CuCl_2和HY分子筛的表面反应及Cu/Y分子筛的制备及其催化甲醇氧化羰基化（英文）

以CuCl2为前驱物与HY分子筛进行固相离子交换制备了Cu/Y催化剂,采用热重方法研究了CuCl2与HY分子筛的表面固相离子交换反应,结合活性测试表明催化剂中高度分散的CuCl和离子交换形式的Cu+物种是甲醇氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯的催化活性中心.X射线光电子能谱表征和元素分析结果表明,活性金属Cu主要以CuCl形式存在于分子筛外表面,而在分子筛笼内则以交换的Cu+和少量吸附的CuCl形式存在.与以CuCl为交换铜源所制催化剂相比,以CuCl2为铜源制备的催化剂Cu含量低,催化活性更高.     

CuCl2和HY分子筛的表面反应及Cu/Y分子筛的制备及其催化甲醇氧化羰基化

以CuCl₂为前驱物与HY分子筛进行固相离子交换制备了Cu/Y催化剂,采用热重方法研究了CuCl₂与HY分子筛的表面固相离子交换反应,结合活性测试表明催化剂中高度分散的CuCl和离子交换形式的Cu⁺物种是甲醇氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯的催化活性中心。X射线光电子能谱表征和元素分析结果表明,活性金属Cu主要以CuCl形式存在于分子筛外表面,而在分子筛笼内则以交换的Cu⁺和少量吸附的CuCl形式存在。与以CuCl为交换铜源所制催化剂相比,以CuCl₂为铜源制备的催化剂Cu含量低,催化活性更高。     

甲醇气相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯的研究

制备了甲醇气相氧化羰基化催化合成碳酸二甲酯催化剂，在常压固定床反应装置上评价了其反应性能，考察了且剂和载体的影响。结果表明：负载在活性炭载体上的单一金属氯化物催化剂的活性相当低，而双金属氯化物催化剂ＰｄＣｌ２－ＣｕＣｌ２／ＡＣ可明显提高碳酸二甲酯的产率。不同的活性炭载体显著地反应活性。碱性助剂Ｋ、Ｍｇ能大幅度增加碳酸二甲酯的时空收率和对ＣＯ的选择性，但必需以乙酸的形式加入，ＰｄＣｌ－ＣｕＣｌ２－Ｃ     

甲醇气相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯的研究：Ⅱ助剂对催化性能的影响

考察了碱金属助剂对ＰｄＣｌ２－ＣｕＣｌ２／ＡＣ催化剂上甲醇气相氧化羰基化直接合成碳酸二甲酯反应性能的影响及助剂的作用。结果表明：采用不同碱金属助剂时的碳酸二甲酯收率顺序为Ｋ〉Ｎａ〉Ｌｉ；ＫＯＡｃ助剂的主要作用是与ＰｄＣｌ２、ＣｕＣｌ２发生化学反应，促进催化活性位的形成；ＫＯＡｃ为助剂母体的效果明显好于ＫＣｌ母体；Ｋ助剂的最佳含量为２～３ｗ％；在反应温度Ｔ＝１５２℃，进料气体空速和液体空速分别为１４     

无氯 Cu/AC 催化剂的制备及其催化气相甲醇氧化羰基化反应性能

 以 Cu2(NO3)(OH)3/AC (活性碳) 为催化剂前驱体, 在惰性气氛中于不同温度热处理分别制得无氯的 CuO/AC, Cu2O/AC 和 Cu0/AC 催化剂, 并用于甲醇直接气相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯 (DMC) 反应. 结果表明, 200 °C 处理制得的催化剂中, Cu 物种以 CuO 为主. 随着处理温度的升高, 催化剂中 CuO 含量逐渐降低, 而 Cu2O 含量增加; 400 °C 制备的催化剂中, Cu 物种仅以 Cu2O 形式存在; 而 450 °C 以上处理时则以 Cu0 形式存在. 随着热处理温度的提高, 相应催化剂活性逐渐增加, 表明 CuO, Cu2O 和 Cu0 均具有催化活性, 其活性大小的顺序为 CuO < Cu2O < Cu0. 在 140 °C, CO:MeOH:O2 = 4:10:1, SV = 5 600 h1 条件下, 450 °C 处理制备的 Cu0/AC 催化剂表现出较高的催化甲醇氧化羰基化活性, 其中甲醇转化率达 11.5%, DMC 的时空收率和选择性分别为 261.9 mg/(g•h) 和 76.0%.     

用于甲醇直接气相氧化羰基化的负载铜催化剂

 采用浸渍法制备了负载型铜基催化剂,并用其催化甲醇直接气相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯(DMC), 考察了浸渍溶剂、载体、助催化剂和铜含量的影响. 结果表明,以CuCl为活性组分原料、浓氨水为浸渍溶剂和活性炭为载体制得的负载铜催化剂显示出很高的催化活性,在特定的反应条件下,该催化剂上甲醇的转化率可达27.7%, DMC选择性可达95%. 分子筛负载的铜催化剂上甲醇的转化率低于1%, 但是生成DMC的选择性高达100%. 催化剂活性随着Cu负载量的增加而增大,但负载量过高可引起甲醇的过度氧化反应,导致DMC选择性下降. 催化剂中添加KOH或钯化合物,有利于提高以CuCl2为活性组分原料制得的铜催化剂的活性,但同时也促进了副反应的发生. 随着反应时间的延长,催化剂的活性组分流失,活性下降,但是生成DMC的选择性维持在95%左右.     

高活性甲醇氧化羰基化CuY催化剂的结构及催化活性中心

采用硝酸铜溶液和NaY分子筛溶液离子交换制备了CuY催化剂,通过加入氨水提高交换溶液的pH值以及高温焙烧活化,显著提高了甲醇氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯的催化活性,与固相离子交换、沉积和浸渍法制备的催化剂相比,虽负载的铜量较低,但催化活性较高. 通过元素分析、XRD、H2-TPR、XPS和AES等对CuY催化剂微观结构的表征表明,在Cu(NO3)2离子交换溶液中加入氨水,促进了Cu2+离子交换的进行,提高了CuY催化剂的Cu交换量,并且交换的Cu2+主要落位于分子筛的超笼中. 在惰性气氛中焙烧活化CuY催化剂,Cu2+自还原为Cu+,氨促进了自还原过程的进行,显著提高了催化剂的活性. 焙烧活化温度越高,越有利于超笼中Cu2+→Cu+的自还原过程,使超笼中Cu+的含量增加, CuY催化活性增加. 进一步研究表明Y分子筛超笼中的Cu+是主要的催化活性中心.     

甲醇气相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯的研究Ⅲ. 催化剂的失活再生

碳酸二甲酯 (ＤＭＣ)是一种对环境友好的绿色化学品 ,其洁净合成工艺的开发 ,已引起国内外研究者的广泛重视。真田等人[1 ] 对ＰｄＣｌ2 存在下ＣＯ和亚硝酸甲酯反应合成ＤＭＣ过程所用催化剂的失活原因和再生方法进行了研究 ,认为ＰｄＣｌ2 中的Ｃｌ被还原消除生成氯甲酸甲酯导致催化剂失活 ,并发现氯甲酸甲酯在ＤＭＣ合成中可使Ｐｄ催化剂再生和提高寿命。ＤＯＷ公司[2 ] 开发的气相氧化羰基化法催化剂ＣｕＣｌ2-ＫＣｌ ＡＣ易失活 ,该催化剂运行 50～ 1 0 0ｈ后需进行再生。再生时 ,于 1 2 0℃条件下通入 1 0 %ＨＣｌ Ｎ2 混合物 ,再生后…     

反应过程中Cu物种演变对其催化甲醇氧化羰基化反应活性的影响

以NH₄Y分子筛为载体、 乙酰丙酮铜为铜源, 采用固相反应法制备了无氯CuY催化剂, 并用于催化甲醇氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯(DMC). 结合不同反应时间催化剂的X射线衍射(XRD)、 N₂吸附-脱附、 热重(TG)、 程序升温脱附/还原(NH₃-TPD/H₂-TPR)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征结果, 分析了反应过程中Cu物种演变对其催化活性的影响. 结果表明, 新鲜催化剂中铜物种主要以Cu⁺形式存在, 占铜物种的48%; 随着反应的进行, 活性中心Cu⁺逐渐被氧化为Cu²⁺, 进而生成CuO物种, 部分CuO逐渐迁移至催化剂外表面. 在反应100 h内, Cu⁺含量逐渐减小至36.7%, CuO含量增加, 导致DMC的时空收率及选择性不断下降, 副产物二甲氧基甲烷(DMM)和甲酸甲酯(MF)的选择性逐渐提高. 当反应时间延长至190 h时, Cu⁺含量为33.6%, 略有下降, DMC的时空收率和选择性趋于平稳. 继续延长反应时间至300 h, 催化剂中铜物种状态基本不变, 催化剂催化性能保持稳定.     

CuY制备方法对其催化甲醇氧化羰基化活性中心的影响

以Cu(NO₃)₂为铜源,以NaY和HY分子筛为载体,通过溶液离子交换法和等体积浸渍法制备了不同的无氯CuY催化剂,并进行了气相甲醇氧化羰基化催化活性研究。通过浸渍法制备的催化剂Cu含量为10%,而以NaY和铜氨溶液离子交换制备的催化剂Cu含量只有6.3%,但其催化活性和选择性均较好。通过催化剂的Cu元素分析、低温氮吸附-脱附、XRD、H₂-TPR、XPS和TPD等表征表明,溶液离子交换法制备的催化剂,Cu物种以离子的形式高度分散于分子筛骨架结构中,较好地保持了分子筛晶体结构,并对甲醇有较强的吸附能力,催化活性较高,而将等体积浸渍Cu(NO₃)₂溶液后的HY或NaY分子筛,在400 ℃焙烧过程中,发生了固体离子交换反应,形成了连接于分子筛骨架的Cu²⁺,但以HY为载体更容易进行固体离子交换,未交换的铜物种以CuO的形式分散到分子筛表面。在600 ℃高温活化中,催化剂中Cu²⁺可部分还原为活性物质Cu⁺,但以NaY和铜氨溶液离子交换制备的催化剂Cu²⁺自还原能力最大。     

Copper supported on phenanthroline-functionalized porous polymer as an active catalyst for the oxidative carbonylation of methanol

Porous organic polymer has recently attracted tremendous interest because of its potential to combine the best features of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. In this study, copper supported on phenanthroline-functionalized porous polymer (Cu@PCP-Phen) was prepared by a co-polymerization method and used as a heterogeneous catalyst for dimethyl carbonate synthesis via the oxidative carbonylation of methanol. The catalyst was characterized by N₂ adsorption, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, ¹³C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which suggested that it possessed a big surface area, hierarchical porous structure, and strong electron-donating effect toward copper species. The Cu@PCP-Phen catalyst showed high catalytic activity, which was significantly higher than those achieved with Cu-based catalysts under similar reaction conditions. In addition, the catalyst can be easily separated and reused at least six times with only a slight decrease in activity. The salient features of this protocol are the simplicity in handling of the catalyst, high catalytic activity, excellent selectivity, low copper leaching, and good catalyst recyclability.     

Highly dispersed Cu supported on mesoporous Al-KIT-6 for oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate

Microporous NaY zeolite is a common support of Cu catalysts for oxidative carbonylation of methanol, but the dispersion of Cu species on NaY is usually subjected to its micropore size. Here, ordered mesoporous KIT-6 was employed as the support for Cu catalyst and Al was incorporated into its framework to increase the surface acidity, which eventually improves the surface exchange capacity and Cu dispersion. The evolution of the state of Cu species on KIT-6 was analyzed combined with control of Cu loading. The physicochemical properties of the supports and corresponding catalysts were characterized by N₂ adsorption–desorption, X-ray diffraction, ammonia temperature programmed desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectra, transmission electron microscopy, hydrogen temperature programmed reduction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that mesoporous KIT-6 showed better Cu dispersion than microporous NaY zeolite. Agglomerated CuO, dispersed CuO, and Cu²⁺ are the major Cu species observed on the catalyst surface. The increased surface acidic sites of KIT-6 by Al incorporation promoted the formation of Cu²⁺ and dispersion of CuO. With the increase in Cu loading, the Cu²⁺ content in the catalyst was decreased gradually along with increase in the bulk CuO. It was speculated that some exchanged Cu²⁺ could be transformed into highly dispersed CuO and even bulk CuO after calcination at a high Cu loading. Combined with the catalyst evaluation results, it was deduced that highly dispersed Cu²⁺ and CuO particles play significant roles in catalytic activity. The catalyst Cu/Al-K-10 achieved the highest space time yield of dimethyl carbonate of 135.4 mg/(g·h), which is 2.7 times the Cu/K-10 owing to its more dispersed Cu species. This laid the basis for preparing highly dispersed Cu species on mesoporous silica supports.     

Cu+/SiO2-ZrO2催化剂的制备及其催化甲醇氧化羰基化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了SiO₂-ZrO₂复合氧化物载体,通过和CuCl₂进行离子交换制备了Cu⁺/SiO₂-ZrO₂催化剂,并研究其催化甲醇液相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯性能。结果表明,Zr以离子形式进入无定型SiO₂骨架结构中形成Si－O－Zr键,同时产生较强的B酸中心。CuCl₂通过热处理自还原为CuCl分散在SiO₂-ZrO₂载体表面,并与载体表面B酸发生离子交换形成Cu⁺物种,从而保留了活性金属组分Cu,脱除大部分的Cl元素,改善催化剂失活和设备腐蚀等问题。当焙烧温度为450℃时,催化剂表现出良好的催化活性,CH₃OH转化率、DMC选择性和时空收率分别达到10.0%、79.4%和1.45g/(g·h)。
     

Copper supported on N-heterocyclic carbene-functionalized porous organic polymer for efficient oxidative carbonylation of methanol

A new heterogeneous catalyst for the oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate based on copper coordinated in N-heterocyclic carbene-functionalized porous organic polymer (Cu@PQP-NHC) was presented. The solid catalyst that featured relatively large surface area, hierarchical pore structure, and excellent swelling property, was prepared via a facile copolymerization reaction of tetra-vinylphosphonium salt and bis-vinylimidazolium salt, followed by successful immobilization of CuCl. Accordingly, the resulting Cu@PQP-NHC showed excellent catalytic performance for the oxidative carbonylation of methanol. A 10 mmol/l of Cu usage was sufficient for 9.3% conversion of methanol with a high TOF number of 57 h⁻¹. Importantly, the catalyst was easily recovered by simple centrifugation, and could be reused up to 10 consecutive recycles without obvious loss of its initial activity. Also, the solid catalyst showed negligible Cu leaching during the recycling, and 99% Cu species was still retained after reusing 10 times. The results in this study highlights the advantages of porous organic polymer supported NHC-Cu catalyst as a highly active and stable heterogeneous catalyst, providing a promising route for the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate.     

氧化/还原预处理对Cu2O/AC催化甲醇氧化羰基化的影响

将醋酸铜热解制备的Cu₂O/AC(活性炭)催化剂,在氧化(O₂/N₂)和还原(H₂/N₂、CO/N₂)气氛下进行预处理。350 ℃下预处理4 h,氧化气氛中Cu₂O完全被氧化为CuO,还原气氛中Cu₂O被还原为单质铜。经CO/N₂预处理的催化剂表面Cu⁰分散性好,催化活性显著升高。在常压固定床微型反应装置上测试,在140 ℃的反应温度下,碳酸二甲酯的时空收率和选择性分别达到了261.9 mg/(g·h)和74.7%。反应后,还原气氛(H₂/N₂、CO/N₂)预处理的催化剂与Cu₂O/AC催化剂中铜物种价态组成趋于一致,催化活性亦趋于一致。关联反应前后催化剂表面铜物种的变化和催化活性的差异,可以认为Cu⁰具有较高的初始催化活性,Cu₂O活性和价态均较为稳定,CuO活性较低。     

Novel type of heterogenized CuCl2 catalytic systems for oxidative carbonylation of methanol

A novel type of heterogenized CuCl₂ catalysts was designed for the oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate (DMC) taking account of the plausible reaction mechanism and intermediates. To prevent severe corrosion of the reaction equipment materials due to Cl^– while keeping the catalytic activity of the homogeneous CuCl₂ catalyst, we adopted, as supports (or ligands) of CuCl₂, four polymers, bearing a 2,2-bipyridine (bpy) or pyridine (py) unit, namely, poly(2,2-bipyridine-5,5-diyl) (Pbpy), poly(pyridine-2,5-diyl) (Ppy), poly(N,N-bisphenylene-2,2-bipyridine-4,4-dicarboxylic amide) (Bpya), and poly(4-methyl-4-vinyl-2,2-bipyridine) (Pvbpy), together with one chelate compound, 8-quinolinol. The catalytic activity, stability of heterogenized CuCl₂ and their corrosivities to stainless steels were examined in the liquid-phase reaction of the oxidative carbonylation of methanol. These polymer-supported catalysts showed considerable catalytic activity and stability for the DMC synthesis. In particular, the Pbpy-CuCl₂ and Ppy-CuCl₂ catalysts exhibited high DMC yields and selectivity comparable to those of the homogeneous CuCl₂ catalyst. This high activity appears to be associated with the presence of the -conjugated system in the polymers, which affect the redox reactions of Cu involved in the catalytic reaction. All of the polymer-supported CuCl₂ catalysts could be easily recycled after filtration, and the initial catalytic activity was maintained after three times of use. The corrosive characters of the catalysts were closely related to CuCl₂ leaching from the supports, which reflects the ability of supports to coordinate Cu. These experimental results suggest that both the electronic structure and the coordination ability of the polymer supports are key factors for the development of an effective catalytic system.     

Pd(PPh3)2Cl2-CuCl2/AC催化乙醇氧化羰化合成碳酸二乙酯

采用浸渍法制备了乙醇直接气相氧化羰化合成碳酸二乙酯的负载型催化剂,并在连续流动固定床反应装置上评价了催化剂的反应活性,考察了催化剂活性组分、载体、活性组分负载量等因素对催化反应活性的影响。结果表明,活性炭是较好的载体,CuCl2是较好的铜盐前驱体,添加了Pd(PPh3)2Cl2的CuCl2/AC催化剂活性更高。当Cu负载量为9.0%,Pd负载量为0.5%时,催化剂的活性较好。在优化的催化剂制备条件下,乙醇的转化率超过30%,碳酸二乙酯（DEC）的选择性达到95%。     

Carbonylrhodium complexes of pyridine ligands and their catalytic activity towards carbonylation of methanol

The cis‐[Rh(CO)₂ClL] (1) complexes, where L = 2‐methylpyridine (a), 3‐methylpyridine (b), 4‐methylpyridine (c), 2‐phenylpyridine (d), 3‐phenylpyridine (e), 4‐phenylpyridine (f), undergo oxidative addition reactions with various electrophiles, like CH₃I, C₂H₅I, C₆H₅CH₂Cl or I₂, to yield complexes of the types [Rh(CO)(COR)ClXL] (2) (where R = CH₃ (i), C₂H₅ (ii), X = I; R = C₆H₅CH₂ (iii), X = Cl) or [Rh(CO)ClI₂L] (3) and [Rh(CO)₂ClI₂L] (4). The pseudo‐first‐order rate constants of CH₃I addition with complexes 1 containing pyridine (g) and 2‐substituted pyridine (a and d) ligands were found to follow the order pyridine >2‐methylpyridine >2‐phenylpyridine. The catalytic activity of complexes 1 containing different pyridine ligands (a–g) on carbonylation of methanol was studied and, in general, a higher turnover number was obtained compared with that of the well‐known species [Rh(CO)₂I₂]^?. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

甲醇气相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯的研究Ⅰ.催化剂制备及反应性能

制备了甲醇气相氧化羰基化催化合成碳酸二甲酯催化剂，在常压固定床反应装置上评价了其反应性能。考察了助剂和载体的影响。结果表明：负载在活性炭载体上的单一金属氯化物催化剂的活性相当低，而双金属氯化物催化剂ＰｄＣｌ２ＣｕＣｌ２／ＡＣ可明显提高碳酸二甲酯的产率。不同的活性炭载体显著地影响反应活性。碱性助剂Ｋ、Ｍｇ能大幅度增加碳酸二甲酯的时空收率和对ＣＯ的选择性，但必需是以乙酸盐的形式加入。ＰｄＣｌ２ＣｕＣｌ２ＣＨ３ＣＯＯＫ／ＡＣ催化剂在１３０℃时碳酸二甲酯的收率最高为２１７．０ｍｇ／ｍｌｃａｔ．ｈ。