超声参量对制备原油乳化液的影响

采用原油配制了原油质量分数为5%的油水混合液,通过实验探究了超声辐射功率、辐射时间、间歇比、脉冲重复周期等因素对超声乳化效果的影响.实验结果表明,制备低含油原油乳化液的最佳超声参数为:超声辐射功率400W、辐射时间5min;间歇比和脉冲重复周期对原油乳化效果影响较小.     

含油R134a水平强化管外池沸腾换热实验研究

本文对含Solest-120冷冻油的R134a,在饱和温度为5℃和10℃工况下,在水平高效强化管(管E21.为C3型管,管E22为A1型管)管外池沸腾换热进行了实验研究。实验结果表明:与相同管径的光管的换热性能相比,强化管E21、E22的管内传热系数强化倍率分别为3.703和3.035。随着含油浓度的增加,管外池沸腾换热效果得到优化,含油率为1.0×10~(-4)时的管外传热系数比含油5.0×10~(-5)时更高,在实验研究的水流速范围内,在蒸发温度为5℃时增加了3.7%～7.2%,而在蒸发温度为10℃时增加了0.8%～10.9%。从含油R134a的黏度、表面张力等的角度,对含油率高时换热系数大的结论进行了必要的物理解释。研究对开发设计蒸发器有一定实际的指导意义。     

海面溢油油包水乳化液多种探测参数的BRRDF仿真研究

海面溢油污染是最常见的污染之一,通常以不同风化状态存在于海面上,如未乳化阶段油膜,乳化阶段水包油、油包水等。因此,快速准确的监测海面溢油信息,识别、分类及定量评估不同阶段的溢油污染,对海洋污染快速治理和生态环境恢复具有重要意义。激光诱导荧光（LIF）是目前最有效的海面遥感探测技术之一。双向反射再辐射分布函数（BRRDF）通过描述目标受激发射的荧光分布来表征目标的荧光性质。目前基于LIF探测技术除对海面溢油未乳化阶段油膜和乳化阶段水包油有所研究外,尚未对乳化阶段中油包水乳化液荧光特性方面开展相关研究。鉴于此,利用米氏散射理论得到油包水乳化液的光学参数,对油包水乳化液建立蒙特卡罗光子传输模型以开展BRRDF研究,探讨与分析油包水乳化液在含油率、入射接收角度、厚度参数下f_BRRDFcosθ_rcosθ_i（荧光出射角θ_r,激光入射角θ_i）的变化,并利用实验测量的荧光光谱数据与仿真进行对比验证。结果表明,f_BRRDFcosθ_rcosθ_i值随乳化液含油率（海水表层乳化液的含油率）的升高呈下降趋势,并与实验采集到的荧光光谱数据具有一致性趋势,为基于LIF技术对海面溢油油包水乳化液含油率的推断提供依据;f_BRRDFcosθ_rcosθ_i值随θ_i的增大开始变化比较缓慢,当θ_i>65°时迅速减小,并随θ_r继续增大而持续减小,与实验采集到的光谱数据趋势相吻合,此趋势说明利用LIF技术对海面油包水乳化液进行探测时,激光入射角度不宜超过65°且垂直海面可接收到最大光信号;f_BRRDFcosθ_rcosθ_i值随乳化液厚度的升高先上升后变得平稳,说明f_BRRDFcosθ_rcosθ_i可评估海面溢油油包水乳化液的最小厚度。该研究内容为基于LIF技术探测海面溢油提供理论和技术支持。     

垂直管内油水两相流局部相分布特性实验研究

应用双头电导探针测量系统,对垂直上升管内油水两相分散流局部相分布特性进行了系统测量。得到了油水两相分散流的局部含油率分布类型图。研究结果表明低折算水速和低折算油速条件下,局部含油率在实验段截面上呈抛物线型局部分布特征,局部最大值出现在实验段中心区域。随折算油速增大,油滴受到横向力如升力的作用,逐渐向实验段壁面区域迁移,形成局部含油率的壁面峰值分布特性。当折算水速大于0．8 m／s时,局部含油率在实验段截面上呈均匀分布。     

单一微孔隙中油水相对渗透率特性研究

孔隙渗流是多孔介质渗流的微观基础。本文对孔隙中的两相流应用分相模型,结合达西渗流定律,提出了适用于油水两相的相对渗透率模型,得到相对渗透率与孔隙度无关、相对渗透率只是微孔隙中相态分布的几何尺度以及流体饱和度的函数等结论。设计了微流动实验装置,以去离子水和白油的乳化液为两相流体,在不同含油率下研究了微孔隙中油水两相的渗流特性,并与相应条件下的模型计算结果进行对比。结果表明,对于低渗透尺度等级的微孔隙,实验与计算结果吻合较好,对于高渗透尺度等级的微孔隙,实验与计算结果存在偏差。在某些条件下,油与水的相对渗透率之和存在大于1的情形。     

柴油、乙醇和水三组元乳化液流变特性的研究

研究了柴油、乙醇和水三组元乳化液的流变特性。实验发现乳化液在本文的组分配比下近似为牛顿流体,而且乳化剂的种类、含量以及乳化液的组分等均对乳化液的流变特性具有显著的影响。对于组分相同的乳化液,乳化液的粘度随着乳化剂含量和粘度的增加而增加;当乳化剂的含量和粘度相同时,若乙醇和水之间的相对质量分数保持不变,减少乳化液中柴油的含量(柴油不少于50％),乳化液的粘度随之增加。但是,柴油、乙醇和水三组元乳化液的粘度要比柴油、甲醇和水三组元乳化液的粘度大2到3倍。     

高功率速调管双管功率合成可行性与技术方案研究

对由两支500kW高功率速调管功率合成得到1MW长脉冲低混杂波(LHCD)微波源的可行性进行了分析,并设计了双管功率合成的方案。在HL-2A装置低杂波实验平台上,利用兆瓦级功率合成器,结合相位反馈技术,对两支高功率速调管、四路250kW进行相干微波功率合成,从而得到1MWLHCD微波。经过可行性分析得到,双管相位偏离15°时合成效率下降约1.8%,幅度偏差10%时合成效率下降约0.1%。由此可得到双管功率合成技术的具体实施方案。     

X波段新型低阻抗高功率微波源的模拟研究

提出了一种新型低阻抗高功率微波源,能在单个器件内产生两束锁相的相干高功率微波,对两束相干微波进行功率合成有望在单个高功率微波器件中实现更高的功率输出.粒子模拟结果显示,在电压687 k V、磁场0.8 T时,该微波源整体阻抗36?,两束微波的频率都为9.72 GHz,输出功率分别为1.20 GW和2.58 GW,功率效率分别为28%和30%;两束输出微波之间频率抖动小于±3 MHz,相位差抖动小于±3?.     

低变质煤-循环煤气微波共热解研究

低变质煤干馏热解生产兰炭、煤焦油、煤气被认为是其清洁高效转化利用的最佳途径。现有主流生产工艺普遍对原煤具有一定的粒度要求,煤焦油产量较低、质量不高,煤气中H₂,CH₄,CO等有效组分含量较低。为进一步提高低变质煤热解时煤焦油收率和质量,提出将微波热解低变质煤产生的煤气循环通入微波热解反应器中,进行低变质煤-循环煤气微波共热解。结合FTIR及GC-MS等对热解产品的分析表征,系统考察了微波功率、热解时间、煤样粒度对热解产品收率及组成的影响。研究结果表明： 低变质煤在循环煤气流量为0.4 L·min-1、微波功率为800 W、热解时间为40 min、煤样粒度为5～10 mm的工艺条件下热解,所得固体产品兰炭收率达62.2%,液体产品（煤焦油和热解水）收率达26.8%。不同微波功率及热解时间下所得兰炭红外谱线基本重合; 不同粒度煤样热解所得兰炭中—OH,CO, CC和C—O官能团含量差别较大。提高微波功率、延长热解时间、减小煤样粒度均有利于煤焦油的轻质化。     

三组元乳化液雾化特性的研究

采用Malvern粒度仪对柴油、甲醇和水三组元乳化液的雾化特性进行了研究。实验发现:对于压力雾化喷嘴来说,本文所涉及的乳化液由于粘度高于纯柴油,因此雾化效果比纯柴油差,而且喷射压力、乳化剂的粘度和乳化液的组份对乳化液的雾化特性具有显著的影响。随着喷射压力的升高,乳化液喷雾粒径将随之减小;若乳化液中柴油的含量(柴油不少于50％)降低,乳化液的雾化粒径将随之增加;若采用高粘度的乳化剂,相应乳化液喷雾的粒径也大。     

Probing the oil content in oil shale with terahertz spectroscopy

<正>Dear Editors,The merit of coal has been recognized by average people,whereas the value of oil shale has not been realized even by some experts in energy field.Compared to coal,oil shale also has dark looks and giant reserves while the content of ash in oil shale is higher.Owing to organic matter it contains,a sort of fuel named shale oil can be extracted via     

Identification of waste cooking oil and vegetable oil via Raman spectroscopy

This paper made a qualitative identification of ordinary vegetable oil and waste cooking oil based on Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectra of 73 samples of four varieties oil were acquired through the portable Raman spectrometer. Then, a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) model and a discrimination model based on characteristic wave band ratio were established. A classification variable model of olive oil, peanut oil, corn oil and waste cooking oil that was established through the PLS‐DA model could identify waste cooking oil accurately from vegetable oils. The identification model established based on selection of waveband characteristics and intensity ratio of different Raman spectrum characteristic peaks could distinguish vegetable oils from waste cooking oil accurately. Research results demonstrated that both ratio method and PLS‐DA could identify waste cooking oil samples accurately. The identification model based on characteristic waveband ratio is simpler than PLS‐DA model. It is widely applicable to identification of waste cooking oil. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

光纤光栅漏油传感器在石油工业健康监测中的应用

光纤光栅漏油传感器作为石油工业健康监测的智能器件具有很好的发展前景。设计了一种应用于石油工业健康监测的光纤光栅漏油传感器。通过实验得出：该光纤光栅传感器漏油报警线为1.0nm,响应时间小于3min,且该传感器具有良好的综合性能和安全使用性,能够在石油工业健康监测中起到积极的作用。     

Surface oil flow visualization

A brief review of the use of surface oil flow visualization (SOFV) in wind tunnel testing is provided. The first part of the review discusses the concept of flow separation in three-dimensions and the resulting surface topology. This is followed by a review of the SOFV technique and its ability to reveal surface topologies in three-dimensional flow. The discussion is illustrated by examples. The application of modern digital techniques is highlighted.     

Rapid quantitative detection of mineral oil contamination in vegetable oil by near-infrared spectroscopy

This study provides a rapid method for quantification of mineral oil in rapeseed oil using near-infrared spectroscopy.The data were processed by direct orthogonal signal correction(DOSC),successive projections algorithm(SPA),partial least squares,and principal component regression(PCR).Good correlation coefficients(R) of 0.998 and root-mean-squared error(RMSE) of 0.005 were obtained,and the DOSC-SPA-PCR model was identified as the optimal method.A satisfactory accuracy with R and RMSE of prediction by DOSC-SPA-PCR of 0.990 and 0.006,was obtained.The results demonstrate that the proposed methodology is a promising method for the rapid quantitative detection of mineral oil in vegetable oil.     

Nonlinear seismics and the acoustic action on the oil recovery from an oil pool

At the first stage of seismic action, the attenuation of acoustic waves in real (porous, creviced) rocks is always related to the energy pumping to high-frequency (ultrasonic) modes, and only at the next stage are these waves converted into chaotic thermal oscillations, so that the entire phenomenon refers to a basic problem of nonlinear seismics. Several physical phenomena related to the excitation of ultrasound and the corresponding transformations of the wave spectrum (including the dry friction in contacts, the instability of viscoelastic oscillations, the seismic energy pumping to the rotational modes, and the resonance of gas bubbles in natural oil) are considered in relation to the development of vibroseismic methods of acting upon a producing oil pool. The results of experiments on the ultrasound-stimulated water displacement of natural (gas-saturated) oil from a porous medium are presented, in which the oil recovery reached up to 90%.     

Photoacoustic investigation of copaiba oil

In this study we demonstrate the usefulness of the Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS) in the investigation of copaiba oil obtained from Copaifera tree, located in a site within Rond?nia State, Amazon region, Brazil. Pure copaiba oil sample was diluted in 98% ethanol providing 10 different samples at volume concentration in the range of 5 to 50% vv. The observed photoacoustic spectral features from pure copaiba oil and the corresponding diluted samples, in the 0.18 to 4.00 μm wavelength region, are discussed in terms of five distinct bands (C, S, L, K, and X bands). Photoacoustic peak intensity was investigated as a function of the copaiba oil concentration in the 5 to 50% v.v.     

Ultrasonic technology for enhanced oil recovery from failing oil wells and the equipment for its implemention

A new method for the ultrasonic enhancement of oil recovery from failing wells is described. The technology involves lowering a source of power ultrasound to the bottom of the well either for a short treatment before removal or as a permanent placement for intermittent use. In wells where the permeability is above 20 mD and the porosity is greater than 15% ultrasonic treatment can increase oil production by up to 50% and in some cases even more. For wells of lower permeability and porosity ultrasonic treatment alone is less successful but high production rates can be achieved when ultrasound is applied in conjunction with chemicals. An average productivity increase of nearly 3 fold can be achieved for this type of production well using the combined ultrasound with chemical treatment technology.     

Amoeba-like motion of an oil droplet

In this paper, we demonstrate our recent attempt to construct a chemical model system of amoeboid motion. The system is intended to mimic biological motility based on the generation and collapse of an elastic aggregate; it is composed of oil, water, and surfactants. In this chemical system, the oil–water interface shows extension and retreat of spherical extrusions accompanied by the generation of aggregate on the interface. This instability of the oil–water interface can cause autonomous splitting and motion of a floating oil droplet. The current mathematical model based on the generation of a passive elastic gel is explained, as well as the discrepancy between the model and the experiments. We further describe recently observed microscopic characteristics of the aggregate formation process that might cause the interfacial instability. Finally, we discuss the disadvantage of a chemical model system compared with active colloid and in vitro biological systems, and also mention its potential advantages.