FLiNaK熔盐中微量氧的测定

FLiNaK熔盐作为一种比较成熟的高温热载体,价格便宜、热稳定性好,可用作高温熔盐堆二回路冷却剂及太阳能传热蓄热介质。氧的存在对于熔盐堆安全运行存在多方面威胁,如降低核燃料的溶解度、氧化铀缓慢地发生沉淀进而造成燃料回路局部过热。然而,对于熔盐中氧含量的测定,目前还没有一个统一、通用的测定方法。基于氧分析仪(惰气熔融红外光谱法)在钢、铁、氧含量测定中的应用,建立了一个测定FLiNaK熔盐中氧含量的方法。针对FLiNaK熔盐的特性,选择了合适的包裹容器,确定了测定的裂解功率为2 800 W,方法测定熔盐中氧含量相对标准偏差为3.1%,加标回收率为85%~101%。     

酚醛树脂热裂解产物的导电特性

近年来,无论是从理论方面还是从实验方面,人们对导电高分子材料的研究都不断深入,最近报道掺杂的聚乙炔电导率已高达10~5S·cm~(-1),但聚乙炔在空气中不稳定,应用受到限制。 一维石墨由于具有缩合芳香环结构,在空气中表现出很高的稳定性,日本K.Tanaka等人对一维石墨成员从理论上进行了详细讨论,认为具有多并苯骨架结构的一维石墨成员     

煤加氢液化研究—沥青烯的加氢裂解

在快速升温和冷却的共振搅拌反应器中,以四氢萘为溶剂,对用山东滕县煤制备的沥青烯进行了加氢裂解试验。反应条件如下:反应温度380—430℃,氢初压9.0MPa,名义反应时间0—27min。试验结果表明,沥青烯加氢裂解的初始阶段为一级反应。计算了初始阶段的反应速度常数和表观活化能;加预硫化Ni-Mo催化剂(3673)时△E为140kJ/mol,不加催化剂时△E为174kJ/mol,与文献结果一致。试验还比较了3673、氧化铁、硫铁矿、德国赤泥和海南岛铁矿等催化剂对沥青烯加氢裂解的催化活性,其顺序为3673(预硫化)>Fe_2O_3 S>Fe_2O_3 Al_2O_3 S,德国赤泥 S,硫铁矿>海南岛铁矿 S。     

小球藻热裂解油催化加氢精制研究

以Ni-Co-Pd/γ-Al₂O₃为催化剂,在固定床反应器中研究了小球藻热裂解油的催化加氢精制。在较低加氢压力(2×10⁶ Pa)下考察了加氢温度和氢油比(体积比)对精制生物油的含水率、热值、运动黏度和十六烷值等参数的影响,并对加氢前后油品进行了元素分析和GC-MS分析。结果表明,在2×10⁶ Pa压力下,氢油比为120:1,温度为300 ℃时,精制油收率达89.6%,热值和十六烷值较加氢前分别增加了17.94%和71.2%,黏度下降66.32%。元素分析和GC-MS分析表明,精制生物油的H/C原子比由1.55提高至1.97,氧、氮、硫含量明显降低,脱氧率达到80.46%。精制油中的有机酸、酯、酮、醛的含量明显降低,烷烃和醇醚含量明显增加。     

不同氛围下烟草的热裂解行为研究

烟丝分别在He和空气环境中于600、700、800、900、1 000 ℃下进行热裂解,裂解产物用GC-MS进行在线检测,研究了烟丝样品分别在惰性和有氧氛围中不同温度下的热裂解行为.数据表明,烟丝在He气和空气中热裂解时的产物有较大差异,He气下的裂解产物以烯烃、苯和苯系物为主;在空气下裂解的主要产物为酮、醛、醇、酸和酯等羰基化合物.有氧氛围有益于异戊二烯和1,3-丁二烯的生成,但在一定程度上抑制了酚类物质的产生.在惰性和有氧氛围下,随着温度的升高,多环芳烃化合物的产生量均进一步增加.He氛围下得到的裂解产物类型接近卷烟燃烧时的热解区,而空气氛围下得到的裂解产物类型接近燃烧区.     

热裂解-气相色谱-质谱法分析烟用咖啡颗粒热裂解特性

利用热裂解-气相色谱-质谱联用分析烟用咖啡颗粒的热裂解特性。分别于150、200、250、300、350℃对烟用咖啡颗粒进行热裂解分析,同时针对不同水分含量和粒径的咖啡颗粒在同一温度下进行热裂解成分分析。结果显示,随着温度的升高,热裂解产物逐渐增多,释放物质的种类逐渐也逐渐增多,在250℃时咖啡颗粒生成关键致香成分占比较高。不同水分含量和粒径的咖啡颗粒在250℃裂解时,水分越高,裂解产物中烟碱含量占比越高,烟气越充足;粒径越小,裂解产物中咖啡因和烟碱的总量越大,香气质量也越高。该试验为咖啡颗粒在卷烟中应用时的温度设计和香气品质改善提供理论依据。     

以环己烷为溶剂菲的催化加氢裂解动力学研究

在微型反应器中,以氧化铝-分子筛为担体的Ni-Mo催化剂对环己烷中的菲的加氢裂解动力学进行了研究。考察了温度、压力和气液比对反应的影响。利用非线性Marquart方法对实验数据进行了回归,得到幂指数随温度倒数线性变化的幂速率方程,经动力学模型识别与检验,建立了菲加氢裂解反应的动力学速率方程。     

酚醛树脂热裂解产物的结构研究

导电性高聚物聚乙炔在空气中的化学不稳定性,限制了它在电器元件等方面的应用,由酚醛树脂在非氧气氛下经热处理制成的多并苯导电材料,在空气中不仅十分稳定,而且不经掺杂其电导率可由热处理温度不同随意控制在10~(-10)～10~2S/cm范围内,引起人们的高度重视,本文详细报道了多并苯本征材料的结构特性。     

热裂解气相色谱-质谱联用法研究丁香花蕾油的热裂解行为

在模拟卷烟点燃过程的条件下对丁香花蕾油进行了热裂解,以气相色谱一质谱法测定其在不同温度(300,600,900℃)下的裂解产物.结果表明:300℃时释放出主要成分子丁香酚,f}.石竹烯和乙酰丁香酚酯,总合量高达92.94%;在600℃时其主要成分子丁香酚发生大量裂解,并且产生少量有害物质;在900℃时子丁香酚完全裂解,且产生大量有害物质,根据主要的裂解产物和其相对含量的变化对丁香花蕾油的裂解机理进行初步探讨,为香精在卷烟中的作用评价提供重要的理论依据.     

用熔盐法校准热丝型裂解器探头温度

 阐述了热丝型裂解器在使用过程中及探头温度校准方面所遇到的一些问题，提出了用熔盐法测定及校准热丝型裂解进样器探头温度的方法。     

温和条件下甲烷在熔盐介质中的催化转化

利用硝酸根-硝酸钾(摩尔比0.62:0.38)的熔盐体系作反应介质,以CeO~2,Ce(SO~4)~2,Cu(CF~3CO~2)~2,Co(CF~3CO~2)等为催化剂,在160℃和6.0MPa条件下甲烷被氧化成丙酮和/或三氟醋酸甲酯。甲烷的氯化则可在含氯化铜的氯化铝-氯化钠(摩尔比1:1)的熔盐介质中进行,硫酸银的引入可提高甲烷转化率和一氯甲烷的选择性。     

扎赉特旗油砂在氮气气氛下的热解制油研究

油砂是一种含有沥青或其他重质石油的沉积岩,主要用于提取油砂沥青,以生产合成原油。中国拥有相当数量的油砂资源,目前还未开采,仅处于初步研究阶段。加拿大在20世纪初期就展开了油砂的开采及制油研究工作,并于20世纪70年代由加拿大合成油公司实现了工业化生产。油砂生产的沥青和合成油已占其石油总产量的1／4以上。     

Synthesis of K-Zr phosphates by the molten salt method

Phosphates of K and Zr of a layered, microporous structure have been obtained by the molten salt method in a potassium nitrate medium in the temperatures range 573–823 K. Dependences of the product composition on the P/Zr atomic ratio and the temperature of synthesis were studied. The substances obtained have been characterized by XRD,¹H and³¹P NMR, and IR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2847–2851, December, 1996.     

超细非晶态NiCoB合金催化剂的制备及其对大豆油加氢活性研究

对大豆油、菜籽油等植物油的选择性加氢和深加工己成为加氢领域需要迫切解决的问题,新型催化剂的研发是油脂氢化的关键。     

A kinetic study of water evolution from a molten hydrated salt

Meso lithium potassium tartrate dihydrate melted before dehydration and a kinetic study of this reaction has been completed. This system is of interest in establishing the kinetic characteristics of a homogeneous rate process in the absence of added solvent. Results are of interest in considering the mechanisms of solid or condensed state reactions where melting is a possibility.The evolution of the initial 1.2H₂O from the single crystal dihydrate reactants was zero order, the rate then became deceleratory and the first order expression was obeyed to 1.6H₂O. The activation energy of the process was high, 230±10 kJ mol^–1 (350–380 K). Evolution of the remaining water occurred by a slower first-order process to give the anhydrous salt. The dehydration of crushed powder reactant was initially relatively more rapid but was deceleratory throughout, obeying the first order equation. It is concluded that salt dehydration is controlled by the rate of surface release of water that is comparatively mobile within the reactant melt.G.M.L. thanks the Department of Education for Northern Ireland for the award of a Postgraduate Scholarship held during this work.     

Optimization of alkaline transesterification of soybean oil and castor oil for biodiesel production

This article reports experimental data on the production of fatty acid ethyl esters from refined and degummed soybean oil and castor oil using NaOH as catalyst. The variables investigated were temperature (30–70°C), reaction time (1–3 h), catalyst concentration (0.5–1.5 w/wt%), and oil-to-ethanol molar ratio (1:3–1:9). The effects of process variables on the reaction conversion as well as the optimum experimental conditions are presented. The results show that conversions >95% were achieved for all systems investigated. In general, an increase in reaction temperature, reaction time, and in oil-to-ethanol molar ratio led to an enhancement in reaction conversion, whereas an opposite trend was verified with respect to catalyst concentration.     

熔盐电解法制备稀土合金研究进展

熔盐电解法制备稀土合金具有成本低、成份均匀且容易控制、质量较好、易实现连续化生产等优势.本文结合稀土合金在金属结构材料、磁性材料和贮氢材料中的应用,在介绍熔盐电解的知识进展的基础上,综述了稀土分别与镁、铝、铁、钴、镍、铜等组成的合金的熔盐电解制备研究进展,并对以后的研究工作进行展望.     

Curing behavior of epoxidized soybean oil with biobased dicarboxylic acids

In this study, we report the curing of ESO with biobased dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) with different carbon chain-lengths to synthesize fully sustainable polymers. Both non-isothermal and isothermal curing processes analysis indicated that the curing rate and activation energy decreased with increasing chain-length of DCAs. The optimum COOH/epoxy molar ratio is 0.7 for preparation of ESO/DCA cured product with maximum degree of crosslinking. Addition of 4-N, N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) as a catalyst can efficiently accelerate the curing rate and reduce activation energy. We systemtically studied the effect of chain-length of DCAs on the physical properties of cured products, and found that with increase in chain-length of DCAs, the glass transition temperature of the cured ESO/DCA decreased, the tensile strength and Young's modulus increased while elongation at break decreased, due to the decreased crosslinking density resulted from the increased chain-length between crosslinking sites. All cured ESO/DCA showed excellent thermal stability with initial decomposition temperature of higher than 340 °C.     

熔盐电解制备CaB6晶体粉末及电极过程分析

研究采用CaCl2-NaCl混合熔盐电解制备CaB6晶体粉末的合成工艺,确定了电解反应的温度、电解电压、电解时间,对电流效率做了初步估算．同时,对电解生成的终产物的相组成、晶粒尺寸与形貌进行了X射线衍射、扫描电镜及能谱分析．实验结果表明,混合熔盐体系制备CaB6粉末的基本工艺条件是：氩气保护,电解槽电压2．8V,温度800℃下电解18h,所合成的CaB6粉末粒径范围为1～10μm,晶粒为规则的长方体．采用循环伏安法对电解阴极过程进行了定性分析．     

Influence of Nox on soot combustion with supported molten salt catalysts

Diesel soot is combusted simultaneously by two reactions: combustion with NO₂ and combustion with O₂ with the aid of a molten salt catalyst. Both reaction pathways should always be considered to avoid misinterpretation of experimental data.