Smoothed particle hydrodynamics techniques for the solution of kinetic theory problems: Part 2. The effect of flow perturbations on the simple shear behavior of LCPs

The effect of slight perturbations to simple shear flow of liquid-crystalline polymers (LCPs) is explored by using the SPH technique to solve the unapproximated orientation distribution function equation arising from the Doi Theory. First, the case of simple shear flow is outlined, and it is shown that skewed distributions play an important role in the transition from periodic to steady behavior as the shear rate is increased. Next, we consider perturbations to flows that are slightly more extensional than simple shear, parametrized by the flow type parameter α. They are shown to eliminate all periodic director behavior (tumbling and wagging), even when the relative increment in flow type is small. At lower shear rates (or more properly, lower Peclet number Pe based upon the rotational diffusivity), the elimination occurs through a homoclinic bifurcation, the transition being rather abrupt as the flow type is changed. At higher Pe, periodic behavior is suppressed more gradually through a Hopf bifurcation, with tumbling being replaced by wagging and negative θ flow-aligning, where θ is the angle of the director in the shear plane. The effect of these perturbations on rheological behavior is also explored. As the flow is made slightly more extensional, the zero-shear rate limiting value of the generalized viscosity η decreases dramatically, due to the slowing down of tumbling as the system approaches a homoclinic orbit; as Pe is increased, the viscosity rises again before falling, due to the induction of wagging behavior where tumbling would normally prevail in simple shear. Finally, it is found when the flow type is changed sufficiently, the interesting, non-monotonic behavior of rheological functions seen in simple shear of LCPs is replaced by monotonic behavior, even though the flow is still relatively close to simple shear.     

Existence,Uniqueness, and Stability of Generalized Traveling Waves in Time Dependent Monostable Equations

The current paper is devoted to the study of traveling wave solutions of spatially homogeneous monostable reaction diffusion equations with ergodic or recurrent time dependence, which includes periodic and almost periodic time dependence as special cases. Such an equation has two spatially homogeneous and time recurrent solutions with one of them being stable and the other being unstable. Traveling wave solutions are a type of entire solutions connecting the two spatially homogeneous and time recurrent solutions. Recently, the author of the current paper proved that a spatially homogeneous time almost periodic monostable equation has a spreading speed in any given direction. This result can be easily extended to monostable equations with recurrent time dependence. In this paper, we introduce generalized traveling wave solutions for time recurrent monostable equations and show the existence of such solutions in any given direction with average propagating speed greater than or equal to the spreading speed in that direction and non-existence of such solutions of slower average propagating speed. We also show the uniqueness and stability of generalized traveling wave solutions in any given direction with average propagating speed greater than the spreading speed in that direction. Moreover, we show that a generalized traveling wave solution in a given direction with average propagating speed greater than the spreading speed in that direction is unique ergodic in the sense that its wave profile and wave speed are unique ergodic, and if the time dependence of the monostable equation is almost periodic, it is almost periodic in the sense that its wave profile and wave speed are almost periodic.     

Bifurcation of the solution to the problem of steady traveling waves in a layer of viscous liquid on an inclined plane

Traveling waves in a viscous liquid flowing down an inclined plane can be described at small and moderate Reynolds numbers by an ordinary differential equation in the thickness of the layer [1, 2]. As the Reynolds number tends to zero, this equation goes over into an equation of third order with quadratic nonlinearity [3]. Periodic solutions of this last equation bifurcating from the plane-parallel solution have been investigated by Nepomnyashchii and Tsvelodub [3–6]. In the present paper, a study is made of the bifurcation of periodic solutions from periodic solutions, namely, an investigation is made of the values of the wave number for which a periodic solution is not unique; a bifurcation equation is derived, the number of bifurcating solutions is found, and their behavior near a bifurcation point is considered; and the bifurcating solutions are continued numerically with respect to a parameter (the wave number) from the neighborhoods of the bifurcation points.     

Time periodic viscosity of concentrated kaolin suspensions at constant shear rates

Knowledge of the viscosity of concentrated suspensions is required for several technical applications, e.g. process control in mechanical engineering, casting of ceramics and pipeline transport of solids. Our previous viscometric investigations of concentrated suspensions showed, under particular shear conditions, an apparent viscosity that was periodic in time for a constant shear rate and temperature. These results were obtained with rotational viscometers with a set coaxial geometry. The inner cylinder was rigidly coupled to the viscometer driving axis. In this paper we describe a viscosity time behavior which was found using another type of coupling. Measurements were performed with rotational viscometers with a non-rigidly linked inner cylinder (small sample adapter supplied by Brookfield). Using kaolin suspensions of 30% solid mass content, viscosity oscillations appear. They show a regular time pattern at certain intervals of low shear rates. The amplitudes reach up to 20% of the viscosity mean value. In addition a motion of the inner cylinder away from the coaxial position is observed. This dislocation is followed by a relocation into the coaxial position. A maximum in the viscosity value is correlated with a maximum of the dislocation position. The process of dislocation and relocation of the inner cylinder is assumed to be caused by local anisotropically distributed inhomogeneities, which originate from shear-induced agglomeration and deglomeration of suspended particles. The motion of the inner cylinder is described by introducing a perturbation term into the equation of motion. The parameters of the perturbation term are fitted to the experimental data. Received: 10 September 1998 Accepted: 28 April 1999     

Non-linear oscillations of a third-order differential equation

An investigation is conducted into the behavior of the solutions of a third-order non-linear differential equation which is characterized by a non-linearity depending solely upon the Euclidean norm of the associated phase space. The non-linearity represents a central restoring force, which has important applications in modern control theory. For small non-linearities, the existence of a limit cycle is established by a fixed point technique, the approach to the limit cycle is approximated by averaging methods, and the periodic solution is harmonically represented by perturbation. Computer solutions of the differential equation are provided in order to reinforce the analysis. Some related differential equations are discussed including one in which the periodic solution is explicitly prescribed.     

The stability of two-dimensional linear flows of an Oldroyd-type fluid

A linear stability analysis is made for an Oldroyd-type fluid undergoing steady two-dimensional flows in which the velocity field is a linear function of position throughout an unbounded region. This class of basic flows is characterized by a parameter λ which ranges from λ = 0 for simple shear flow to λ = 1 for pure extensional flow. The time derivatives in the constitutive equation can be varied continuously from co-rotational to co-deformational as a parameter β varies from 0 to 1. The linearized disturbance equations are analyzed to determine the asymptotic behavior as time t → ∞ of a spatially periodic initial disturbance. It is found that unbounded flows in the range 0 < λ ? 1 are unconditionally unstable with respect to periodic initial disturbances which have lines of constant phase parallel to the inlet streamline in the plane of the basic flow. When the Weissenberg number is sufficiently small, only disturbances with sufficiently small wavenumber α₃ in the direction normal to the basic flow plane are unstable. However, for certain values of β, critical Weissenberg numbers are found above which flows are unstable for all values of the wavenumber α₃.     

THE WAVELET TRANSFORM OF PERIODIC FUNCTION AND NONSTATIONARY PERIODIC FUNCTION

Some properties of the wavelet transform of trigonometric function, periodic function and nonstationary periodic function have been investigated. The results show that the peak height and width in wavelet energy spectrum of a periodic function are in proportion to its period. At the same time, a new equation, which can truly reconstruct a trigonometric function with only one scale wavelet coefficient, is presented. The reconstructed wave shape of a periodic function with the equation is better than any term of its Fourier series. And the reconstructed wave shape of a class of nonstationary periodic function with this equation agrees well with the function.     

Solitary waves and chaos in nonlinear visco-elastic rod

The dynamics behavior of a nonlinear visco-elastic rod subjected to axially periodic load is investigated theoretically and numerically. The weak longitudinal periodic load is distributed uniformly along the rod. Firstly, equation of motion of the rod is derived. Utilizing perturbation technique, we acquire Kdv type equation describing strain wave in the rod. By use traveling wave method, the elliptic cosine wave solution and the solitary wave solution in the rod are provided. Then, Melnikov method is applied to analyze the dynamic behaviour of the rod qualitatively. The explicit conditions for the onset of chaotic dynamics are yielded. With the help of the Poincare map method, phase trajectory and time-displacement history diagrams, the theoretical results obtained are checked.     

Homogenization of scalar wave equations with hysteresis

The paper deals with a scalar wave equation of the form where is a Prandtl–Ishlinskii operator and are given functions. This equation describes longitudinal vibrations of an elastoplastic rod. The mass density and the Prandtl–Ishlinskii distribution function are allowed to depend on the space variable x. We prove existence, uniqueness and regularity of solution to a corresponding initial-boundary value problem. The system is then homogenized by considering a sequence of equations of the above type with spatially periodic data and , where the spatial period tends to 0. We identify the homogenized limits and and prove the convergence of solutions to the solution of the homogenized equation. Received June 17, 1999     

Cross-well chaos and escape phenomena in driven oscillators

The paper is devoted to the study of common features in regular and strange behavior of the three classic dissipative softening type driven oscillators: (a) twin-well potential system, (b) single-well potential unsymmetric system and (c) single-well potential symmetric system.Computer simulations are followed by analytical approximations. It is shown that the mathematical techniques and physical concepts related to the theory of nonlinear oscillations are very useful in predicting bifurcations from regular, periodic responses to cross-well chaotic motions or to escape phenomena. The approximate analysis of periodic, resonant solutions and of period doubling or symmetry breaking instabilities in the Hill's type variational equation provides us with closed-form algebraic simple formulae; that is, the relationship between critical system parameter values, for which strange phenomena can be expected.     

Singular perturbation theory for homoclinic orbits in a class of near-integrable Hamiltonian systems

This paper describes a new type of orbits homoclinic to resonance bands in a class of near-integrable Hamiltonian systems. It presents a constructive method for establishing whether small conservative perturbations of a family of heteroclinic orbits that connect pairs of points on a circle of equilibria will yield transverse homoclinic connections between periodic orbits in the resonance band resulting from the perturbation. In any given example, this method may be used to prove the existence of such transverse homoclinic orbits, as well as to determine their precise shape, their asymptotic behavior, and their possible bifurcations. The method is a combination of the Melnikov method and geometric singular perturbation theory for ordinary differential equations.     

Nonlinear forced vibration analysis of postbuckled beams

A numerical solution methodology is proposed herein to investigate the nonlinear forced vibrations of Euler–Bernoulli beams with different boundary conditions around the buckled configurations. By introducing a set of differential and integral matrix operators, the nonlinear integro-differential equation that governs the buckling of beams is discretized and then solved using the pseudo-arc-length method. The discretized governing equation of free vibration around the buckled configurations is also solved as an eigenvalue problem after imposing the boundary conditions and some complicated matrix manipulations. To study forced and nonlinear vibrations that take place around a buckled configuration, a Galerkin-based numerical method is applied to reduce the partial integro-differential equation into a time-varying ordinary differential equation of Duffing type. The Duffing equation is then discretized using time differential matrix operators, which are defined based on the derivatives of a periodic base function. Finally, for any given magnitude of axial load, the pseudo -arc-length method is used to obtain the nonlinear frequencies of buckled beams. The effects of axial load on the free vibration, nonlinear, and forced vibrations of beams in both prebuckling and postbuckling domains for the lowest three vibration modes are analyzed. This study shows that the nonlinear response of beams subjected to periodic excitation is complex in the postbuckling domain. For example, the type of boundary conditions significantly affects the nonlinear response of the postbuckled beams.     

Bifurcation,periodic and chaotic motions of the modified equal width-Burgers (MEW-Burgers) equation with external periodic perturbation

The modified equal width-Burgers (MEW-Burgers) equation is introduced for the first time. The bifurcation behavior of the MEW-Burgers equation is studied. Considering an external periodic perturbation, the periodic and chaotic motions of the perturbed MEW-Burgers equation are investigated by using phase projection analysis, time series analysis, Poincaré section and bifurcation diagram. The strength (\(f_0\)) of the external periodic perturbation plays a crucial role in the periodic and chaotic motions of the perturbed MEW-Burgers equation.     

神经网络混沌运动的控制--CM方法

基于压缩映射的混沌控制方法——CM方法被应用到小的离散神经网络,通过一个外部输入的小干扰,稳定混沌轨道嵌入在混沌吸引子内的某一不稳周期轨上。利用闭回路对技术估计欲稳定周期轨的近似位置。给出二维和三维神经网络的典型例子,通过数值模拟显示CM方法控制离散神经网络混沌行为的简单和有效性。     

Dynamical analysis of cavitation for a transversely isotropic incompressible hyper-elastic medium: Periodic motion of a pre-existing micro-void

In this paper, the dynamical cavitation behavior is analyzed for a sphere composed of a class of transversely isotropic incompressible hyper-elastic materials, where there is a pre-existing micro-void in the interior of the sphere. A second-order non-linear ordinary differential equation that governs the motion of the initial micro-void is obtained by using the boundary conditions. On analyzing the qualitative properties of the solutions of the differential equation, some interesting conclusions are proposed. It is proved that the number of equilibrium points of the differential equation depends on the values of the material parameters, and that the phase diagrams of the equation are closed, smooth and convex trajectories. For any prescribed surface tensile dead-loads, the motion of the initial micro-void undergoes a non-linear periodic oscillation. The dependence of the periodic motion of the initial micro-void on material parameters and the radius of the initial micro-void is examined, and numerical results are also provided. It is worth pointing out that the conclusions in this paper can be used to describe approximately the physical implications of the dynamical formation of a cavity in the sphere.     

Instability of Waveguides in a Liquid with Surface Effects

Long surface capillary-gravity waves and waves beneath an elastic plate simulating an ice sheet are considered for a liquid of finite depth. These waves are described by a generalized Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation containing higher (as compared with the ordinary Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation) space derivatives. The generalized Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation has waveguide solutions (waveguides) corresponding to traveling waves which are periodic in the direction of propagation and localized in the transverse direction. These waves result from the instability of uniform (carrier) periodic waves with respect to transverse perturbations. The stability of the waveguides with respect to longitudinal longwave perturbations is studied. The behavior of these perturbations depends on the wavenumber of the carrier periodic wave. Three intervals of wavenumbers corresponding to all the possible types of governing equations are considered.     

Dynamics of an inertial two-neuron system with time delay

In this paper, we considered a delayed differential equation modeling two-neuron system with both inertial terms and time delay. By analyzing the distribution of the eigenvalues of the corresponding transcendental characteristic equation of its linearized equation, local stability criteria are derived for various model parameters and time delay. By choosing time delay as a bifurcation parameter, the model is found to undergo a sequence of Hopf bifurcation. Furthermore, the direction and the stability of the bifurcating periodic solutions are determined by using the normal form theory and the center manifold theorem. Also, resonant codimension-two bifurcation is found to occur in this model. Some numerical examples are finally given for justifying the theoretical results. Chaotic behavior of this inertial two-neuron system with time delay is found also through numerical simulation, in which some phase plots, waveform plots, power spectra and Lyapunov exponent are computed and presented.     

On the Dynamic Behavior of Servo-Hydraulic Drives

A servo-hydraulic drive for position control with a flapper-nozzle type servo-valve is described by a 10th-order, non-linear system of ODEs. This system is partially singularly perturbed. The perturbation stems from the compressibility of the hydraulic fluid and the fast dynamics of some sub-systems of the valve. Center manifold theory in the version due to Fenichel is used to study the behavior of the drive system in the case of periodic motions. The insufficient differentiability properties of the system prevent the direct application of Fenichel's theorems. Thus, phase space is decomposed into sub-spaces each with sufficient differentiability properties. There, limit sets of the system can be given as the solution of the reduced problem. Approximate analytical solutions are derived for that. At the boundaries of adjacent sub-spaces transition layers occur which connect these limit set trajectories of adjacent sub-spaces. The order of magnitude of these transition layers is estimated by asymptotic expansions. Further, a comment is given on the stability properties. Stability is strongly affected by the small perturbation parameters and is most critical in the resting position of the drive. Theoretical results are compared with numerical computations and experiments.     

Local Hopf bifurcation and global existence of periodic solutions in TCP system

This paper investigates the dynamics of a TCP system described by a first- order nonlinear delay differential equation. By analyzing the associated characteristic transcendental equation, it is shown that a Hopf bifurcation sequence occurs at the pos- itive equilibrium as the delay passes through a sequence of critical values. The explicit algorithms for determining the Hopf bifurcation direction and the stability of the bifur- cating periodic solutions are derived with the normal form theory and the center manifold theory. The global existence of periodic solutions is also established with the method of Wu （Wu, J. H. Symmetric functional differential equations and neural networks with memory. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 350（12）, 4799-4838 （1998））.