“蒸馏酒”还是“发酵酒”——对《科学史导论》中“spirits” 和“distillation”的再思考

科学史奠基者乔治·萨顿在《科学史导论》第二卷的第一部分对我国宋代酿酒著作《北山酒经》予以了简要描述,出现了“spirits”“distillation”等字样;而《北山酒经》被众多学者认为其描述对象是发酵酒(黄酒)。本文从东西方蒸馏技术和相关著作的文本分析对《科学史导论》中提及的蒸馏技术和蒸馏酒存在的可能性提出了质疑。     

对“聚合水研究”的反思

1966年至1973年,在世界范围内掀起了一场研究“聚合水”的热潮,七年间,关于“聚合水”的制备、鉴定的文章超过了五百篇,其它有关的文章,多得更是不计其数.然而,最终的研究结果表明,这种所谓的“聚合水”其实根本不存在.图1从一个侧面形象地反映了“聚合水”研究由兴起、极盛到衰亡的这一历史过程.     

高考对“蒸馏·分馏”的考查及教学建议

高考对“蒸馏·分馏”的考查及教学建议     

Ternary Systems LiBr–LiVO<Subscript>3</Subscript>–Li<Subscript>2</Subscript>CrO<Subscript>4</Subscript> and KBr–KVO<Subscript>3</Subscript>–K<Subscript>2</Subscript>CrO<Subscript>4</Subscript>

The binary system KVO₃–K₂CrO₄ and two ternary systems, LiBr–LiVO₃–Li₂CrO₄ and KBr–KVO₃–K₂CrO₄, were studied. In the ternary systems, the compositions and melting points of eutectic alloys were determined by differential thermal analysis: (49.0 mol % LiBr, 5.0 mol % LiVO₃, 46.0 mol % Li₂CrO₄, 400°C) and (17.0 mol % KBr, 78.0 mol % KVO₃, 5.0 mol % K₂CrO₄, 458°C), respectively.     

<Superscript>35</Superscript>Cl NQR for the SbCl<Subscript>3</Subscript> complex with aniline,SbCl<Subscript>3</Subscript>·NH<Subscript>2</Subscript>C<Subscript>6</Subscript>H<Subscript>5</Subscript>

The temperature dependence of the ³⁵Cl NQR frequencies and spin-lattice relaxation times has been investigated for a trigonal-bipyramidal vn complex SbCl₃·NH₂C₆H₅. Thermally activated motion of chlorine atoms (pseudorotation) was not revealed in the complex, in contrast to the vπ complexes of SbCl₃ with related molecular structures. The high potential barrier of pseudorotation in the aniline complex is likely to be due to the unusually high nonequivalence of Sb-Cl chemical bonds.     

New continuous solid solution in the Zn<Subscript>2</Subscript>InV<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>11</Subscript>–Mg<Subscript>2</Subscript>InV<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>11</Subscript> system

In this study, mechanical activation process was used for intimate mixing as well as producing finely ground particles, increased surface area and improved chemical reactivity of milled materials for producing SrTiO₃ from commercially pure strontium carbonate and TiO₂ as a contributive process. Characterization of milled powder mixture by X-ray diffraction analysis showed that disappearing, decreasing and/or shifting of the patterns occurred with mechanical activation that means amorphization was taken place. Amorphization was also demonstrated by FT-IR analysis where shift of band centers as well as the decrement of transmittance related to CO₃ was observed. Advantage of amorphization was established with high-temperature XRD analysis which showed 1300 °C was not enough for non-activated mixture to form SrTiO₃, whereas structure only composed of SrTiO₃ at 1000 °C for activated ones. The reason for this phenomenon was investigated by DTA-TG analysis, and it was based on energy accumulation originated from mechanical activation that corresponds to peak temperature shifting to the lower temperatures and CO₂ liberation at mechanical activation step arising from local temperature rising at the vial during high-energy milling that was understood from peak temperature, and area decrement of endothermic peak corresponds to decomposition of SrCO₃.     

Zr<Subscript>5</Subscript>Ir<Subscript>2</Subscript>In<Subscript>4</Subscript> – A Superstructure of the Lu<Subscript>5</Subscript>Ni<Subscript>2</Subscript>In<Subscript>4</Subscript> Type

Summary. Zr₅Ir₂In₄ was synthesized by reaction of the elements in a glassy carbon crucible in a water-cooled sample chamber of an induction furnace. The sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction on both powder and single crystals. Zr₅Ir₂In₄ crystallizes with a pronounced Lu₅Ni₂In₄ type subcell, space group Pbam, a=1739.5(6), b=766.3(2), c=338.9(2) pm. Weak additional reflections force a doubling of the subcell c axis. The superstructure of Zr₅Ir₂In₄ is of a new type: Pnma, a=1739.5(6), b=677.8(2), c=766.3(2) pm, wR2=0.0529, 1592 F² values, and 60 variable parameters. The group-subgroup scheme for the klassengleiche symmetry reduction is presented. The formation of the superstructure is most likely due to a puckering effect (size of the iridium atoms). The crystal chemistry of Zr₅Ir₂In₄ is briefly discussed.     

Interactions in the Sn<Subscript>2</Subscript>Sb<Subscript>6</Subscript>S<Subscript>11</Subscript>–PbSnSb<Subscript>4</Subscript>S<Subscript>8</Subscript> system

The Sn₂Sb₆S₁₁–PbSnSb₄S₈ system was studied by physicochemical analysis methods (differential thermal, X-ray powder diffraction, and microstructural analyses and microhardness and density measurements). It was found that this system is a quasi-binary section of the SnS–PbS–Sb₂S₃ ternary system of the eutectic type. The coordinates of the eutectic are 42 mol % PbSnSb₄S₈ and 600 K. In the studied system, regions of solid solutions were detected, which extend for solid solutions based on Sn₂Sb₆S₁₁ to 4 mol % PbSnSb₄S₈ (α) and for solid solutions based on PbSnSb₄S₈ to 6 mol % Sn₂Sb₆S₁₁ (β).     

Glass Formation in the Ternary System La<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>–As<Subscript>2</Subscript>S<Subscript>3</Subscript>–Er<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>

The boundaries of the glass formation region in the ternary system La₂O₃–As₂S₃–Er₂O₃ were found. Transparent glass of composition (La₂O₃)_0.03(As₂S₃)0.90(Er₂O₃)0.07 was studied by X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopy. The intensities of the bands characterizing As–S, La–O, and Er–O bonds increased, and these bands were shifted toward higher energies. This was due to an increase in the covalence of these bonds and probably due to the formation of new bonds in the glasses. Samples in the glass formation region are resistant at 300 K to air, water, and organic solvents.     

Kinetic modeling of liquid-phase adsorption of reactive dyes on activated carbon

In this paper, adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of three reactive dyes from their single-component aqueous solutions onto activated carbon were studied in a batch reactor. Effects of the initial concentration and adsorbent particle size on adsorption rate were investigated Adsorption equilibrium data were then correlated with several well-known equilibrium isotherm models. The kinetic data were fitted using the pseudo-first-order equation, the pseudo-second-order equation, and the intraparticle diffusion model. The respective characteristic rate constants were presented. A new adsorption rate model based on the pseudo-first-order equation has been proposed to describe the experimental data over the whole adsorption process. The results show that the modified pseudo-first-order kinetic model generates the best agreement with the experimental data for the three single-component adsorption systems.     

Kinetics and equilibrium parameters of Hg(II) adsorption on silica-dithizone

Sílica-dithizone (Sil-dtz) was synthesized and used to adsorb Hg(II) in solution at pH 6.0. Increasing the temperature accelerates the mass transfer of Hg(II) to the silica surface. The kinetic data were evaluated using the traditional pseudo-first-order Lagergren equation and an alternative Avrami kinetic equation. From the latter equation, two regions presenting distinct kinetic parameters were found, at 25 and 35 degrees C, and the use of the parameter n was also related to the determination of distinct kinetic orders. Variations of the adsorption kinetic rate in relation to the time and the temperature were also calculated and are discussed. The adsorption isotherms data were well fitted to the Freundlich model. Interestingly, good adsorption data correlation of the Langmuir model and experimental values was observed only at 45 and 50 degrees C, suggesting, for this temperature range, the formation of complexes with the proportion Hg:dithizone 1:1 on the silica surface.     

Physico-chemical characteristics and lead biosorption properties of Enteromorpha prolifera

Biosorption of lead ions onto Enteromorpha prolifera has been investigated. The physico-chemical properties of the biosorbent were characterized by thermal stability, zeta potential, and Boehm titration methods. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to examine the effect of various parameters such as initial pH, particle size, adsorbent dosage, ionic strength, time, and temperature on biosorption. The kinetic studies showed that the adsorption process was very fast and equilibrium was reached after about 60 min of contact. The pseudo-first-order Lagergren equation, pseudo second-order rate equation, and second-order rate equation were used to describe the kinetic adsorption process. Thermodynamic parameters were determined at three different temperatures. The negative values of free energy change indicated the spontaneous nature of adsorption process.     

胶原在聚乳酸旋涂膜表面的吸附研究

采用石英晶体微天平(QCM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了胶原在聚乳酸旋涂膜表面的吸附,考察了溶液浓度(0～9.25μg/mL)和温度(10～50℃)对胶原吸附的影响.实验结果表明,随着胶原浓度的增加,胶原在聚乳酸表面的吸附量和吸附初速率都相应增加.采用Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型拟合实验数据得到吸附等温线方程,分别为q=11690.99c1+0.99c和q=610c3.179.实验结果显示,Langmuir模型拟合效果要好于Freundlich模型.采用Lagergren拟一阶吸附速率方程和Lagergren拟二阶速率方程拟合不同浓度下的吸附动力学数据.在低浓度下Lagergren拟一阶速率方程拟合效果比较好,在高浓度下Lagergren拟二阶速率方程拟合效果比较好,说明在低浓度时扩散过程是胶原吸附的控速步骤,高浓度时胶原和聚乳酸表面的相互作用是吸附的控速步骤.原子力显微镜显示,吸附在聚乳酸表面的胶原形成网状结构.胶原的吸附受温度影响显著,说明胶原是一种对温度非常敏感的物质.实验结果表明随着温度的升高,在10～40℃范围内胶原的吸附量逐渐降低,在40～45℃范围内锐减,40℃是本实验条件下胶原的变性温度.     

An alternative Avrami equation to evaluate kinetic parameters of the interaction of Hg(II) with thin chitosan membranes

In this work, thin chitosan membranes were utilized as an adsorbent for the removal of Hg(II) from aqueous solutions. A rise of temperature accelerates the mass transfer of Hg(II) to the membranes, surfaces. The kinetic data did not present a good fitting to the traditional Lagergren adsorption kinetic equations. An alternative Avrami kinetic equation was employed and successfully fitted to the kinetic adsorption quantities. From this new equation, two regions presenting distinct kinectic parameters were found, and the use of the parameter n was also relationed to the determination of the kinetic order. Variations of the adsorption kinetic rate in relation to the time, the initial Hg(II) concentration, and the temperature were also calculated and are discussed.     

Oxalic acid removal from wastewater using multi-walled carbon nanotubes: Kinetic and equilibrium analysis

Oxalic acid adsorption from aqueous solution is studied in this work. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were used as an adsorbent. The investigated adsorption variables are equilibrium time, initial acid concentration, and temperature. The experimental results were presented using equilibrium isotherm and kinetic models. The used equilibrium models are Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin adsorption isotherms. And the kinetic models are Elovich, Lagergren pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The thermodynamics studies were carried out at three different temperatures: 278, 298, and 318 K. Langmuir isotherm was the best fitted equilibrium model for the experimental data. The all applied kinetic models fitted the data suitably.     

Comment on "Adsorption of naphthalene on zeolite from aqueous solution" by C.F. Chang, C.Y. Chang, K.H. Chen, W.T. Tsai, J.L. Shie, Y.H. Chen

A paper contributes not only by its originality and creativity, but also by its continuity and development toward subsequent research. Referencing and quotation accuracy are an important part of a scientific article. This study presents a literature review concerning the precision of 50 first authors' publications, which originally cited Ho's pseudo-second-order kinetic expression paper in kinetics model for solute sorption on various sorbents. This model applies to a range of solid-liquid systems such as metal ions, dyestuffs, herbicides, oil, and organic substances in aqueous systems onto various sorbents. In addition, citations of Lagergren and Elovich rate equations are also discussed. This comment offers information for citing the original idea of Ho's pseudo-second-order kinetic expression and Lagergren's pseudo-first-order kinetic equation. It is also suggested that the cited paper should be accurately quoted.     

亲水性p-乙酰氨基酚树脂对茶碱的吸附性能

用氯球和p-乙酰氨基酚合成了亲水性p-乙酰氨基酚树脂(简记为GQ-01),研究乙酰氨基和酚羟基两类氢键作用位点修饰的GQ-01树脂对茶碱的吸附性能。实验表明:在相同茶碱起始浓度下,GQ-01树脂对茶碱的吸附量是XAD-4商业树脂对茶碱吸附量的1.9倍;GQ-01树脂对茶碱的吸附为放热、自发的过程;GQ-01树脂对茶碱的吸附动力学数据符合Lagergren一级速率方程,颗粒内扩散是吸附速率的主要控制步骤,GQ-01树脂对茶碱的吸附动力学可采用HSDM模型加以描述;GQ-01树脂对茶碱的动态吸附及脱附实验表明GQ-01树脂对水溶液中茶碱的饱和吸附量达到102.13mg/mL,树脂可以通过80%C2H5OH和1mol/L HCl的混合溶液再生。     

离子交换纤维吸附去除As(Ⅲ)

制备了一种新型的离子交换纤维RPFA-I,用于去除水体中亚砷酸根离子的研究.在研究的范围内,Fre-undlich型吸附等温方程能够很好地描述等温吸附平衡数据;吸附动力学数据符合Lagergren二级速度方程;pH=6.22时,吸附量达到最大;用0.1mol/L的NaOH溶液可以实现纤维的再生,再生性能优良.