拟,计算了B1AC2R常规导弹在不同攻角下的轴向力、法向力及俯仰力矩系数,并将数值结果与实验结果进行了比较.结果表明,最小二乘无网格方法在求解含复杂外形超音速流场时具有较高的准确度,将其应用于三维含复杂外形超音速流场的模拟是完全可行的.     

A Symmetric Galerkin BEM for Harmonic Problems and Multiconnected Bodies

A steady state harmonic solution of Navier equations of motion is presented using the symmetric Galerkin Boundary Element Method, which leads to a symmetric system of equations. For the integration, a two-step regularisation process is proposed to deal with the singularities of the involved kernels. It is also shown that the standard application of the symmetric Galerkin methodology for multiply connected bodies leads to the deterioration of the conditioning of the system for low frequencies. Two examples are presented comparing the solutions obtained with the proposed formulation with those obtained with the standard collocation method. A third example is presented to illustrate the behaviour of a simple multi-connected body.     

基于最优概率配点的向量型层递响应面法分析结构可靠度

概率配点的选取策略是响应面法研究的关键问题之一. 本文提出了配点矩阵行满秩原则,据此筛选层递响应面的最优概率配点. 首先利用结构总体刚度矩阵和荷载列阵定义预处理随机Krylov子空间,并利用该空间的层递基向量近似展开结构的总体节点位移向量,建立层递响应面表达式;然后利用层递基向量所对应的基本随机变量组合构造随机行向量,并形成配点矩阵,根据配点矩阵行满秩原则筛选确定层递响应面的最优概率配点,进而通过回归分析确定层递响应面的待定系数. 分析表明,层递响应面法具有良好的全域性且待定系数极少;基于配点矩阵行满秩原则筛选最优概率配点能够排除大部分作用不大的配点,大幅减少概率配点数目,与传统响应面法和随机响应面法相比,层递响应面法能够取得更好的计算效率和精度.     

Singular boundary method for 2D dynamic poroelastic problems

This paper extends a strong-form meshless boundary collocation method, named the singular boundary method (SBM), for the solution of dynamic poroelastic problems in the frequency domain, which is governed by Biot equations in the form of mixed displacement–pressure formulation. The solutions to problems are represented by using the fundamental solutions of the governing equations in the SBM formulations. To isolate the singularities of the fundamental solutions, the SBM uses the concept of the origin intensity factors to allow the source points to be placed on the physical boundary coinciding with collocation points, which avoids the auxiliary boundary issue of the method of fundamental solutions (MFS). Combining with the origin intensity factors of Laplace and plane strain elastostatic problems, this study derives the SBM formulations for poroelastic problems. Five examples for 2D poroelastic problems are examined to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the present method. In particular, we test the SBM to the multiply connected domain problem, the multilayer problem and the poroelastic problem with corner stress singularities, which are all under varied ranges of frequencies.     

局部彼得洛夫-伽辽金法分析各向异性板屈曲

基于Kirchhoff板理论和对挠度函数采用移动最小二乘近似函数进行插值，进一步研究无网格局部Petrov-Galerkin(MLPG)方法在各向异性板稳定问题中的应用．分析中，本质边界条件采用罚因子法施加，离散的特征值方程由板稳定控制方程的局部积分对称弱形式中得到．通过数值算例并与其他方法的结果进行比较，表明MLPG法求解各向异性薄板稳定问题具有收敛性好、精度高等一系列优点．     

基于核重构思想的最小二乘配点型无网格方法

介绍重构核点法的基本原理和近似函数的构造方法，并基于核重构思想，应用配点法和最小二乘原理，离散微分方程，建立求解的代数方程，提出了一种基于核重构思想的最小二乘配点型无网格方法．与一般配点法相比，该方法的系数矩阵是有对称正定的，计算精度高，稳定性好．该方法的实施不需要背景网格，不需要进行高斯积分，与Galerkin法相比，具有计算量小、边界条件处理简单的特点，是一种真正的无网格法．对该方法构造过程中的近似函数及其导数的计算、修正函数的计算及方法的实现等问题进行了探讨．文中结合若干典型算例，检验了该方法的有效性．     

The meshless analog equation method: I. Solution of elliptic partial differential equations

A new purely meshless method for solving elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs) is presented. The method is based on the principle of the analog equation of Katsikadelis, hence its name meshless analog equation method (MAEM), which converts the original equation into a simple solvable substitute one of the same order under a fictitious source. The fictitious source is represented by multiquadric radial basis functions (MQ-RBFs). The integration of the analog equation yields new RBFs, which are used to approximate the sought solution. Then inserting the approximate solution into the PDE and boundary conditions (BCs) and collocating at the mesh-free nodal points results in a system of linear equations, which permit the evaluation of the expansion coefficients of the RBFs series. The method exhibits key advantages over other RBF collocation methods as it is highly accurate and the coefficient matrix of the resulting linear equations is always invertible. The accuracy is achieved using optimal values for the shape parameters and the centers of the multiquadrics as well as of the integration constants of the analog equation, which are obtained by minimizing the functional that produces the PDE. Without restricting its generality, the method is illustrated by applying it to the general second order 2D and 3D elliptic PDEs. The studied examples demonstrate the efficiency and high accuracy of the developed method.