圆弧型墙背下的主动土压力研究

基于平面滑裂面假设,采用水平层分析法计算墙背为圆弧型情况下的挡土墙主动土压力及其分布情况,分析了挡土墙与墙后填土的各参数对主动土压力大小及分布的影响。计算结果表明,随着挡土墙倾斜角的减小,土压力分布曲线由凸曲线变成凹曲线。最后通过算例将圆弧型墙背下主动土压力及分布的计算结果与平面墙背下的进行分析对比,结果表明当墙背倾斜...     

临近既有地下室平动模式挡土墙主动土压力研究

对于挡土墙距既有地下室很近,挡土墙与既有地下室外墙之间的填土宽度有限的情形,采用经典的库伦、郎肯土压力理论计算挡墙主动土压力是不合适的,设计偏于保守.本文基于库伦滑动土楔假定,考虑地面超载以及墙土之间的摩擦作用,推导出了临近既有地下室的挡土墙主动极限状态下滑裂面倾角和主动土压力系数的解析公式.分析结果表明滑裂面倾角、主动土压力系数与填土宽高比、土内摩擦角、墙土摩擦角以及地面超载等因素有关.并与经典土压力理论及前人研究成果进行对比,所得结论对实际工程有参考价值.     

Distribution of active earth pressure of retaining wall with wall movement of rotation about top

Based on the Coulomb‘s theory that the earth pressure against the back of a retaining wall is due to the thrust exerted by the sliding wedge of soil from the back of the wall to a plane which passes through the bottom edge of the wall and has an inclination equal to the angle of O, the theoretical answers to the unit earth pressure, the resultant earth pressure and the point of application of the resultant earth pressure on a retaining wall were obtained for the wall movement mode of rotation about top. The comparisons were made among the formula presented here, the formula for the wall movement mode of translation, the Coulomb‘ s formula and some experimental observations. It is demonstrated that the magnitudes of the resultant earth pressures for the wall movement mode of rotation about top is equal to that determined by the formula for the wall movement mode of translation and the Coulomb‘s theory. But the distribution of the earth pressure and the points of application of the resultant earth pressures have significant difference.     

Rankine pseudo-static earth pressure for c–ϕ soils

This study provides an analytical solution for calculation of seismic active earth pressure on the back of a rigid wall retaining cohesional–frictional (c–φ) soil. The proposed formulation is based on the conjugate stress concept, without employing any additional assumptions, similar to Rankine's original earth pressure formulation. The effects of sloping backfill and wall inclination are considered. In addition, a closed form solution has been derived for the soil–wall friction angle as a function of inertial forces and problem geometry for any given pseudo-static acceleration, as opposed to the constant value commonly employed in practice. The net seismic active force calculated based on the proposed formulations is found to be comparable with those obtained from previously published methods.     

库仑土压力的变分法研究

以滑动体静力平衡的两个力平衡方程为基础,引入拉氏乘子,将土压力问题以变分学观点来描述,转化为确定含有两个函数自变量的泛函极值问题。依据泛函取极值时必须满足的欧拉方程,得出了主动土压力和被动土压力在取极值时,墙后土体的破坏是沿平面滑动。然后,将土压力的泛函极值问题进一步转化为带有约束的函数极值问题。这种函数极值可利用M atlab6.1优化工具箱提供的fm incon函数进行求解。当土体的粘聚力等于0时,土压力计算结果与库仑土压力理论解完全一致;而当土体的粘聚力不等于0时,归纳给出了相应的土压力计算公式。     

土体主动滑动场及主动土压力的计算

将边坡临界滑动场方法进行推广与改进,提出挡土结构中的土体主动滑动场的数值模拟方法,并得到相应的主动土压力分布。数值计算结果表明,本文方法精度高,与现有的解析解一致;且可方便地考虑挡墙面的摩擦作用、土体的不均匀分布以及复杂的外载组合,值得推广应用于工程设计。     

被动桩中土拱效应特征与影响参数研究

采用平面有限元方法,对被动桩在粘性、无粘性土体条件下的土拱形成机理进行了分析。从土拱效应的4个主要方面:土拱形状、桩周土体塑性(拉裂)区的分布、竖向位移等值线及桩后土体残余荷载分担比,探讨了改变桩、土参数,如粘聚力、内摩擦角、弹性模量、泊松比、剪胀角、桩土接触面特性时,土拱效应的变化规律。研究表明,土性不同时,土拱形成过程中土体的受力和破坏形式不同;泊松比、剪胀角、桩土接触特征对土拱效应的影响最明显;强度高、剪胀角大、桩土接触面粗糙或泊松比小的土体,易形成土拱。根据研究结果,指出Tom io Ito排桩塑性绕流土压力理论计算公式尚存不足。     

DESIGN OF LATERAL SOIL PRESSURE MODEL TEST SCHEME FOR ADJACENT COMPOSITE FOUNDATION1)

为了研究刚性桩复合地基对邻近支护结构侧土压力的影响,在室内模型试验方案设计前,通过有限元软件建立了邻近天然地基与复合地基模型进行数值模拟研究,对不同地基形式下静止挡墙侧土压力分布规律进行预估。两组数值模拟结果对比表明：复合地基土压力分布规律不同于天然地基,当复合地基褥垫层下方桩间土应力与天然地基土应力相同时,天然地基对挡墙相同位置处的墙侧土压力的附加作用效果要明显大于复合地基,但在"载荷传递效应"作用下,复合地基对挡墙侧向土压力的影响随着加载量的增加,逐步向更深处土体传递;与天然地基相比,复合地基对挡墙侧向土压力的影响在浅部土层相对较弱,但在深部土层中较强,并且在桩端应力集中对挡墙底部侧向土压力影响尤为显著。     

从深基坑护壁桩桩身弯矩分析桩侧土压力

根据某高层建筑深基坑护壁桩从实测钢筋应力求得的桩身变矩,用数值分析的方法,对桩侧土压力的分布和大小进行了反分析,所得结果与经典土压力理论有显差别,中用土拱的概念对桩侧土压力的分布进行了解释,并给出了桩侧土压力建议图式。     

含摩擦与碰撞平面多刚体系统动力学线性互补算法

基于接触力学理论和线性互补问题的算法, 给出了一种含接触、碰撞以及库伦干摩擦, 同时具有理想定常约束(铰链约束) 和非定常约束(驱动约束) 的平面多刚体系统动力学的建模与数值计算方法. 将系统中的每个物体视为刚体, 但考虑物体接触点的局部变形, 将物体间的法向接触力表示成嵌入量与嵌入速度的非线性函数,其切向摩擦力采用库伦干摩擦模型. 利用摩擦余量和接触点的切向加速度等概念, 给出了摩擦定律的互补关系式; 并利用事件驱动法, 将接触点的黏滞-滑移状态切换的判断及黏滞状态下摩擦力的计算问题转化成线性互补问题的求解. 利用第一类拉格朗日方程和鲍姆加藤约束稳定化方法建立了系统的动力学方程, 由此可降低约束的漂移, 并可求解该系统的运动、法向接触力和切向摩擦力, 还可以求解理想铰链约束力和驱动约束力. 最后以一个类似夯机的平面多刚体系统为例, 分析了其动力学特性, 并说明了相关算法的有效性.      

THE PERFORATION PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION FOR MULTI FRACTURE INITIATION IN HYDRAULIC FRACTURING

针对复杂地质近井筒多裂缝起裂的难题, 结合岩体力学与损伤力学相关理论, 建立了近井筒地层流固——损伤力学模型, 采用数值求解获得了射孔壁面的应力及损伤状态, 计算表明:初始地应力最小值越小, 地层的起裂压力越低;射孔方位角越小, 起裂压力越低. 随着射孔方位角增大, 近井筒微裂缝为45° 夹角的拐折裂缝, 起裂压力增大, 基于此, 对于正断层及顺滑断层地应力类型, 取射孔方位角小于30°, 螺旋射孔夹角30°或45°, 对于逆断层地应力类型, 螺旋射孔夹角取45°, 可有效地实现多裂缝起裂.     

台阶式加筋土挡墙的原型试验研究

对一座台阶式钢筋混凝土串联拉筋加筋土挡墙的筋带应力、土侧向压力、土竖向压力及挡墙变形进行了实测和分析, 所得结论可供设计类似支挡结构时参考。     

Singular plastic fields in wedge indentation of pressure sensitive solids

The paper examines singular plastic fields induced near the tip of a wedge indentating a pressure sensitive solid. Plane strain conditions are assumed and material response is modelled by the small strain Drucker–Prager rigid/plastic constitutive law. A standard separation of variables solution is numerically generated for pure power-law hardening. Three possible measures of wall roughness are studied with an attempt to expose the coupling between wall friction and material pressure sensitivity. Sample calculations illustrate that stress singularity decreases with increasing friction, wedge angle and hardening exponent, but increases with pressure sensitivity. At large values of the hardening exponent, when the material is nearly perfectly plastic, effective stress contours approach the slip line limit. The concept of indentation index is introduced as a possible estimate for average indentation pressure.     

THE INFLUENCE OF THE NEW TECHNOLOGY OF FIXED SURFACE PERFORATION ON CASING STRENGTH1)

用于非常规储层的定面射孔工艺可有效地降低水力裂缝的起裂压力,提高近井筒的泄油面积;但该工艺对套管强度的影响研究较少。本文基于流固耦合理论,建立了地层$\!$-$\!$-$\!$水泥环$\!$-$\!$-$\!$射孔套管的应力耦合模型,退化为裸套管与API标准进行比对,效验了模型,并发现地层约束条件下套管承受内压的能力提高了1.48$\sim$2.16倍,在此基础上,给出了套管尺寸、射孔直径及射孔相位角对套管承压能力的变化规律。计算表明：螺旋射孔方位角为45$^\circ$时,定面射孔间夹角为30$^\circ$时,套管内径越小,套管壁厚越厚,则套管的承压能力越高;相同参数下,定面射孔工艺比螺旋射孔工艺引起的套管承压能力略低。     

基于对数螺旋滑裂面的有限宽度土体被动土压力计算方法

基于半无限空间假定的经典朗肯和库仑土压力理论无法准确求解有限宽土体的被动土压力．为了求得不同宽度及墙土摩擦角影响下的被动土压力,首先,基于对数螺旋滑裂面假定,建立大主应力与滑裂面的耦合关系,结合应力莫尔圆导出了滑裂面与两侧墙体的夹角,提出了有限宽度土体的滑裂面控制方程;然后,通过对滑动土楔薄层单元应力分析,推导出被动土压力的大小和分布表达式;最后,采用离散元软件对不同宽度填土进行单侧挡墙平动模式下的被动土压力试验模拟,结果表明,所提出计算理论与数值模拟结果基本一致．该方法求解形式简单,具有很好的工程应用价值．     

土层锚杆抗滑桩嵌固深度的试验研究

相比普通抗滑桩,桩顶锚杆的存在可以极大减小桩身内力和嵌固深度,但其计算方法目前还不是很完善,且带有一定的工程经验,因而开展这方面的试验研究就显得十分必要。本文首先介绍了土层锚杆抗滑桩系统桩侧地层抗力分布规律的室内模型试验成果,试验分三组,其中两组在坡体后缘加载,一组用千斤顶直接在桩后加载,桩身上各贴有一定数量的土压力盒,用以测定作用于桩身上的地层抗力。从试验中,得出了土层锚杆抗滑桩桩身地层抗力主要分布在桩前滑面以下部分及最大值出现的部位,并给出了桩前滑面以下部分抗力值的大致范围。然后根据试验结果,应用滑移线解法,分别计算了抗力分布为三角形与梯形时土层锚杆抗滑桩嵌固深度,最后与实际结果进行了比较。     

Upper bound limit analysis of active earth pressure with different fracture surface and nonlinear yield criterion

Conventional calculations of static and seismic active earth pressures of soils on a retaining wall are formulated assuming the soils obeying a linear Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion. However, experimental evidences show that the strength envelopes of almost all geomaterials are nonlinear in nature over a wide range of normal stresses. In this paper, the strength envelope of the backfill behind a retaining wall is considered to follow a nonlinear yield criterion. A simple method is proposed for calculating the static and seismic active earth pressures acting against a retaining wall using a nonlinear yield criterion. This method is based on the upper bound theorem of limit analysis. Both translational and rotational fracture surfaces are employed in the formulation for calculating active earth pressures. Quasi-static representation of earthquake effects using a seismic coefficient concept is adopted for seismic active earth pressure calculations. Instead of using directly the actual nonlinear yield criterion, a linear Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion, which is tangential to the nonlinear yield criterion, is used to formulate the active earth pressure problem as a classical nonlinear programming problem. A nonlinear sequential quadratic programming algorithm is used to search for the maximum solution. In order to assess the validity of the proposed method, values of active earth pressures for different values of seismic coefficients and nonlinear parameters in the yield criterion are calculated and compared with solutions obtained using an extended Rankine’s active earth pressure theory. For the case of static active earth pressure, the upper bound solutions using the present method with a translational fracture surface are equal to the extended Rankine’s theoretical solutions and are slightly smaller than those obtained using the present method with a rotational fracture surface. For the case of seismic active earth pressure, numerical results obtained using the present method with a rotational fracture surface is very close to the extended Rankine’s theoretical solutions. A study is conducted to investigate the effects of the parameters in the nonlinear yield criterion on the active earth pressures.     

边坡岩体结构的三维失稳形式及稳定性分析研究

由两组结构面控制的四面体块体是岩体中最基本的结构体, 其稳定性取决于块体所受荷载及结构面上的摩阻力。正确判定边界面上摩阻力分布是评价块体稳定性的关键。本文提出的块体稳定性分析适用于岩体所受荷载为三维非共点力系。在不同外力作用下块体可产生平动、转动、翘扭及倾倒等各种三维失稳组合形式, 从而得到更为合理的块体稳定性评价。     

振动激发对高超声速气动力/热影响

随着飞行马赫数的不断提高,空气的高温气体效应越来越明显,对高超声速飞行器的气动力/热特性产生重要影响.高温气体效应对气动力/热的影响机理复杂,影响参数众多,迄今为止国内外尚未完全研究清楚.发生高温气体效应时,多个非线性物理过程耦合在一起,地面试验和数值模拟无法将这些过程解耦,无法给出关键物理机理.为了解决这一问题,文章提出一种理论分析与数值模拟相结合的两步渐进新方法:先通过牛顿迭代法得到发生振动激发过程的斜激波无黏解;再将该无黏解的结果作为边界条件,求解边界层的黏性解.利用该方法研究了振动激发过程对二维斜劈的气动力/热特性的影响规律.研究结果表明,振动激发过程对斜激波后的温度、密度、马赫数、雷诺数和斜激波角影响较大,而对压力和速度影响较小.斜激波波后的无黏流动与边界层流动是耦合在一起的.发生振动激发后,斜激波波后雷诺数的增大会导致边界层厚度减小,结合多个物理量的变化,如速度增大和温度减小,共同对边界层内的摩擦阻力和气动热产生影响.对比完全气体的结果发现,振动激发使壁面摩阻升高,而使壁面热流降低.分别通过影响激波层和边界层,振动激发对摩阻的影响是弱耦合的,而对热流的影响则是强耦合的.     

CMP流场的数值模拟及离心力影响分析

化学机械抛光(chemical mechanical polishing,CMP)是一项融合化学分解和机械力学的工艺, 其中包含了流体动力润滑的作用.在已有润滑方程的基础上, 提出并分析了带有离心力项的润滑方程.利用Chebyshev加速超松弛技术对有离心力项的润滑方程进行求解,得到离心力对抛光液压力分布的影响. 数值模拟结果表明,压力分布与不带离心力项的润滑方程得出的明显不同;无量纲载荷和转矩随中心膜厚、转角、倾角、抛光垫旋转角速度等参数的变化趋势相同,但数值相差较大, 抛光垫旋转角速度越大差别越大.