Multi-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging in a stray magnetic field

Stray field imaging has been extensively utilized in the last 10 years to perform very high resolution imaging of samples in a single dimension using the massive field gradient present in the fringe of a superconducting magnet. By spinning the sample around the magic-angle, the stray field gradient is successively reoriented along three orthogonal directions in the sample reference frame, allowing the acquisition of a full three-dimensional Fourier image, thereby providing the possibility to perform multi-dimensional very high-resolution imaging with standard nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy equipment. Here, we show multi-dimensional images demonstrating the feasibility of this technique.     

基于金刚石NV色心的纳米尺度磁场测量和成像技术

纳米级分辨率的磁场测量和成像是磁学中的一种重要研究手段.金刚石中的单个氮-空位点缺陷电子自旋作为一种量子传感器,具有灵敏度高、原子级别尺寸、可工作在室温等诸多优势,灵敏度可以达到单核自旋级别,空间分辨率达到亚纳米.将这种磁测量技术与扫描成像技术结合,能够实现高灵敏度和高分辨率的磁场成像,定量地重构出杂散场.这种新型的磁成像技术可以给出磁学中多种重要的研究对象如磁畴壁、反铁磁序、磁性斯格明子的结构信息.随着技术的发展,基于氮-空位点缺陷的磁成像技术有望成为磁性材料研究的重要手段.     

车载光电系统电视摄像机光学系统设计及杂散光分析

设计了一款双视场电视摄像机,小视场用于对目标的跟踪,大视场用于捕获和观察目标,两视场光学系统的传递函数MTF在50 lp/mm频率处均大于0.6,点列斑直径均小于像元尺寸5.5 μm,畸变均小于0.1%。两视场共用一个面阵CCD成像器件,通过分光棱镜分光。由于在该光学系统中分光棱镜表面反射会产生杂散光,形成鬼像。因此,利用LightTools软件对系统进行了杂散光的仿真分析。分析结果表明:大视场的半视场角在5.7°～7.6°之间和小视场的半视场角在2.6°～3.5°之间的入射光线被分光棱镜下表面反射后,以及小视场的半视场角在-2.7°～-3.5°之间的入射光线被分光棱镜后表面反射后, 变成杂散光,聚焦到像面, 形成鬼像,采用在分光棱镜后方设置消杂光光栏的方法来抑制杂散光。验证结果表明,仿真分析准确,提出的消杂光措施有效。     

大视场宽谱段高分辨率分波段机载紫外-可见光成像光谱仪设计

紫外-可见光(200～500 nm)成像光谱仪是空间遥感的重要组成部分,本文基于机载紫外-可见成像光谱仪的特殊性和实际应用要求,提出了一种采用面阵CCD的摆扫式成像光谱仪,这样既克服了传统线阵CCD摆扫式成像光谱仪空间分辨率低的缺点,同时又弥补了推扫式成像光谱仪视场范围有限的缺点,能够满足大视场、宽谱段、高分辨率成像光谱仪的应用要求;此外,考虑400～500 nm波段中200～250 nm波段二级光谱的影响和<290 nm的短波区和>310 nm的长波区两个波段相差3个数量级的辐射波动,采用了分波段、分系统的方式独立进行消杂光光谱成像。在系统结构设计方面,本着高性能、低成本的设计理念,选用了两镜同心系统作为望远系统,Czerny-Turner平面光栅结构作为成像光谱仪系统的光学设计方案;设计了一种不使用任何辅助光学元件,全部采用球面镜结构的成像光谱仪。整个系统结构简单、紧凑,性能优良, 可行性好。全谱段、全视场调制传递函数值在0.6以上。     

一种组件透射式成像光谱仪设计

针对反射式成像光谱系统普遍存在多次反射(和衍射)产生杂散光和装调难度大等问题,设计了一种高性能透射式系统,全部使用通用光学组件,简化了系统结构,降低了成本和装调难度,较传统成像光谱仪有更广的适用范围。该设计中全部部件都非定制,可以根据应用场合更换,具有较好的灵活性,采用透射的方式,减少了杂散光的影响。利用ZEMAX软件仿真、优化了搭配两组不同物镜的系统光路,对畸变、MTF、色差等性能进行测试。对比25和50 mm物镜的系统性能,发现望远镜头的更换对整个系统成像质量的影响不大。参照设计参数成功搭建出一台成像光谱仪,其中望远物镜采用准对称双高斯结构,有利于控制场曲和畸变;采用透射式平面衍射光栅作为分光器件,制作工艺成熟,无需定制,装调简单。光谱分辨率和畸变测试结果显示该系统拥有良好的畸变控制能力,光谱分辨率达到2 nm,满足设计要求,利用标定后的系统测得的氘灯光谱取得了较为理想的结果。     

一种双波段成像系统的红外通道杂散光分析

为全面分析杂散光对红外系统成像质量的影响,设计了可见波段0.4 μm~0.7 μm、红外波段3 μm~5 μm,视场角均为2.27°×2.27°的共孔径成像光学系统。分析了杂散光来源,分别研究了带内与带外杂散光对其红外通道成像质量的影响。对于带内杂散光,设计了消杂光结构,采用FRED软件模拟分析了带内杂光抑制能力,结果表明:带内杂散光得到较好抑制,其鬼像影响可忽略不计,太阳杂散光抑制水平PST达到设定的10-8阈值量级。对于带外杂散光,主要研究了1.064 μm和2.6 μm两个波长带外激光对红外成像系统的影响,并利用有限元仿真计算,结果表明:系统反射镜温升达到703 K时,向外发出较强带内红外辐射,到达像面的辐射功率为0.195 mW,可对红外成像面造成强烈噪声干扰。     

超强边缘磁场梯度场下的磁共振成像:STRAFI 实验

磁共振成像（MRI）是一个能够探测样品内部特性的有效检测手段,已被广泛应用于化学、生物研究,以及医疗诊断领域. 自约40年前发展以来, 成像方法的不断发展使得MRI的成像分辨率、实验效率和成像杂核能力得到了很大的改进. 边缘磁场成像（STRAFI）是一种很具潜力的成像方法之一,它利用了超导磁体本身具有的边缘场的强梯度场. 该综述介绍了STRAFI基础,并概括了成像的基本原理、STRAFI的实验理论和方法及其在实际研究中的应用. 由此将比较STRAFI实验相对于传统MRI方法的所具有的优势和多面可行性.     

A novel high-gradient permanent magnet for the profiling of planar films and coatings.

The design and construction of a low-cost, permanent magnet is described. The magnet is intended for applications which require a large static gradient, such as those for which stray field imaging or fringe field diffusometry are conventionally employed. The magnet has been designed using the scalar potential method. Particular features of the magnet include a field profile such that ||B || is constant in the horizontal plane and such that B is horizontal at the midpoint between the poles. There is a vertical, and therefore orthogonal, strong gradient, G, in ||B ||. The ratio G/ ||B || is constant within a large volume and so allows measurements at a range of gradient strengths. It is this ratio which governs the shape of the pole-pieces. The constructed magnet has a typical operating field of 0.8 T, gives a gradient of 20 Tm-1, and has a useable interpole access of 20 mm. Field plot data show values consistent with the theory. In particular ||B || has a curvature of less than +/-5 microm over a 5 x 5 mm area at the target field. The magnet is most suitable for the one-dimensional profiling of thin planar samples. As an example of the magnet's use, a profile of a sandwich structure made of several polymer layers is shown. In addition, a set of one-dimensional profiles of an alkyd coating, recorded during solvent loss and cross-linking, is presented. This example demonstrates quantitative T2 measurements at a resolution of 6.5 microm across a 70-microm-thick film.     

共形光学系统瞬时视场外杂散光的分析及处理

针对空间成像光学系统的像质容易受到瞬时视场外杂散辐射的影响,利用杂散光分析软件建立一个共形光学系统光学机械结构模型,并对其进行反向光线追迹,从而确定出该系统中对瞬时视场外杂散辐射光的聚集贡献较大的关键表面及视场外杂散辐射光的主要传递路径.采用在系统中加入多级挡光环辅助结构的方式获得了100%的瞬时视场外杂散光屏蔽效果.该设计方案具有简单易行的特点.     

新型大视场消杂光眼底相机光学系统的设计

设计了一款大视场、免散瞳便携式眼底相机。综合考虑接目物镜被成像和照明系统共用、人眼的像差和视度差异等因素,采用16重结构进行优化设计。设计结果的视场角达60°,分辨率为200万像素,对-8 D~+10 D(1 D=1 m-1)的人眼普遍适用,在120 lp/mm处各视场的调制传递函数(MTF)均大于0.2,畸变小于5%。为消除角膜反射产生的严重杂散光,提出采用LED环形光源改进传统科勒式照明光路,不仅保证眼底照明均匀,而且大大提高了系统的光能利用率,降低了光学系统的复杂程度。为了解决传统系统中接目物镜杂散光无法消除的难题,提出采用偏振分光棱镜代替系统中的分光镜,同时在接目物镜前端加入λ/4波片,消除了99.5%以上的由接目物镜反射产生的杂光。     

Super-resolved or field of view enlarged imaging based upon spatial depolarization of light

In this paper we present a new approach allowing the surpassing of the diffraction based limitation for the achievable resolution provided by imaging systems. It is based on an encoding-decoding process of various spatial pixels or regions in the field of view of the imaged object by orthogonal and differently time varying polarization states.The reconstruction of the original spatial information is obtained by applying a decoding process in a way similar to the encoding one. Although all the spatial information is summed and mixed together by the system, the decoding provides super-resolved imaging since in every spatial position the undesired spatial information having time varying polarization dependence, that is uncorrelated to the decoding sequence applied on that specific spatial position, is averaged to zero and, on the other hand, the information which corresponds to that specific spatial region is being reinforced.The proposed approach can be used not only for super-resolved imaging but also for imaging module that maintains the same spatial resolution while providing enlarged field of view.     

星载成像光谱仪杂散光检测技术

介绍了星载成像光谱仪杂散光检测技术在国内外的发展状况,阐述了成像光谱仪杂散光的定义、来源和危害,分析了杂散光检测的必要性。通过截止滤光片法、光谱法、谱杂散光系数法、级数透过率法、氧气吸收光谱及参数拟合法、卷积计算法和矩阵修正法等7种光谱仪器杂散光检测方法优缺点的对比,给出了星载成像光谱仪杂散光检测技术的具体要求和发展趋势,认为单一的检测技术很难满足工程研制的实际需要,针对各研制阶段的组合检测技术将是星载成像光谱仪杂光检测的发展方向。     

内掩式透射地基日冕仪中杂光鬼像的消除

为了消除杂散光对日冕仪成像质量的影响,分析了工作波段为530～555 nm的内掩式透射地基日冕仪（其视场为±1.1～3R⊙,分辨率为13.5μm,口径为120 mm,系统F数为8.2）物镜的多次反射形成的鬼像。基于鬼像形成原理,完成建模模拟,提出了结构性遮拦措施,并通过实验论证了遮拦结构对鬼像有良好的遮拦效果,同时验证了鬼像的光强和物镜边缘衍射光基本一致。实验还显示：鬼像的尺寸和模拟基本一致,直径均约为0.9 mm。消除鬼像后,内掩式透射日冕仪消杂光能力和成像质量进一步提高,实现了对日冕的有效观测。     

干涉成像光谱仪的杂散光分析

杂散光对光学系统的成像质量有严重的影响。从杂散光的定义出发,分析杂散光的来源,建立评价杂散光对系统影响的主要指标和点源透过率、杂散辐射比的数学模型,用TracePro对Fabry-Perot干涉成像光谱仪的杂散光进行分析和计算,通过在系统中增加遮光光栏能有效抑制系统中的杂散光,有效降低杂散辐射比。采用分析结果对Fabry-Perot干涉成像光谱仪的光机系统进行消除杂散光设计。     

Flexible reduced field of view magnetic resonance imaging based on single-shot spatiotemporally encoded technique

In many ultrafast imaging applications, the reduced field-of-view(r FOV) technique is often used to enhance the spatial resolution and field inhomogeneity immunity of the images. The stationary-phase characteristic of the spatiotemporallyencoded(SPEN) method offers an inherent applicability to r FOV imaging. In this study, a flexible r FOV imaging method is presented and the superiority of the SPEN approach in r FOV imaging is demonstrated. The proposed method is validated with phantom and in vivo rat experiments, including cardiac imaging and contrast-enhanced perfusion imaging. For comparison, the echo planar imaging(EPI) experiments with orthogonal RF excitation are also performed. The results show that the signal-to-noise ratios of the images acquired by the proposed method can be higher than those obtained with the r FOV EPI. Moreover, the proposed method shows better performance in the cardiac imaging and perfusion imaging of rat kidney, and it can scan one or more regions of interest(ROIs) with high spatial resolution in a single shot. It might be a favorable solution to ultrafast imaging applications in cases with severe susceptibility heterogeneities, such as cardiac imaging and perfusion imaging. Furthermore, it might be promising in applications with separate ROIs, such as mammary and limb imaging.     

Experimental determination of ultra-sharp stray field distribution from a magnetic vortex core structure

The fine magnetic stray field from a vortex structure of micron-sized permalloy (Ni₈₀Fe₂₀) elements has been studied by high-resolution magnetic force microscopy. By systematically studying the width of the stray field gradient distribution at different tip-to-sample distances, we show that the half-width at half-maximum (HWHM) of the signal from vortex core can be as narrow as ∼21 nm at a closest tip-to-sample distance of 23 nm, even including the convolution effect of the finite size of the magnetic tip. a weak circular reverse component is found around the center of the magnetic vortex in the measured magnetic force microscope (MFM) signals, which can be attributed to the reverse magnetization around the vortex core. Successive micromagnetic and MFM imaging simulations show good agreements with our experimental results on the width of the stray field distribution.     

紫外像增强器分辨力校准装置与方法研究

紫外像增强器作为导弹紫外告警系统、紫外预警系统以及各类紫外辐射监测系统的核心部件,其参数准确与否,直接影响到系统的图像质量。为保证测试数据的准确性,研制紫外像增强器分辨力校准装置,校准装置所用紫外光源是波长范围为200 nm～400 nm的紫外光,相对应的分辨力靶、滤光处、光学成像系统均要求能够透射紫外光,由于紫外波长较短,容易引起散射效应而产生大量的杂散光,设计的分辨力靶采用紫外级石英,紫外光学成像系统采用透射式结构,选用同轴共轭透镜作为紫外光学成像系统。实验和测量不确定度分析验证校准装置的测量不确定度为5%。     

准直物镜在变焦距镜头杂散光系数测试中的作用和影响分析

在对变焦距光学镜头进行杂散光系数测试的过程中,需要了解各测试环节的作用及对测量结果的影响。讨论了准直物镜使用与否对杂散光系数测量结果的影响。通过对杂散光形成机理的分析,将杂散光来源分为视场内与视场外两种,阐述不同来源杂散光的不同特点及这两种杂散光通过准直物镜后的状态。用两个参数不同的变焦距光学镜头在有无准直物镜两种情况下杂散光系数的测量结果,说明准直物镜在杂光测试中的作用。对于视场外入射光束形成的杂散光,准直物镜的使用与否对其测量结果影响巨大,而对视场内入射光束形成的杂散光影响很小,测量时可以利用准直物镜来判断光学镜头杂散光的来源。同时通过实验说明入射光线在准直物镜间的多次反射形成的杂散光约为1%,它可作为系统误差从测量结果中剔除。     

Two-dimensional synthetic aperture imaging in the optical domain

In scan-mode synthetic aperture imaging radar, spatial resolution in a range is given by a frequency-swept waveform, whereas resolution in the orthogonal direction is derived from the record of phase as the beam footprint executes linear motion over the object. We demonstrate here what is to our knowledge the first two-dimensional imaging that uses exactly this process in the optical domain for a 1 cm x 1 cm object with 90 mumx170 mum resolution.     

Recent developments in underwater imaging using the ultrasonic image converter tube

The Sokolov ultrasonic image converter provides a simple real time imaging system capable of good resolution and range in turbid water conditions. The tube is operated with anode potential target stabilisation and capacitive signal collection. Spurious signals at the ultrasound frequency are generated because of the stray capacitance of the scanned quartz surface. These signals are separated by modulating the electron beam at a different frequency and employing a head amplifier tuned to the intermediate frequency. Displayed images are free from fringes due to spurious signals and are unaffected by Doppler frequency shift. Factors which affect the resolution of an ultrasonic visualisation system are discussed.