Quasi-equilibrated temperature programmed desorption and adsorption: A new method for determination of the isosteric adsorption heat

Temperature programmed desorption and adsorption (TPDA) studied under quasi-equilibrium conditions using typical flow TPD setup equipped with a chromatographic TCD detector has been found a good method of obtaining the equilibrium data characterizing adsorption of n-hexane on high silica HZSM-5 and HY zeolites. The equilibrium control of sorption has been confirmed by linearity of the isosters constructed from the TPDA profiles. For HZSM-5 it was corroborated by very good agreement obtained in fitting the experimental data with the model based on the dual site Langmuir (DSL) adsorption function. The values of the adsorption enthalpy and entropy, either determined from the adsorption isosters or as the fitted model parameters, were close to the literature data. Increase of the isosteric adsorption heat of hexane with coverage was observed for both zeolites (72-90 kJ mol⁻¹ for HZSM-5 and 46-61 kJ mol⁻¹ for HY).     

Adsorption, diffusion and catalysis of mesostructured zeolite HZSM-5

Adsorption and diffusion properties of n-octane in meso-structured HZSM-5 zeolites were studied by high precision intelligent gravimetric analysis (IGA) and ZLC technology between 293?K and 393?K. As expected, great increase in adsorption capacity and diffusion efficient of n-octane in the mesostructured HZSM-5 zeolites was observed compared with conventional HZSM-5. At the same time, the adsorption activation energy of n-octane in the mesostructured HZSM-5 zeolites was significantly decreased. The adsorption heats with low n-octane loading showed a clear decline with increase of mesoporosity in the zeolite samples. These results clearly indicate that introduction of mesopores into the zeolites offered a short diffusion path and high diffusion rate for reactants and products, which resulted in a high yield of fuel oil and an enhanced resistance against the catalyst deactivation in the reaction of methanol to gasoline.     

Shape-selective para-chlorination of phenol using sulfuryl chloride with the aid of microporous catalysts

Aluminum-pillared montmorillonite clay, and partially cation-exchanged L type zeolites, efficiently catalyze the selective para-chlorination of phenol using SO₂Cl₂ in 2,2,4-trimethylpentane at 25 °C. A conversion of ∼96%, a para-selectivity of ∼89%, and a para/ortho ratio of 8.0, were achieved with H⁺, Al³⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺-L zeolite. This heterogeneous zeolite-catalyzed process is the first example, which shows a pronounced shape-selectivity in the chlorination of phenol.     

不同碱处理制备多级孔HZSM-5催化剂及噻吩烷基化性能研究

用Na₂CO₃、TPAOH和TPA⁺/CO₃^2-混合碱分别处理HZSM-5分子筛,采用FT-IR、XRD、XRF、N₂吸附脱附、SEM、NH₃-TPD及Py-FTIR表征手段对各类碱处理前后的HZSM-5分子筛进行表征。结果表明,3种类型的碱处理HZSM-5分子筛后,均能形成微孔-介孔多级孔道的HZSM-5(A)催化剂,并能调变催化剂的酸性,其中,TPA⁺/CO₃^2-混合碱处理得到的HZSM-5(TPA⁺/CO₃^2-)催化剂,比表面积最大,介孔数量最多。在小型固定床反应器上,考察了HZSM-5和HZSM-5(A)催化剂的噻吩烷基化性能,结果表明,HZSM-5(TPA⁺/CO₃^2-)催化剂因为具有适当的多级孔孔道和较多的B酸中心而表现出较高的噻吩转化率和1-己烯对噻吩的选择性。     

Increase in Selectivity of Toluene Disproportionation and in <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-Xylene Yield by Optimization of Zeolite Microporous Structure

The possibility of increasing the yield of target products and para-selectivity of toluene disproportionation on modified zeolites by optimization of their microporous structure was studied.     

Oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane to isobutylene over supported transition metal oxide catalysts

Para-selectivity of ZSM-5 zeolites with similar bulk Si/Al ratio, but different particle size and surface Al concentration has been investigated in toluene disproportionation. Results showed that enhancedpara-selectivity is a consequence not only of the particle size but also of the external surface aluminium concentration in the particles.     

Catalytic performance of imidazole modified HZSM-5 for methanol to aromatics reaction

A facile approach was developed for the preparation of nano-sized HZSM-5 with a hierarchical mesoporous structure by adding imidazole into conventional zeolite synthesis precursor solution. The physicochemical properties of modified HZSM-5 were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), N_2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), NH_3-temperature-programmed desorption(NH_3-TPD) and pyridine adsorption infrared spectroscopy(Py-IR). The coke in spent catalysts was characterized by thermogravimetry(TG). The results showed that hierarchical HZSM-5 zeolites with excellent textural properties, such as abundant porous structure, uniform particle size and suitable acidity, could be synthesized by the recipe of one-pot synthesis routes. Moreover, the obtained HZSM-5 exhibited higher selectivity of total aromatics as well as longer lifetime in the catalytic conversion of methanol to aromatics, comparing with conventional HZSM-5. It is expected that the synthesis approach demonstrated here will be applicable to other zeolites with particular textural properties and controllable particle sizes, facilitating the emergence of new-type porous materials and their related applications in catalysis and separation.     

氧化镁改性对纳米HZSM-5分子筛催化甲醇制丙烯的影响

采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同Mg含量(0-8%,w)的改性纳米HZSM-5分子筛.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、铝固体魔角旋转核磁共振(27AlMASNMR)、N2吸附/脱附、氨-程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)和吡啶吸附傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱等技术对改性前后样品的结构和酸性进行了详细表征;并在常压、500℃和甲醇空速(WHSV)为1.0h-1的反应条件下,在连续流动固定床反应器上考察了其对甲醇制丙烯反应的催化性能.结果表明,随着Mg含量的增加,丙烯和丁烯的选择性逐渐增大,而甲烷、乙烯和芳烃的选择性逐渐降低.催化剂的稳定性先随Mg含量的增加而增加,当Mg含量为2%时达到最大,之后又随Mg含量的增加而降低.MgO改性对纳米HZSM-5分子筛催化性能的影响主要是由其酸性和织构性能的改变而引起的.     

氟改性对纳米 HZSM-5 分子筛催化甲醇制丙烯的影响

 在比较了纳米和微米 HZSM-5 分子筛催化甲醇制丙烯反应性能的基础上, 对纳米 HZSM-5 分子筛进行了氟改性. 利用透射电镜、N2 吸附、X 射线衍射、氨程序升温脱附和吡啶吸附-红外光谱技术对改性前后的样品进行了表征, 并在常压、500 oC 和甲醇空速 (WHSV) 为 1.0 h–1 的反应条件下, 在连续流动固定床微型反应器上考察了其催化甲醇制丙烯的性能. 结果表明, 当氟含量<10% 时, 随氟含量的增加, 改性纳米 HZSM-5 分子筛的酸量减少, 酸强度降低, 从而使丙烯选择性和催化剂稳定性不断提高. 但过量 (15%) 氟的改性使纳米 HZSM-5 分子筛的酸量、比表面积和孔容均明显减小, 致使其稳定性反而降低. 在适量 (10%) 氟改性的纳米 HZSM-5 分子筛上, 丙烯选择性和维持甲醇完全转化的反应时间分别由原来的 30.1% 和 75 h 增加到 46.7% 和 145 h.     

Synthesis of jet fuel through the oligomerization of butenes on zeolite catalysts

In this study, the oligomerization of a butene mixture composed of 1-butene, cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene over several types of zeolites in a fixed-bed catalytic reactor at an elevated pressure was studied to produce hydrocarbons in the jet fuel range (C₈–C₁₆). Three types of zeolites, HZSM-5, Hβ and HY, were compared to evaluate the performance during the synthesis of jet fuel via the oligomerization of the aforementioned butene mixture. Compared to HY and Hβ, HZSM-5 showed a very stable butene conversion rate with high selectivity to jet-fuel-range hydrocarbon, which could be attributed to high resistance to coke resulting from the pore structure. HZSM-5 (50) shows the best quantitative conversion performance and yield for jet fuel for a time-on-stream of up to 6 h. It was also noted that the branched-to-linear hydrocarbon ratio reached 8.7 over the HZSM-5 (50) catalyst, which is beneficial to improve the cold properties of jet fuel. The present study reveals that HZSM-5 (50) is a potential catalyst for jet fuel synthesis through the oligomerization of butene mixture, exhibiting high stability and a high yield.     

Para-selectivity of SAPO-5 and mordenite catalysts in the alkylation of cumene with 2-propanol

Alkylation of cumene with 2-propanol was studied on SAPO-5 and mordenite catalysts. The primary products of the alkylation on every catalyst examined here were p- and m-diisopropylbenzene (DIPB) in a ratio of 75:25. The p-DIPB fraction in DIPB isomers (para-selectivity) decreased with increasing yield of DIPB, due to the secondary reaction of p-DIPB to m-DIPB. On SAPO-5, mordenite and silica-alumina, this secondary reaction proceeds through dealkylation of p-DIPB to cumene, followed by re-alkylation of the resultant cumene to m-DIPB. The dealkylation of p-DIPB would occur preferentially over that of m-DIPB. This was due to the higher reactivity of p-DIPB and probably to the reactant molecular shape selectivity of SAPO-5 and mordenite. The para-selectivity was improved by supporting boron oxide on SAPO-5 and mordenite; this improvement was caused by suppression of the secondary dealkylation of p-DIPB.     

Temperature-programmed desorption of n-hexane from hydrated HZSM-5 and NH4ZSM-5 zeolites

Temperature-programmed desorption coupled with mass spectrometer as a detector (TPD), IR and ¹³C NMR measurements are used to study the adsorption of n-hexane on hydrated HZSM-5 and NH₄ZSM-5 zeolites. The ¹³C NMR measurements show that n-hexane can access the pore structure of ZSM-5 zeolites previously saturated with water. TPD spectra of n-hexane are monitored in the temperature region 50–300°C, in the case of fully or partially hydrated samples; two-stage desorption of n-hexane is found. Simultaneous desorption of water and n-hexane in the same temperature region are found, in all investigated samples.     

ESR and TPD Study of the Interaction of Nitromethane and Ammonia with HZSM-5 and CuZSM-5 Zeolites

The properties of complexes formed on HZSM-5 and CuZSM-5 zeolites in the course of ammonia and nitromethane adsorption are studied. Ammonia adsorbs on CuZSM-5 and forms two species, which decompose at different temperatures T _dec. One is due to the formation of the Cu²⁺(NH₃)₄ complex (T _dec = 450 K), and the other is assigned to ammonia adsorbed on copper(II) compounds, Cu²⁺O^– and Cu²⁺–O^2––Cu²⁺, or CuO clusters (T _dec = 650–750 K). Ammonia adsorption on Cu⁺ and Cu⁰ is negligible compared with that on the Brönsted acid sites and copper(II). Nitromethane adsorbed on HZSM-5 and CuZSM-5 at 400–500 K transforms into a series of products including ammonia. Ammonia also forms complexes with the Brönsted acid sites and copper(II) similar to those formed in the course of adsorption from the gas phase, but the Cu²⁺(NH₃)₄ complexes on CuZSM-5 are not observed. Possible structures of ammonia and nitromethane complexes on Brönsted acid sites and the Cu²⁺ cations in zeolite channels are discussed. The role of these complexes in selective NO _x reduction by hydrocarbons over the zeolites is considered in connection with their thermal stability.     

纳米薄层HZSM-5分子筛催化甲醇制丙烯

在合成系列硅铝比纳米薄层HZSM-5分子筛的基础上,研究了纳米薄层HZSM-5分子筛催化甲醇制丙烯(MTP)的反应性能.在固定床微反装置上详细考察了工艺条件对纳米薄层HZSM-5分子筛催化性能的影响,同时与纳米HZSM-5分子筛对MTP反应的催化性能进行了比较.结果表明,纳米薄层HZSM-5分子筛具有较高的目的产物选择性和较长的催化寿命.在适宜硅铝比(n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)=213)和反应条件下(温度470°C,甲醇质量空速为3 h-1),丙烯的选择性达到46.7%,三烯(乙烯、丙烯和C4烯烃)选择性达到78.7%.其中,丙烯/乙烯的质量比可达到6.5,是纳米HZSM-5分子筛的2倍,而芳烃的选择性比纳米分子筛明显降低.这是因为纳米薄层HZSM-5分子筛比纳米HZSM-5分子筛具有较宽的(010)晶面、较大的外比表面积和介孔孔容.     

不同分子筛上1-己烯骨架异构化反应性能的研究

以HZSM-35、HZSM-5、HM和Hβ四种分子筛为1-己烯骨架异构化催化剂,比较研究了四种催化剂的异构化性能,对其构效关系进行了关联。结果表明,相比于HZSM-5和Hβ分子筛,HZSM-35和HM具有适宜的酸量,有效孔径为0.4-0.6 nm,而且无晶穴、无交叉孔道,具有良好的择形催化效应,在转化率高达95%的同时,C_5-和C₇₊等副产物的收率在20%左右,异己烯收率可达40%-50%。进一步对四种分子筛进行酸碱改性处理,结果显示,虽然酸性质略有改变,但是一维孔结构的HZSM-35和HM分子筛的异构化性能仍明显优于多维孔结构的HZSM-5和Hβ分子筛,说明在酸性质一定的前提下,孔结构对异构化反应起关键作用。     

Synthesis of (E)-4-phenyl-3-buten-2-one by the reaction of styrene with acetic anhydride in the presence of zeolite catalysts

The high catalytic activity and selectivity of zeolites HBeta and HZSM-12 were found in the synthesis of (E)-4-phenyl-3-buten-2-one by the reaction of styrene with acetic anhydride.     

Electrochemical study of the thionine dye incorporated into ZSM-5 and HZSM-5 zeolites

The electrochemical properties of thionine dye adsorbed into ZSM-5 and HZSM-5 zeolites (TH/ZSM-5, TH/HZSM-5) are studied in 0.5 M KCl solution. The dye is strongly retained and not easily leached from the zeolites matrix. The samples are incorporated into the carbon paste electrode (TH/ZSM-5/P, TH/HZSM-5/P) for cyclic voltammetric measurements. The redox reactions of thionine incorporated into ZSM-5 zeolite contain a quasi-reversible, two-electron one proton in the pH range 1 to 10, but thionine-loaded HZSM-5 zeolite undergoes a quasi-reversible two-electron two-protons redox reaction under acidic conditions and a one proton two-electron redox reaction takes place under basic conditions. The separation of the anodic and cathodic potentials (E _p) is high in thionine-loaded zeolites (>100) with respect to the solution of thionine (E _p = 34 for ZSM-5/P and 36 mV for HZSM-5/P), indicating that there are strong interaction between thionine molecules and the zeolites. The midpoint potentials (E _m) for TH/ZSM-5/P and TH/HZSM-5/P are −0.203 and −0.381 V, respectively. However, the midpoint potentials for the solution of thionine for the electrode system of ZSM-5/P and HZSM-5/P are −0.335 and −0.407 V, respectively. Thus, thionine dye molecules incorporated into the zeolites can be reduced more easily with respect to solution of thionine. In various electrolyte solutions, the midpoint potentials remains constant, but the midpoint potential of the thionine-zeolite electrodes depends on the solution pH. Influence of the pH of the solution on the midpoint potential of an immobilized dye reveals that thionine molecules are accessible to protons. This property is ascribed to the formation of mesopores in the structure of our zeolites suffering from a calcination step. Published in Russian in Elektrokhimiya, 2007, Vol. 43, No. 7, pp. 794–800. The text was submitted by the authors in English     

TPD/MS studies of the interaction of simple ketones with ZSM-5 zeolites

Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of products formed by the interaction of simple ketones with HZSM-5 zeolites has been studied mass spectrometrically. Acetone (MMK), methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and diethyl ketone (EEK) were preadsorbed on HZSM-5 and NaZSM-5 zeolites at room temperature in amounts ranging from 0.04 to 2 mmol g⁻¹. It was shown that the qualitative composition of the products did not depend on the amount of preadsorbed ketone; the reactivity of the ketones increased from MMK to EEK. The conversion of MMK on HZSM-5 proceeded via acid intermolecular condensation, which could not take place on NaZSM-5. In the transformation of MEK, intramolecular dehydration played a role in the interaction, along with the above condensation mechanism; in this case NaZSM-5 also exhibited some activity. The mechanism of intramolecular dehydration prevailed in the reaction with EEK where, unlike NaZSM-5, HZSM-5 caused further conversion of the dehydrated products. The experiments with deuterated ketones, MMK-d₆ and MEK-d₅, have shown involvement of zeolitic hydrogen in the reaction complexes.     

Effect of synthesis time on physical properties and catalytic activities of synthesized HZSM-5 on the fast pyrolysis of Jatropha waste

The catalytic fast pyrolysis of Jatropha waste using synthesized HZSM-5 zeolites was investigated using an analytical pyrolysis-GC/MS (Py-GC/MS) technique. HZSM-5 zeolite was successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method at 160 °C with various synthesis times of 0, 24, and 72 h. From the XRD results, the as-synthesized powder before crystallization (HZSM5-0 h) showed the amorphous phase, while samples with synthesis times of 24 and 72 h (HZSM5-24 h and HZSM5-72 h) showed the high crystalline phase of HZSM-5 with the main peaks at the 2θ of 7.9°, 8.8°, 23.1°, 23.7°, and 23.9°. The particle of HZSM5-72 h appeared in cubic-shaped crystal compared to the HZSM5-24 h. HZSM5-72 h had a higher surface area of 625 m²/g with an average larger pore diameter of 27.97 Å and pore volume of 0.28 cm³/g. The effect of biomass to catalyst ratios of 1:1, 1:5, and 1:10 was investigated at 500 °C. It was found that the aromatic and aliphatic selectivity depended on the synthesis time of HZSM-5 reflected in their surface areas, pore sizes, and catalyst content. The highest aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon of almost 95 % was obtained when a large amount of HZSM-5 (synthesized for 72 h) was used which could lead to the high heating values of bio-oils. The HZSM5-72 h also contributed to eliminate the undesirable oxygenated compounds such as acids, aldehydes, and ketones. Nevertheless, there are still a few percentages of N-containing components that may require further denitrogenation prior to utilization of the obtained liquid fuel.     

Facile synthesis of 5A zeolite from attapulgite clay for adsorption of <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-paraffins

5A zeolites were facilely synthesized from attapulgite clay and sodium aluminate precursors. The optimum synthesis condition for 4A zeolite (Na-form) were H₂O/attapulgite ratio of 40:1 volume/mass, NaOH/attapulgite mass ratio of 2.35:1, the crystallization time was 4 h at 80–85 °C. The 4A zeolite was converted to related 5A zeolite (Ca-form) through ionic exchanges using calcium chloride solution with the Si/Al mole ratio of 1.3. SEM images demonstrated that as-synthesized 5A zeolites are ordered cubic crystals, average crystals length dimension is 1–2 μm. And the zeolites product had a specific surface area of 482 m² g^?1 and total pore volume of 0.274 cm³ g^?1. The static adsorption experiments showed that the equilibrium adsorption capacities of n-decane and n-pentadecane on produced 5A zeolite were 0.253 and 0.510 g g^?1, respectively. And the adsorption equilibrium time of n-decane and n-pentadecane on 5A zeolite were 45 and 60 min, respectively. The experimental adsorption data of n-decane and n-pentadecane on three zeolites could be properly fitted by the Langmuir–Freundlich isotherm model.