Spatially Directional Resorcin[4]arene Cavitand Glycoconjugates for Organic Catalysis

The synthesis of novel spatially directional multivalent resorcin[4]arene cavitand glycoconjugates (RCGs) and their ability to catalyze organic reactions is reported. The β‐d ‐glucopyranoside moieties on the upper rim of the “bowl”‐shaped resorcin[4]arene cavitand core are capable of multiple hydrogen‐bond interactions resulting in a pseudo‐cavity, which has been investigated for organic transformations in aqueous media. The RCGs have been demonstrated to catalyze thiazole formation, thiocyanation, copper(I)‐catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), and Mannich reactions; they impart stereoselectivity in the three‐component Mannich reaction. Thermodynamic values obtained from ¹H diffusion‐ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) experiments suggest that the upper saccharide cavity of the RCG and not the resorcin[4]arene cavity is the site of the complexation event.     

Towards Controlling the Threading Direction of a Calix[6]arene Wheel by Using Nonsymmetric Axles

Traffic control : By exploiting the interplay of kinetic and thermodynamic effects, the direction of threading/dethreading in a nonsymmetric calixarene wheel can be selected by an appropriate choice of the head group incorporated in the molecular axle (see figure).

     

Facile Interchange of 3d and 4f Ions in Single‐Molecule Magnets: Stepwise Assembly of [Mn4], [Mn3Ln] and [Mn2Ln2] Cages within Calix[4]arene Scaffolds

The central Mn^II ions in a series of calix[4]arene‐stabilised butterflies can be sequentially replaced with Ln^III ions, maintaining the structural integrity of the molecule but transforming its magnetic properties. The replacement of Mn^II for Gd^III allows for the examination of the transferability of spin‐Hamiltonian parameters within the family as well as permitting their reliable determination. The introduction of the 4f ions results in weaker intramolecular magnetic exchange, an increase in the number of low‐lying excited states, and an increase in magnetisation relaxation, highlighting the importance of exchange over single‐ion anisotropy for the observation of SMM behaviour in this family of complexes. The presence of the [TM^II/III(TBC[4])(OH)(solvent)] metalloligand (TM=transition metal, TBC=p‐tBu‐calix[4]arene) suggests that magnetic calix[n]arene building blocks can be employed to encapsulate a range of different “guests” within structurally robust “hosts”.     

Isothermal Titration Calorimetry Study of a Bistable Supramolecular System: Reversible Complexation of Cryptand[2.2.2] with Potassium Ions

Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is used to investigate the thermodynamics of the complexation of potassium ions by 1,10‐diaza‐4,7,13,16,21,24‐hexaoxabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane (cryptand[2.2.2]) in aqueous solution. By changing the pH of the solution it was possible to trigger the reversible complexation/decomplexation of the cryptand in consecutive in situ experiments and to assess for the first time the use of ITC to monitor the thermodynamics of a bistable system.     

The structure of water in p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene

Tetrasodium p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene exists as a hydrate with approximately 14 water molecules and has three polymorphic modifications, all of which contain a water molecule in the molecular cavity that is engaged in OH···π interactions. Single-crystal neutron structures are reported for two of these three forms and reveal a "compressed" water molecule with short OH bonds. Partial atomic charges and hardness analysis (PACHA) calculations based on the neutron coordinates give an OH···π interaction energy of 6.9-7.5 kJ mol(-1). The PACHA analysis also reveals the dominance of the charge-assisted hydrogen bonds from the Na(+)-coordinated water molecules. The instability of the crystal towards dehydration can be traced to an uncoordinated lattice water site. The remarkable calixarene-Na(+)-hydrate motif is conserved almost unchanged across all three polymorphs. A single-crystal neutron structure is also reported for pentasodium p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene·12H(2)O, which exhibits an intracavity water molecule that is engaged in both OH···π and OH···O hydrogen bonding. The shorter covalent bond to the hydrogen atom that forms the interaction with the aromatic ring is again apparent.     

硅胶键合杯[4]芳烃固定相的合成和核磁共振表征

杯芳烃（Ｃａｌｉｘａｒｅｎｅｓ）［１］是由苯酚单体通过亚甲基单元连接起来的一类性质稳定的环状低聚物．由于它的独特结构特点以及由此表现出来的特有性能,使之已成为继冠醚和环糊精之后的第三代超分子［２］．近年来,杯芳烃在色谱中的应用已经引起人们的关注,有关...     

Directed Positioning of Organometallic Fragments Inside a Calix[4]arene Cavity

A hemispherical diphosphane based on a calixarene allows encapsulation of reactive M–R fragments (M=transition metal; R=H, alkyl, CO) inside the calixarene cavity. The ruthenium complex 1 has an unprecedented sandwich structure that contains a CO ligand confined between two phosphane-substituted phenyl rings. The separation between the CO segment and the two aromatic rings is only 2.75 Å!     

Sterically and guest-controlled self-assembly of calix[4]arene derivatives

In solvents such as chloroform or benzene, tetraurea calix[4]arenes 1 form dimeric capsules in which one solvent molecule is usually included as guest. To explore the structural requirements for the formation of such hydrogen-bonded dimers we replaced one p-tolylurea residue by a simple acetamide function. The resulting calix[4]arene 2 a, substituted at its wide rim with one acetamide and three p-tolylurea functions, assumes a C(1)-symmetrical conformation in apolar solvents as shown by (1)H NMR, which is not compatible with the usual capsule. In the crystalline state, four molecules of 2 a, adopting a pinched cone conformation, assemble into a quasi S(4)-symmetrical tetramer stabilized by a cyclic array of 24 NH.O==C hydrogen bonds and four NH.pi interactions. Four acetamide groups are hydrogen-bonded to each other and pack tightly in the center of the assembly. All polar residues are buried inside the tetramer, the surface of which is lipophilic. Extensive NMR studies revealed similar structures in apolar solvents such as [D]chloroform or [D(6)]benzene for calixacetamides 2 a-c. The formation of these tetramers in solution is critically dependent on the size of the amide fragment, so that propionamide 2 d, butyramide 2 e, and p-tolylamide 2 f form only ill-defined aggregates. This is caused by steric crowding inside the tetrameric assembly. The tetramers persist during molecular dynamics simulations, and the optimized average structure of the MD run is similar to that found in the crystalline state. Theoretical studies revealed that cooperation of hydrogen bonds with multiple NH.pi, C--H.pi, and pi.pi attractions make the tetramer more stable than the capsular dimer with the solvent as guest. In the presence of tetraethylammonium salts, however, compounds 2 a-e form dimeric capsular assemblies, each incorporating a single ammonium cation. Only one of two possible regioisomeric dimers is formed, in which both acetamide groups are surrounded by two urea residues. These examples give striking evidence of how self-assembly in solution can be strongly dependent on subtle structural factors and of how the formation of dimeric capsules can be induced by the presence of an appropriate guest.     

Calorimetric, NMR, and UV Investigations of Aliphatic l-Amino Acids Complexation by Calix[4]arene Bis-hydroxymethylphosphous Acid

The stability constants, enthalpy ΔH ⁰, entropy ΔS ⁰, and Gibbs energy ΔG ⁰ were determined for the host–guest complexes (1:1) of calix[4]arene bis-hydroxymethylphosphous acid with glycine, l-alanine, l-valine, l-leucine, l-isoleucine residues in methanol solution with the aid of the titration experiments followed by calorimetric and spectroscopic (¹H NMR, UV) methods. The experimental data indicated that the host–guest complexation was under control of the direct electrostatic interaction between negatively charged calixarene phosphoryl group and amino acid residue NH ₃ ⁺ group, modulated by the hydrophobic interaction, which drive the inclusion of the residue alkyl side-chain into the calixarene cavity. The stability of the inclusion complexes was found correlated with the size of the aliphatic amino acid’s side-chain. The experimental data were additionally analyzed in the terms of the three state model corresponding to coexistence of 2:1 and 1:1 complexation equilibria.     

Guest‐Induced 2‐D Metallopolycapsular Networks Based on a 1,3‐Alternate Calix[4]arene Derivative

Solvothermal reactions of the calix[4]arene tetraacetic acid (H₄CTA) with zinc nitrate in the presence of α,ω‐diaminoalkanes afford two‐dimensional metallopolycapsular networks of the formula {[Me₂NH₂]₂[G@(Zn₂(CTA)₂)] ? (DMF)₂ ? (H₂O)₄}_n (G=⁺NH₃–(CH₂)_n–NH₃⁺, n=2, 3, 4; DMF=N,N‐dimethylformamide). These metallopolycapsular networks are built up of metallocapsules that consist of two CTA and two Zn^II ions. Short alkanediyldiammonium (⁺NH₃–(CH₂)_n–NH₃⁺, n=2, 3, 4) guest ions are accommodated in each capsule of the metallopolycapsular network through a variety of supramolecular interactions. The thermal behaviours and the solid‐state photoluminescent properties of these complexes were also investigated.     

The Synthesis of Sodium and Potassium Complexes of Two Calix[4]arene Derivatives

Two compounds (1 and 2) which have calix[4]arene units and their Na⁺ and K⁺-complexes were prepared. All the complexes have a metal-ligand ratio of 1 : 1. The newly prepared compounds were characterized on the basis of their ¹H NMR, IR, UV-visible as well as elemental analysis.     

Strained Diphosphines Built upon a Calix[4]arene Skeleton. Synthesis of a Highly Active Norbornene Polymerization Catalyst

Summary: The complexes cis‐P,P′‐(η⁵‐cylopentadienyl)‐{5,17‐dibromo‐11,23‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐25,26,27,28‐tetrapropoxy‐calix[4]arene}nickel(II ) tetrafluoroborate ( 1 ) and dibromo‐{5,17‐dibromo‐11,23‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐25,26,27,28‐tetrapropoxycalix[4]arene}nickel(II ) ( 2 ), both of which contain a constrained chelating diphosphine, were evaluated for the polymerization of norbornene. Combined with methylaluminoxane, they result in remarkably active systems for the production of high‐molar‐mass vinyl‐type polynorbornene. Turnover frequencies of up to 7.5 × 10⁵ mol(NBE) · mol(Ni)⁻¹ · h⁻¹ are observed. A plausible explanation for their high performances relies on a periodic P–Ni–P bite angle enlargement that temporarily increases the steric hindrance about the catalytic centre, which in turn favours the insertion steps.

Molecular structure of 2 .     

Synthesis and Properties of a Series of Novel Calix[6]arene Diazo Derivatives

In this study, seven new compounds p-(4-butyl-phenylazo)calix[6]arene(1), p-(4-(phenylazo)phenylazo)calix[6]arene (2),p-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)calix[6]arene (3),p-{4-[N-(thiazol-2-yl)sulfamoyl]phenylazo\}calix[6]arene(4), p-(4-acetamidophenylazo)calix[6]arene (5),p-(thiazol-2-ylazo)calix[6]arene (6) andp-(2-sulfanylphenylazo)calix[6]arene (7) have been synthesizedfrom calix[6]arene by diazo coupling with the corresponding aromaticamines. UV-Vis, IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral data have been used to elucidate the structures of the compounds elemental analyses     

1,3-Diketone Calix[4]arene Derivatives—A New Type of Versatile Ligands for Metal Complexes and Nanoparticles

The present review is aimed at highlighting outlooks for cyclophanic 1,3-diketones as a new type of versatile ligands and building blocks of the nanomaterial for sensing and bioimaging. Thus, the main synthetic routes for achieving the structural diversity of cyclophanic 1,3-diketones are discussed. The structural diversity is demonstrated by variation of both cyclophanic backbones (calix[4]arene, calix[4]resorcinarene and thiacalix[4]arene) and embedding of different substituents onto lower or upper macrocyclic rims. The structural features of the cyclophanic 1,3-diketones are correlated with their ability to form lanthanide complexes exhibiting both lanthanide-centered luminescence and magnetic relaxivity parameters convenient for contrast effect in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The revealed structure–property relationships and the applicability of facile one-pot transformation of the complexes to hydrophilic nanoparticles demonstrates the advantages of 1,3-diketone calix[4]arene ligands and their complexes in developing of nanomaterials for sensing and bioimaging.