The Structure of 2,5-Semiquinones derived from 1,6-Bridged [10] Annulenes

ESR. spectra are reported for the radical anions of the diketones I and II (see below), recently prepared from 1, 6-methano[10]annulene and its 11, 11-difluoro-derivative, respectively [1]. The π-spin populations of I? and II? are shown to be incompatible with the structure A an enedione-norcaradiene. Although the alternative structure B of a [10]annulenequinone is acceptable for both I? and II?, the ESR. data is more satisfactorily rationalized in terms of a structure ‘intermediate’ to A and B. This is particularly true for the radical anion I?, for which the π-spin populations suggest a structural ‘shift’ B → A relative to II?. Structures A and B were postulated [1] for the neutral diketones I and II, respectively.     

π-Spin distribution in the radical anion of benzo[2.2]paracyclophane and its relation to those in the radical anions of [2.2](1,4)naphthalenophanes

Radical anions of benzo[2.2]paracyclophane (V) and its 1,2,12,12,14,15,17,18-octadeuterio derivative (V-d₈) in three ethereal solvents (DME, THF and MTHF) and in the temperature range of ?90 to ?50° have been studied by ESR. and ENDOR. spectroscopy. The resulting hyperfine data provide a detailed picture of the π-spin distribution in V · ? which is in full accord with expectation. In particular, it is noteworthy that the naphthalene moiety accommodates almost the entire π-spin population, as may be anticipated by the higher electron affinity of this π-system relative to benzene. The proton coupling constants for V · ? have been compared with those values for the radical anions of anti- and syn-[2.2](1,4)-naphthalenophanes (II and III, respectively) which were obtained under conditions of low frequency electron transfer between the two equivalent naphthalene moieties. Such a comparison corroborates the interpretation of the results reported previously for II · ? and III · ?.     

Methyl Substitution as a Probe for π-Spin Distribution in the Radical Anion of 1,6-Methano[10]annulene

ESR. and ENDOR. spectra are reported for the radical anion of the 2-methyl derivative (III) of 1,6-methano[10]annulene (I). Comparison of the hyperfine data for I·? and III·? with those for the radical anions of naphthalene (II) and its 1-methyl derivative (IV), respectively, confirms the suggestion that – despite the vastly different α-proton coupling constants – the π-spin distributions should be similar in the two series. This result provides further support for the view that the π-spin distribution, in particular, and the cyclic π-delocalisation, in general, are not seriously perturbed by moderate deviations of the π-perimeter from planarity.     

Effect of non-planarity on the spin distribution in the radical anions containing the stilbene or the azobenzene π-system: An ESR and ENDOR Study

The radical anions of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene ( 9 ), 5 H-dibenzo[c,f][1,2]diazepine ( 10 ), 5,6-dihydrodibenzo[a,e]cyclooctene ( 11 ), 5,6-dihydrodibenzo[c,g][1,2]diazocine ( 12 ), and (E)-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3,4-diphenylhex-3-ene ( 13 ) were characterized by ESR and ENDOR spectroscopy. Their hyperfine data were compared with those previously reported for radical anions also containing the stilbene or the azobenzene π-system. Whereas the π-spin distribution in the radical anions of the stilbene series is only moderately sensitive to deviations of the π-system from planarity, the radical anions of the azobenzene series respond to steric strain by shifting the π-spin population from the benzene rings to the azo group. This finding is impressively demonstrated by the similar hyperfine data for 9 ^{· ?} and 11 ^{· ?} which contrast with the strongly highly hindered 13 ^{· ?}. A. plausible interpretation is readily provided by the electron affinities of the constituent π-moieties in stilbene and azobenzene. While those of benzene and ethene are both comparatively low, the azo group has a considerably higher electron affinity.     

ESR.-Studies of Nonalternant Radicals Structurally Related to Phenalenyl

The radical anion and the radical cation of azuleno[1,2,3-cd]phenalene (III) have been investigated by ESR. spectroscopy, along with the radical anion of 2-phenylazulene (IV). Also studied has been the neutral radical obtained by one-electron reduction of cyclohepta[cd]phenalenium-cation (VI^⊕). Assignment of the proton coupling constants for the radical ions III. ·?, III ·⊕ and IV·⊕, and the radical VI · is supported by comparison with the ESR. spectra of specifically deuteriated derivatives III-d₅ ·?, III-d₅ ·⊕, IV-d₂ ·? and VI-d₁′. The experimental results are in full accord with qualitative topological arguments and predictions of HMO models. Whereas the radical anion III ·? exhibits α-spin distribution similar to that of IV ·?the corresponding radical cation III ·⊕ and the neutral radical VI · are related in this respect to phenalenyl (V·). It is noteworthy that oxidation of III by conc. H₂SO₄ yields a paramagnetic species (IIIa ·⊕) which has a similar – but not an identical – structure as the radical cation III ·⊕ produced from III with AlCl₃ in CH₃NO₂.     

The Radical Anions of [2.2.2.2]Paracyclophane-1,9,17,25-tetraene and Some of its Heteroaromatic Analogues

The radical anions of [2.2.2.2]paracyclophane- 1,9,17,25-tetraene (I), [2] (2, 5)-furano [2]paracyclo [2] (2,5)furano [2]paracyclophane-1,8, 16,23-tetraene (II), [2]-(2,5)thiopheno [2]paracyclo [2] (2,5)thiopheno [2]paracyclophane-1,8,16,23-tetraene (III) and [2.2.2.2](2,5)thiophenophane-1,8,15,22-tetraene (IV) have been studied by ESR. and ENDOR. spectroscopy. The assignment of the proton coupling constants, a_Hμ is to a large extent based on investigations of deuteriated derivatives. These investigations impressively demonstrate the potential of ENDOR. spectroscopy as an analytical tool. The Arrhenius activation energies, E_a, for the rotation of phenylene fragments about the bonds linking them with the ethylenic parts in I ? and II ? are 36±6 and 28±4 kJ/mol, respectively. The value a_Hμ of the olefinic protons in I? appears substantially smaller than expected for the corresponding planar radical anion. The hyperfine data for II ?, III ? and IV ? are consistent with the conformations which should minimize the deviations of the macrocyclic π-systems from planarity. In the case of II ?, tight ion pairs are formed by the radical anion and its counter-ion, K ⊕, in DME , owing to the strong association of the alkali metal cation with one of the furan moieties. An analogous interaction of K ⊕ with a thiophene moiety in III ? must be weaker, since no effects of ion pairing on the ESR. and ENDOR. spectra have been observed for this radical anion.     

Radical Ions in the Pentalene Series [1]. Part II. Dibenzo [b,f]pentalene and its 5, 10-dimethyl derivative

Proton hyperfine data have been determined for the radical anions and cations of dibenzo [b,f]pentalene (III) and its 5, 10-dimethyl derivative (IV) . The assignment of the coupling constants to pairs of equivalent protons follows from a simple MO model, the use of which enables one to reproduce satisfactorily the experimental values. The proton hyperfine data, a_Hμ

1 The meaning of ^aH_μis ^aH? C(x),H? C(y),whereas only x and y are given in the particular cases.

, for the radical anion III?. correlate fairly well with the π-charge populations ?_μ derived from ¹H-NMR. spectra for the carbon centres μ in the dianion III^2?. The analogous correlation is less good in the case of the radical cation III⊕. and the dication III^2⊕., presumably due to the rough approximations involved in the evaluation of the numbers ?_μ for the latter species. The coupling constants a_H5,10 for III?. and III⊕. are very close to the corresponding values a_H4,6 for the radical ions of 1,3,5-tri-t-butylpentalene (II), in accord with the prediction of the MO model. A similarity is also found between the proton hyperfine data for III?. and those for the radical anions of structurally related 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene (V). On the other hand, there are striking changes in the coupling constants of the analogous protons on passing from III?. to the radical anions of dibenzo [a,e] cyclooctene (VI) and [16] annulene (VII), as a consequence of raising the symmetry from C_2h to D_2h and D_4h, respectively.     

The Radical Ions of Indolizino [6,5,4,3-aij]quinoline and Some of its Derivatives

Indolizino [6,5,4,3-aij]quinoline (1) and its 3,9-dimethyl- (2) , di-tert-butyl- (3) and diphenyl- (4) derivatives yield persistent radical cations which have been studied by ESR and ENDOR spectroscopy. The corresponding radical anions have also been prepared, but only that of 3 was amenable to a complete characterization by hyperfine data. The π-spin populations in the radical anions are essentially localized on the 13-membered C-perimeter, and thus both the HOMO and LUMO of 1 exhibit an ‘annulenyl character’. The radical anions of 1 and 2 have gradually been converted into those of the corresponding 3,4-dihydro derivatives ( 1 -H₂ and 2 -H₂) which have been unambiguously identified by a combination of preparative and spectroscopic methods.     

ESR. Spectra and Structures of Radical Anions in the Dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctene Series

ESR. studies are reported for the radical anions of 5,6-didehydro- and 5,6,11,12-tetradehydro-dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctene (III and IV, resp.), in addition to that of dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctene (II) itself, the spectrum of which has been reexamined. Comparison of the proton and ¹³C coupling constants for II·?, III·? and IV·? indicates that the three radical anions do not differ greatly in their electronic and molecular structures. This statement implies that II·? should also be substantially planar, i.e., the tub-shaped eight-membered ring in II is expected to flatten on passing from the neutral molecule to its radical anion. Support for postulating such a change in geometry, analogous to that encountered with the parent cyclooctatetraene (I), is provided by INDO calculations.     

The Radical Ions of Benzo[b]biphenylene,a Test for HMO Models of Biphenylene and its Derivatives

ESR.-spectra are reported for the radical anion and the radical cation of benzo[b]-biphenylene (III). Comparison of the proton coupling constants (a_Hμ) for III · ? and III · ⊕ with π-spin populations (?_μ), calculated by the McLachlan procedure, permits a lower limit of 0.77 to be set for the parameter κ = β′/β where β′ represents a reduced value of the HMO integral for the two essentially single bonds linking the benzene with the naphthalene π-system. The differences in the a_Hμ values for III · ? and III · ⊕ are substantially larger than those generally found for the two corresponding radical ions of alternant, purely benzenoid hydrocarbons, but they closely parallel the analogous differences observed for the radical anion and the radical cation of biphenylene.     

The Radical Ions of Dipleiadiene (Dicyclohepta[de,ij]naphthalene) and Its 12b,12c-Homo Derivative. An ESR and ENDOR study

The radical anions and the radical cations of dipleiadiene (dicyclohepta[de,ij]naphthalene; 1 ) and its 12b, 12c-homo derivative 2 were characterized by ESR and ENDOR spectroscopy. Their singly occupied orbitals are related to the degenerate nonbonding MOs of a 16-membered π-perimeter. The π-spin distribution over the perimeter is similar in the radical cations 1 ^.+ and 2 ^.+, and an analogous statement holds for the radical anions 1 ^.? and 2 ^.?. However, deviations of the π-system from planarity lead to a decrease in the absolute values of the negative coupling constants of the perimeter protons in 2 ^.+ and 2 ^.? relative to those in 1 ^.+ and 1 ^.?. The hyperfine data for the perimeter protons in the radical ions correlate with the changes in ¹³C chemical shifts on passing from the neutral compounds to the corresponding diions. It is concluded from the coupling constants of the CH₂ protons in the radical ions of 2 that the cation 2 ^.+ exists in the methano-bridged form ( A ) of the neutral 2 (and, presumably, also of the dication 2 ²⁺), whereas the anion 2 ^.? adopts the bisnorcaradiene form ( B ) of the dianion 2 ^2?.     

ESR.-Untersuchungen an Radikal-Anionen des 1, 6-Imino-[10]annulens und seines N-Methyl-Derivats

The ESR.-spectrum of the radical anion of 1,6-imino-[10]annulene (II) has been recorded. Its hyperfine structure reflects the reduced symmetry (C_s) of the molecule, as compared with that (C_2v) of 1,6-methano- and 1,6-oxido-[10]annulenes (I and III, resp.). The coupling constants of the ring protons in II^? are intermediate between the corresponding values of I^? and III^?. The ESR.-spectrum of the radical anion of 1,6-methylimino-[10]annulene (IV) has also been obtained, but not analysed in detail. The relative stabilities of the radical anions of the four bridged [10]annulenes are: I^??II^? > III^? > IV^?. The main secondary product identified by ESR.-spectroscopy after the decay of II^?, III^? and IV^? is the naphthalene radical anion. A remarkable exception is IV, when reduced with sodium in 1,2-dimethoxyethane: in this case the ESR.-spectrum of the azulene radical anion is observed.     

Structure and Chemistry of Malonylmethyl- and Succinyl-Radicals. The search for homolytic 1,2-rearrangements

Malonylmethyl radical I [· CH₂CH(COOEt)₂] and its thioester analogue II [· CH₂CH(COOEt) (COSEt)] were generated by standard photolytic and thermolytic methods from perester and bromo precursors. The structures of I and II were examined by ESR spectroscopy and found to exist in preferred conformations. However, no indication for their rearrangement by 1,2-shift of either an ethoxycarboxyl or (ethylthio)carbonyl group to the corresponding succinyl radicals III and IV , respectively, was found at temperatures below ? 40°C. At higher temperatures of up to 140°C, the search for malonylmethyl → succinyl rearrangement was examined by thorough-product analysis of the perester decomposition. There is evidence for the rearrangement of the radical I to III by photolysis and of the radical II to IV by thermolysis at 130°C in chlorobenzene to only a small extent.     

Mössbauer spectra of bis-[π-(3)-1,2-dicarbollyl] cobaltate(III), tetrachlorogallate,and ferricinium molybdate

The Mössbauer spectra of the new salt-like complexes of the ferricinium ions [Fe^IIICp₂]⁺{Co^III[π-(3)-1,2-B₉C₂H₁₁]₂}^? (I) with π-sandwich aromatic anions and of the [FeCp₂]⁺[GaCl₄]^?(II) and [FeCp₂] ₂ ⁺ [MoO₄]^2? (III) compounds are compared. It is shown that the Mössbauer spectra of these compounds are broadened asymmetric lines whose broadening and asymmetry increase with decreasing temperature. The peculiarities of the spectra are associated with paramagnetic relaxation effects, in particular, with the Blume effect. In I–III, the sign of the electric field gradients on the iron nuclei is negative, while ferrocene exhibits a positive electric field gradient. It is noted that the nature of the anion affects the frequency of spin fluctuations, but has no effect on the electronic state of iron atoms, as well as on the symmetry of its local surrounding in FeCp ₂ ⁺ . Analysis of the probability of the Mössbauer effect suggests that in compound I the anion-cation interaction is stronger than that in compounds II and III.     

ESR. Spectra of the Radical Anion of Dimethyl-phenyl-phosphine

ESR. spectra of the radical anion (I^?) produced from dimethyl-phenyl-phosphine (I) both by electrolysis and reaction with alkali metals have been studied upon variation of temperature. The coupling constant assigned to the ³¹P nucleus depends strongly on temperature, whereas the coupling constants attributed to protons do not exhibit such a dependence. The π-spin populations at the benzene ring of I^? give evidence - in accordance with other experimental data [1] [2] – that the dimethylphosphino substituent is electron-attracting. This effect is thought to be due mainly to P ← C_π delocalization, which is analogous to the Si? C_π interaction in trimethylsilyl-substituted π-systems [3]. The ESR. spectrum previously [4] ascribed to I^? is shown to arise from a secondary radical. The formation and structure of this radical are briefly discussed.     

The molecular and supramolecular structures of four 1,5,6,10b‐tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5‐c]quinazolines

The supramolecular structures of the title compounds, 2‐phenyl‐5‐p‐tolyl‐1,5,6,10b‐tetra­hydro­pyrazolo­[1,5‐c]quinazoline, C₂₃H₂₁N₃, (I), 5‐(4‐bromo­phenyl)‐2‐phenyl‐1,5,6,10b‐tetra­hydro­pyrazolo­[1,5‐c]­quinazoline, C₂₂H₁₈BrN₃, (II), 2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐5‐phenyl‐1,5,6,10b‐tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5‐c]quinazoline, C₂₂H₁₈ClN₃, (III), and 5‐(4‐bromo­phenyl)‐2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1,5,6,10b‐tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5‐c]quinazoline, C₂₂H₁₇BrClN₃, (IV), are of two general types. Compounds (I), (II) and (III) form base‐paired dimers via N—H?N hydrogen bonds, where (I) and (II) are isomorphous, while in (IV), there are no conventional hydrogen bonds.     

Mass spectral fragmentation mechanisms of some dibenzo[c,f][1,2] diazepines

The fragmentation mechanisms of 11H-dibenzo[c,f][1,2]diazepine (I), its 3,8-dichloro derivative (II), 3,8-dichlorodibenzo[c,f] [1,2]diazepin-11-one (III) and 3,8-dichloro-11H-dibenzo-[c,f][1,2]diazepin-N-oxide (IV) are discussed. The initial loss of molecular nitrogen is characteristic of I, II and III. Compound IV has a strong molecular ion, that competitively eliminates cither NO or Cl- and N₂O. The common radical ion, m/166 e present in the mass spectra of I, fluorene, 2-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone and 2-methylbenzo[c]cinnoline, appears to be formed in different states.     

Alkaline metal oxoantimonates(III), A3[SbO3] (A = K or Cs)

The two title trialkaline trioxoantimonates(III), tripotassium trioxoantimonate(III), K₃[SbO₃], (I), and tricaesium trioxo­antimonate(III), Cs₃[SbO₃], (II), crystallize in the cubic Na₃[AsS₃] structure type in space group P2₁3. The structures show discrete Ψ-tetrahedral [SbO₃]³⁻ anions with C_3v point-group symmetry. The Sb—O distances are 1.923 (4) Å in (I) and 1.928 (2) Å in (II), and the O—Sb—O bond angles are 99.5 (2)° in (I) and 100.4 (1)° in (II).     

Sorption of [Fe(CN)6]3− and [Fe(CN)6]4− ions on the surface of Fe(III), Cr(III), and Zr(IV) oxyhydroxide hydrogels from aqueous solutions

The sorption of [Fe(CN)₆]^3? and [Fe(CN)₆]^4? anions on the surface of Fe(III), Cr(III), and Zr(IV) oxyhydroxide hydrogels at various pH values of hydrogel precipitation from solutions without a support electrolyte and from NaCl and Na₂SO₄ solutions with an ionic strength of 0.5 was studied. It was found that isotherms of sorption of [Fe(CN)₆]^3? and [Fe(CN)₆]^4? anions from solutions without a support electrolyte and from NaCl solutions and those of sorption of [Fe(CN)₆]^4? from Na₂SO₄ solutions are described by the Langmuir equation. It was established that the sulfate background suppresses the sorption of [Fe(CN)₆]^3? on Fe(III) and Zr(IV) oxyhydroxides. Both anions are sorbed only when the surface of the oxyhydroxides is charged positively; the Langmuir equation parameters A _max and K tend to decrease to the point of zero charge as the pH value of oxyhydroxide precipitation increases. An electrostatic mechanism of the sorption of [Fe(CN)₆]^3? and [Fe(CN)₆]^4? anions was suggested.     

Thermal properties of solid complexes with biologically important heterocyclic ligands

Thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy have been applied to the investigation of the thermal behaviour and structure of the compounds [Cu(2-Clbz)₂(nia)₂(H₂O)₂] (I), [Cu(2-Clbz)₂(nia)₂]·H₂O (II), [Cu(2-Brbz)₂(nia)₂]·2H₂O (III), [Cu(2-Brbz)₂(nia)₂(H₂O)] (IV), where 2-Clbz and 2-Brbz?=?2-chloro- and 2-bromobenzoate anions, nia?=?nicotinamide, H₂O?=?water molecules. Thermal decomposition of all studied compounds proceeds in three steps. Heating the compounds first results in a release of non-coordinated and/or coordinated water molecules. The final product of thermal decomposition was CuO. The thermal stability of the complexes can be ordered in the sequence: I<IV<III<II. Nicotinamide is coordinated to Cu(II) through the nitrogen atom of the heterocyclic ring. IR data suggest the unidentate coordination of benzoate anions to Cu(II) in complexes I, IV and bidentate coordination in complexes II and III.