Dynamics of Chapman-Jouguet pulsating detonations with Chain-Branching kinetics: Fickett’s analogue and Euler equations

The present study examines the spatiotemporal nonlinear dynamics of detonations over a wide range of reaction time scales away from the neutral stability region. This is addressed by one-dimensional numerical simulations with chain-branching kinetics. Fickett’s detonation analogue and Euler’s equations were used as evolution equations. A shock-fitting solver is used to reduce CPU time. Up to four thousand five hundred simulations have been carried out. Detailed bifurcation diagrams have been generated to explore the detonation dynamics. For long/intermediate reaction time scales, away from the neutral boundary, the traditional period-doubling cascade to chaos is seen. For square wave detonations, away from the neutral stability, almost periodic oscillations are recorded. This result might have implications for the existence of a characteristic length scale, the cell size, on typical cellular detonations which have a short reaction length.     

Young’s modulus and the Poisson’s ratio of planar and nanotubular supracrystalline structures

A method has been proposed for calculating the two-dimensional Young??s modulus and the Poisson??s ratio for planar and nanotubular structures through the components of the two-dimensional elastic rigidity tensor obtained by numerical methods. The method has been tested for graphene and two-dimensional supracrystalline sheets.     

Nonlinear evolution equations associated with ‘enegry-dependent Schrödinger potentials’

The Inverse Scattering Transform is used to solve a class of nonlinear equations associated with the inverse problem for the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation with the energy-dependent potential V(k,x)=U(x)+kQ(x).Physique Mathématique et Théorique, Equipe de recherche associée au N.C.R.S. n⁰ 154.This work has been done as part of the program Recherche Coopérative sur Programme n⁰ 264: Etude interdisciplinaire des problèmes inverses.     

Hochschild cohomology of the Weyl algebra and Vasiliev’s equations

We propose a simple injective resolution for the Hochschild complex of the Weyl algebra. By making use of this resolution, we derive explicit expressions for nontrivial cocycles of the Weyl algebra with coefficients in twisted bimodules as well as for the smash products of the Weyl algebra and a finite group of linear symplectic transformations. A relationship with the higher-spin field theory is briefly discussed.     

A physical interpretation of Hubble’s law and the cosmological redshift from the perspective of a static observer

We derive explicit and exact expressions for the physical velocity of a free particle comoving with the Hubble flow as measured by a static observer, and for the frequency shift of light emitted by a comoving source and received, again, by a static observer. The expressions make it clear that an interpretation of the redshift as a kind of Doppler effect only makes sense when the distance between the observer and the source vanishes exactly.     

Generalization of Biot’s equations with allowance for shear relaxation of a fluid

On the basis of the generalized variational principle for dissipative continuum mechanics, a system of generalized Biot’s equations is derived to describe the wave propagation in a two-phase porous permeable medium in the presence of shear relaxation in the pore-filling fluid. It was shown that the inclusion of shear viscoelasticity of the fluid leads to the appearance of two transverse modes in addition to two longitudinal modes described by the Biot theory. One of the transverse modes is an acoustic mode, whereas the other is a diffusion mode characterized by the linear frequency dependence of phase velocity and attenuation coefficient in the low-frequency region.     

Harrison’s interpretation of the cosmological redshift revisited

Harrison’s argument against the interpretation of the cosmological redshift as a Doppler effect is revisited, exaggerated, and discussed. The context, purpose, and limitations of the interpretations of this phenomenon are clarified.     

High order conservative Lagrangian schemes with Lax–Wendroff type time discretization for the compressible Euler equations

In this paper, we explore the Lax–Wendroff (LW) type time discretization as an alternative procedure to the high order Runge–Kutta time discretization adopted for the high order essentially non-oscillatory (ENO) Lagrangian schemes developed in 3 and 5. The LW time discretization is based on a Taylor expansion in time, coupled with a local Cauchy–Kowalewski procedure to utilize the partial differential equation (PDE) repeatedly to convert all time derivatives to spatial derivatives, and then to discretize these spatial derivatives based on high order ENO reconstruction. Extensive numerical examples are presented, for both the second-order spatial discretization using quadrilateral meshes [3] and third-order spatial discretization using curvilinear meshes [5]. Comparing with the Runge–Kutta time discretization procedure, an advantage of the LW time discretization is the apparent saving in computational cost and memory requirement, at least for the two-dimensional Euler equations that we have used in the numerical tests.     

Fourier spectral embedded boundary solution of the Poisson’s and Laplace equations with Dirichlet boundary conditions

A Fourier spectral embedded boundary method, for solution of the Poisson’s equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions and arbitrary forcing functions (including zero forcing function), is presented in this paper. This iterative method begins by transformation of the Dirichlet boundary conditions from the physical boundaries to some corresponding regular grid points (which are called the numerical boundaries), using a second order interpolation method. Then the transformed boundary conditions and the forcing function are extended to a square, smoothly and periodically, via multiplying them by some suitable error functions. Instead of direct solution of the resulting extended Poisson’s problem, it is suggested to define and solve an equivalent transient diffusion problem on the regular domain, until achievement of the steady solution (which is considered as the solution of the original problem). Without need of any numerical time integration method, time advancement of the solution is obtained directly, from the exact solution of the transient problem in the Fourier space. Consequently, timestep sizes can be chosen without stability limitations, which it means higher rates of convergence in comparison with the classical relaxation methods. The method is presented in details for one- and two-dimensional problems, and a new emerged phenomenon (which is called the saturation state) is illustrated both in the physical and spectral spaces. The numerical experiments have been performed on the one- and two-dimensional irregular domains to show the accuracy of the method and its superiority (from the rate of convergence viewpoint) to the other classical relaxation methods. Capability of the method, in dealing with complex geometries, and in presence of discontinuity at the boundaries, has been shown via some numerical experiments on a four-leaf shape geometry.     

Extension of Haag’s theorem in the case of the lorentz invariant noncommunitative quantum field theory in a space with arbitrary dimension

The generalized Haag theorem was proven in SO(1, k) invariant quantum field theory. Apart from the k + 1 variables, an arbitrary number of additional coordinates, including noncommutative ones, can occur in the theory. In SO(1, k) invariant theory new corollaries of the generalized Haag theorem are obtained. It has been proven that the equality of four-point Wightman functions in the two theories leads to the equality of elastic scattering amplitudes and thus to the equality of the total cross sections in these theories. It was also shown that at k > 3 the equality of (k + 1) point Wightman functions in the two theories leads to the equality of the scattering amplitudes of some inelastic processes. In the SO(1, 1) invariant theory it was proven that if in one of the theories under consideration the S-matrix is equal to unity, then in another theory the S-matrix equals unity as well.     

Parity effect of the initial capital based on Parrondo’s games and the quantum interpretation

In our previous study [Zhu et al., Quantum game interpretation for a special case of Parrondo’s paradox, Physica A 390 (2011) 579], the capital-dependent Parrondo’s game where one game depends on the capital modulus $M=4$ was shown not to have a definite stationary probability distribution and that payoffs of the game depended on the parity of the initial capital. This paper presents a generalization of these results to even $M$ greater than 4. An intuitive explanation for producing this phenomenon is that the discrete-time Markov chain of the game is divided into two completely unrelated inner and outer rings. The process taking the inner ring or outer ring of the game is determined by the initial capital of parity and then a win or loss of the game is determined. Quantum game theory is used to further analyze the phenomenon. The results show that the explanation of the game corresponding to a stationary probability distribution is that the probability of the initial capital has reached parity.     

Möbius invariant integrable lattice equations associated with KP and 2DTL hierarchies

The integrable lattice equations arising in the context of singular manifold equations for scalar, multicomponent KP hierarchies and 2D Toda lattice hierarchy are considered. They generate the corresponding continuous hierarchy of singular manifold equations, its Bäcklund transformations and different forms of superposition principles; their distinctive feature is invariance under the action of Möbius transformation. Geometric interpretation of these discrete equations is given.     

Universal surfaces and smooth solutions of Bellman’s equations

The germs of solutions of a nonlinear scalar first-order partial differential equation (Bellman’s equation) are studied. In the case under consideration, the Hamiltonian defining the equation can be represented as the minimum of two smooth Hamiltonians rather than being smooth itself. We indicate necessary conditions and also sufficient conditions close to the necessary ones for the Hamiltonians to admit a smooth solution of the Bellman equation in question in a neighborhood of a given point that belongs to the universal switching surface.     

A combination of Yang’s equations forSU(2) gauge fields and Charap’s equations for pion dynamics with exact solutions

Two sets of nonlinear partial differential equations originating from two different physical situations have been combined and a new set of nonlinear partial differential equations has been formed wherefrom the previous two sets can be obtained as particular cases. One of the two sets of equations was obtained by Yang [1] while discussing the condition of self-duality ofSU(2) gauge fields on Euclidean four-dimensional space. The second one was reported by Charap [2] for the chiral invariant model of pion dynamics under tangential parametrization. Using the same type of ansatz in each case De and Ray [16] and Ray [7] obtained physical solutions of the two sets of equations. Here exact solutions of the combined set of equations with particular values of the coupling constants have been obtained for a similar ansatz. These solutions too are physical in nature.     

Absorbing boundary conditions for the Euler and Navier–Stokes equations with the spectral difference method

Two absorbing boundary conditions, the absorbing sponge zone and the perfectly matched layer, are developed and implemented for the spectral difference method discretizing the Euler and Navier–Stokes equations on unstructured grids. The performance of both boundary conditions is evaluated and compared with the characteristic boundary condition for a variety of benchmark problems including vortex and acoustic wave propagations. The applications of the perfectly matched layer technique in the numerical simulations of unsteady problems with complex geometries are also presented to demonstrate its capability.     

Mei symmetry and Mei conserved quantity of Nielsen equations for a non-holonomic system of Chetaev’s type with variable mass

Mei symmetry and Mei conserved quantity of Nielsen equations for a non-holonomic, non-conservative system of Chetaev's type with variable mass are studied. The differential equations of motion of the Nielsen equation for the system, the definition and criterion of Mei symmetry, and the condition and the form of Mei conserved quantity deduced directly by Mei symmetry for the system are obtained. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.     

Some consequences of the conformally invariant generalization of Einstein’s equations

New possibilities in the solution to the general relativity problems appearing in the conformally invariant generalization of Einsteins equations are addressed. The conformally invariant equations and their solutions possess the following properties:

Solution of Maxwell’s equations on a de Sitter background

The Maxwell equations for the electromagnetic potential, supplemented by the Lorenz gauge condition, are decoupled and solved exactly in de Sitter space–time studied in static spherical coordinates. There is no source besides the background. One component of the vector field is expressed, in its radial part, through the solution of a fourth-order ordinary differential equation obeying given initial conditions. The other components of the vector field are then found by acting with lower-order differential operators on the solution of the fourth-order equation (while the transverse part is decoupled and solved exactly from the beginning). The whole four-vector potential is eventually expressed through hypergeometric functions and spherical harmonics. Its radial part is plotted for given choices of initial conditions. We have thus completely succeeded in solving the homogeneous vector wave equation for Maxwell theory in the Lorenz gauge when a de Sitter space–time is considered, which is relevant both for inflationary cosmology and gravitational wave theory. The decoupling technique and analytic formulae and plots are completely original. This is an important step towards solving exactly the tensor wave equation in de Sitter space–time, which has important applications to the theory of gravitational waves about curved backgrounds.