一种多频多系统周跳探测与修复方法

为满足多频多系统精密单点定位（PPP）数据预处理的实际需求,提出了一种周跳探测与修复方法。针对多频多系统PPP数据处理中各卫星的信号数量不同,利用最小二乘模糊度降相关平差（LAMBDA）原理构建模糊度组合。通过仅使用相位观测值估计的倾斜电子总量（STEC）探测不敏感周跳和漏判周跳。对于周跳修复,将伪距和载波相位的观测值在历元间作差求得周跳的浮点解和协方差阵,然后应用LAMBDA算法搜索周跳整数解并进行修复。通过静态、动态以及磁暴环境下周跳探测和修复实验,验证了所提方法的有效性,多频条件下周跳修复的正确率达到100%。     

北斗/INS紧组合的惯性辅助三频周跳探测和修复

传统的使用伪距和相位组合进行周跳探测的方法受限于伪距精度,在多路径效应严重和载体高动态下不可靠。针对该问题,构建北斗/INS紧组合模型,利用惯性辅助北斗三频信号线性组合构造了周跳探测量,兼顾错探率和漏探率,确定探测阈值系数为2.576 8。基于卫星高度角采用正弦函数模型确定载波噪声,分析了载波噪声和卫地距误差对周跳探测和修复的影响。在此基础上选择组合量(0,-1,1),(1,3,-4),(-3,4,0)联合进行周跳探测和修复。使用车载组合导航实测数据验证周跳探测模型的效果。实验结果表明,对于模拟的密集小周跳,所有卫星错探率低于1.75%,漏探率低于0.11%,除低高度角卫星C05,所有卫星修复错误率低于0.35%。对于北斗信号中断的场景,在75 s部分中断内或18 s完全中断内都能够正确修复所有卫星的所有类型周跳。     

北斗三频观测值强电离层条件下的周跳探测与修复

采用伪距相位组合和无几何相位组合作为周跳探测量,分析了无几何相位组合的漏探率和误探率,并给出了该组合的适用条件。针对强电离层条件下误探率较高的缺点,提出了采用RBF(Radial basis function)神经网络模型对一阶电离层延迟变化量进行预测,并根据预测残差判断周跳是否发生,采用电离层延迟改正的相位组合周跳估值进行周跳修复。利用电离层活跃期间的北斗三频观测数据验证所提出的算法,实验结果表明:该模型即使在大磁暴发生期间也能够准确地探测出所有周跳并正确修复,不存在不敏感周跳组合,同时误探率在0.3%以下。     

一种Galileo五频周跳探测与修复新方法

提出联合四组无几何相位组合和一组无几何伪距相位组合探测Galileo五频周跳,针对上述组合修复周跳过程中遇到的法方程病态性问题,提出一种基于条件数最小原则优选组合系数的策略.首先,按照波长较长、电离层延迟放大系数和周跳探测量标准差较小的标准选出部分适合的周跳探测组合,这些组合均满足有良好的周跳探测性能,之后依据条件数最...     

INS辅助周跳修复以实现精密单点定位瞬时重新收敛

GNSS接收机信号极易受外界环境遮挡而完全中断,使得接收机所输出的相位观测值产生周跳,这将引起精密单点定位(PPP)模糊度参数的重新初始化,并需要十几分钟甚至更长时间的重新收敛,限制了PPP的推广应用。针对以上问题,以星间单差PPP/INS紧组合为研究基础,借助INS短期导航精度高的优势,提出一种INS辅助的周跳修复新方法。该新方法使用星间单差相位新息与星间单差电离层残差作为周跳修复量;为提高周跳修复可靠性,新方法对周跳修复量进行了质量控制并设置了多重修复准则。两组车载组合导航实验表明:与不修复相比,周跳修复后可实现PPP瞬时重新收敛,定位精度提升至20 cm以内;但需注意,周跳修复成功率会随着GNSS信号中断时间的延长而降低。     

基于最优奇偶向量检测的周跳检测

正确地检测和修复周跳是载波相位测量数据处理中的重要问题，中将周跳作为GPS卫星信号故障的一种特殊形式，把周跳检测问题转化为GPS载波相位测量的故障检测问题。这里采用鲁棒性好的最优奇偶向量方法检测周跳并进行修复。通过仿真结果验汪了该方法即使在动态情况下也可以有效地检测并修复小周跳。     

CORS基站周跳探测与修复方法

针对在CORS系统初始化后,周跳的出现将严重影响移动用户定位精度,CORS网中基站坐标已知,可精确预报对流层、电离层等系统误差,以及整周模糊度确定的特点,分析了周跳对双差模型的影响,通过分析普通卫星产生的周跳仅对一个双差观测方程产生影响,可以作为粗差,参考卫星的周跳会引入所有观测方程,从而对模型产生系统性误差,进而提出了使用附有系统参数的抗差估计方法,对CORS基站中的载波观测值进行整体平差,根据改正数V判断普通卫星的周跳,根据系统参数x2判断参考卫星的周跳。实验表明,该方法能将所有可见卫星进行整体的周跳探测,并且能实现高度角低于10°时的周跳探测和修复。     

时间序列异常值探测的Bayes方法及其GNSS数据质量控制中的应用

GNSS卫星精密定轨定位的观测量验后残差分析是数据质量控制的重要组成部分。目前的方法都是根据经验设定异常值判断的阈值,没有利用验后残差序列的时间序列特性。引入基于识别变量的AR模型异常值探测的Bayes方法对验后残差序列中的异常值进行探测;将异常值探测问题转化为识别变量后验概率值的计算问题,并给出明确的判别阈值,通过后验概率值与事先给定的阈值进行比较判别出异常值的位置;运用Gibbs抽样设计了识别变量后验概率值的计算方法和异常值的估算方法。实测数据对该算法的验证表明该算法能够准确地探测出异常值的位置,将异常值剔除之后的观测值序列应用到精密单点定位中,结果表明该算法的使用提高了精密单点定位的定位精度。     

基于方差分量估计的多模GNSS/声学联合定位方法

由于海洋环境的特殊性,现阶段通常采用卫星定位与声脉冲测距相结合的方式建立海洋大地测量控制网。针对BDS/声学联合定位海底点时存在收敛慢、精度受限等问题,提出融合BDS、GPS、Galileo多系统观测数据的多模GNSS/声学联合定位方法,并进一步引入Helmert方差分量估计,以改善因随机模型不准确而影响融合定位性能的情况。采用海上实测数据和模拟水下测距数据进行了实验验证,结果表明:较之单BDS/声学定位模式,多模GNSS观测数据的加入可以加速组合滤波收敛,提高定位精度和稳定性;引入Helmert方差分量估计精化随机模型后,双系统模式下三维点位误差RMS值约为0.2 m,三系统模式下三维点位误差RMS值约为0.1 m,联合定位性能得到进一步提升。     

Galileo/GPS组合接收机载波相位定位方法

鉴于载波相位观测量可提供高精度定位信息的特点，采用扩展卡尔曼滤波和载波相位组合观测值相结合的方法，提出了一种适合Galileo／GPS组合接收机的载波相位定位方法。通过扩展卡尔曼滤波给出精确的载波相位不足整周的相位值，并且在模糊度保持为整数的前提下，根据一定的组合标准论述了具有相应特性的组合观测值，给出一些典型的组合，通过这些组合后的观测值可以容易地解算整周模糊度。最后对结果进行了分析。     

Electrogas- and electrohydrodynamic control of gas and liquid jets and flows

The physical and mathematical principles of the method of electrogas-and electrohydrodynamic conversion of electrical signals to pneumatic (hydraulic) signals and vice versa for control of gas and liquid jets and flows in electropneumohydraulic systems are considered. St. Petersburg State Technical University, St. Petersburg 195251. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 25–31, March–April, 2000.     

Fatigue and static strength of notched and unnotched aluminum-alloy and steel specimens

This paper describes a method of presentation of fatigue data on three commonly used aircraft materials, 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys and normalized SAE 4130 steel, such that variations in fatigue strength with stress-concentration factor can be shown. Comparisons of the fatigue strengths of 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum are made for the most useful range of stress-concentration factors. Static-strength results of notched and unnotched specimens of the three materials are presented to show how the strength varies with some parameters of the stress concentration. Comparison of the data with one theory for the strength of cracked specimens was made.     

STICTION AND ANTI—STICTION IN MEMS AND NEMS

Stiction in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) has been a major failure mode ever since the advent of surface micromachining in the 80s of the last century due to large surfacearea-to-volume ratio. Even now when solutions to this problem are emerging, such as self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and other measures, stiction remains one of the most catastrophic failure modes in MEMS. A review is presented in this paper on stiction and anti-stiction in MEMS and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). First, some new experimental observations of stiction in radio frequency (RF) MEMS switch and micromachined accelerometers are presented. Second, some criteria for stiction of microstructures in MEMS and NEMS due to surface forces (such as capillary, electrostatic, van der Waals, Casimir forces, etc.) are reviewed. The influence of surface roughness and environmental conditions (relative humidity and temperature) on stiction are also discussed. As hydrophobic films, the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) turn out able to prevent release-related stiction effectively. The anti-stiction of SAMs in MEMS is reviewed in the last part. The project supported by the Distinguished Young Scholar Fund of NSFC (10225209), key project from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJCX2-SW-L2) and National “973” Project (G1999033103)     

水和水蒸汽热力学物性参数及导数的计算与应用

本文针对现代换热设备设计、两相流动与传热研究的需要,介绍了可供科研使用的水和水蒸汽物性计算方法,完善了计算程序。根据超临界锅炉设计中的超临界水的物性计算,两相流研究和换热设备动态特性研究中对物性导数计算的需要,提供了两个算例,并进行了定性分析。     

Microcanonical Entropy and Mesoscale Dislocation Mechanics and Plasticity

A methodology is devised to utilize the statistical mechanical entropy of an isolated, constrained atomistic system to define constitutive response functions for the dissipative driving-force and energetic fields in continuum thermomechanics. A thermodynamic model of dislocation mechanics is discussed as an example. Primary outcomes are constitutive relations for the back-stress tensor and the Cauchy stress tensor in terms of the elastic distortion, mass density, polar dislocation density, and the scalar statistical density.     

Sound and vorticity interactions: transmission and scattering

We review several aspects of the propagation of sound in vortical flows. We restrict ourselves to isothermal, humidity-free flows at low Mach number M. Since vorticity plays a major role in vortex-flow interactions we focus on vortical flows. We consider two main canonical situations. The first concerns the transmission of sound. We analyze the evolution of acoustic wavefronts as they propagate across a single vortex. The second situation addresses the scattering of sound waves by nonstationary vortices. We study the evolution of the acoustic pressure emitted in the far field, at an angle with the initial direction of propagation. In this geometry one performs direct spectroscopy of the flow vorticity field. In each case, we review theoretical results and compare with experimental measurements and numerical simulations when available. We also briefly report how the following new acoustic techniques have recently been used to study complex or turbulent flows: time-resolved acoustic spectroscopy, speckle interferometry and Lagrangian particle tracking. PACS 43.25, 43.28, 47.32, 67.40     

Data-driven modeling and learning in science and engineering

In the past, data in which science and engineering is based, was scarce and frequently obtained by experiments proposed to verify a given hypothesis. Each experiment was able to yield only very limited data. Today, data is abundant and abundantly collected in each single experiment at a very small cost. Data-driven modeling and scientific discovery is a change of paradigm on how many problems, both in science and engineering, are addressed. Some scientific fields have been using artificial intelligence for some time due to the inherent difficulty in obtaining laws and equations to describe some phenomena. However, today data-driven approaches are also flooding fields like mechanics and materials science, where the traditional approach seemed to be highly satisfactory. In this paper we review the application of data-driven modeling and model learning procedures to different fields in science and engineering.