圆柱尾流温度标量场的小波分析*

通过使用一排16根冷线探头排在多个空间点同时测量微加热圆柱的尾流温度场,用小波分析技术对瞬时温度场的时间序列信号进行多尺度分析,目的是研究不同尺度脉动温度对总体温度场的贡献.直径为d=12.7 mm的圆柱产生了被测的尾流,对应的雷诺数为5500,测量区域位于下游距离为2d和20d之间.基于小波多尺度分辨技术,尾流温度场被分解为不同温度脉动特征尺度的小波分量.通过分析这些小波分量的瞬时温度等值线图,能够直接观测到不同特征尺度的涡结构运动特征和湍流间歇过程.特别地,我们在近场区从原始信号分解获得的高频区域中发现了K-H涡的存在.不同尺度的温度方差沿流向的变化表明,在下游距离为x=3d和20d之间,中等尺度的结构比大尺度和小尺度结构对总的温度均方根的贡献更大.不同尺度的自相关函数表明,大尺度和中等尺度的结构显示出较大的相关性,而高频的小波分量则更快地失去了原有的拟序性.     

圆柱热尾流中温度的概率密度函数

本文通过实验研究圆柱热尾流中温度的概率密度函数在不同雷诺数下沿中心线的演变以及其与湍流混合程度的关系.实验中雷诺数的取值范围是1200-8600,温度是由直径为0.63 μm的冷线探针测量的.实验结果表明,温度概率密度函数在尾流中场区随空间位置变化显著.雷诺数的增加加快了这个变化过程,特别加速了尾流中心线温度的概率密度函数从非高斯向近似高斯分布的演变.     

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通过使用一排16根冷线探头排在多个空间点同时测量微加热圆柱的尾流温度场, 用小波分析技术对瞬时温度场的时间序列信号进行多尺度分析, 目的是研究不同尺度脉动温度对总体温度场的贡献.直径为d = 12.7 mm 的圆柱产生了被测的尾流, 对应的雷诺数为5500, 测量区域位于下游距离为2d 和 20d 之间. 基于小波多尺度分辨技术, 尾流温度场被分解为不同温度脉动特征尺度的小波分量. 通过分析这些小波分量的瞬时温度等值线图, 能够直接观测到不同特征尺度的涡结构运动特征和湍流间歇过程. 特别地, 我们在近场区从原始信号分解获得的高频区域中发现了K-H涡的存在. 不同尺度的温度方差沿流向的变化表明, 在下游距离为x=3d和 20d之间, 中等尺度的结构比大尺度和小尺度结构对总的温度均方根的贡献更大. 不同尺度的自相关函数表明, 大尺度和中等尺度的结构显示出较大的相关性, 而高频的小波分量则更快地失去了原有的拟序性. 关键词： 湍流尾流 被动标量 小波分析     

对具有平均标量梯度的被动标量的直接模拟

采用直接数值模拟方法,对具有平均标量梯度的被动标量场在稳定、均匀各向同性湍流中的统计特性进行了研究(计算Reλ为25和48,Pr数从0.3到4.0)。模拟结果表明:标量的概率密度函数是高斯分布的;标量耗散率的概率分布是不对称性的,在它的左枝还存在明显的拖尾现象,并非对数正态分布;在Re数相同的情况下,随着Pr数的增加, 沿着平均标量梯度方向上的标量梯度其概率分布的偏斜度是减少的,反映出回归各向同性的趋势,而且在以涡量为条件的标量梯度的偏斜度变化曲线中发现涡量影响的饱和现象,我们认为这是由于涡量通过对标量场小尺度结构进行旋转作用来影响标量场的结果。     

湍流场中被动标量的细微结构

本文采用直接数值模拟方法,在具有平均标量梯度的各向同性湍流中,研究被动标量的小尺度结构特性及其与湍流场中应变与涡量的关系.对欧拉统计量及拉格朗日统计量的统计表明:标量耗散的形成主要是由于标量梯度同流场的应变张量压缩主轴耦合的结果,而涡量对标量梯度的形成只有较弱的影响,然而它可以间接影响大强度标量耗散的产生.强标量耗散的细微片状结构的形成时间尺度大约为10倍Kolmogrov时间尺度;在形成强标量梯度的细微片状结构过程中,应变强度随标量梯度同步增大,而涡量则先减小后增大,并在5倍Kolmogorov时间尺度时达到最大.     

超音速平板混合层被动标量的数值模拟

采用空间五阶精度紧致-WENO混合格式,数值模拟了Mc=0.2和1.0的二维空间发展超音速平板混合层被动标量混合过程.并与Clemens的实验结果进行比较,结果表明,被动标量时均值与实验结果符合很好,而被动标量脉动均方根值与实验值相比较小.还研究了可压缩性对标量混合过程的影响,随着对流马赫数的增加,被动标量时均值剖面变化不大,而脉动均方根峰值增大.     

颗粒惯性对标量混合的影响

本文采用直接数值模拟的方法,研究了颗粒惯性对均匀各向同性湍流场中被动标量混合特性的影响.结果表明:与无颗粒算例相比,Tp/Tk<1的小颗粒,增大了标量脉动在高波数上的能量,增强了标量耗散率,标量耗散率最大高出了25%;Tp/Tk>1的大颗粒,在初期显著削弱了标量脉动强度,同时也加快了标量耗散率的衰减,标量脉动强度降低了约15%,标量耗散减少了约5%;而Tp/Tk=1的临界颗粒,对标量场混合的影响较弱,标量脉动强度和标量耗散偏差在5%以内;此外,随着颗粒惯性的增大,标量耗散率的概率密度函数向左平移,但分布特征的改变并不显著.     

旋转槽道湍流标量场输运特性数值模拟研究

展向旋转槽道湍流中的标量场输运过程是与众多工程流动直接相关的模型问题。基于直接数值模拟工作对该问题开展系统性的研究。由壁面摩擦速度定义的流动Reynolds数固定在180,重点考察Schmidt数和旋转数的影响。结果表明,较弱旋转强度即可对主导流动结构形态产生明显的影响：此时槽道不稳定侧产生流向大尺度结构,由此导致标量场出现条带状结构。强旋转时不稳定侧出现被湍流充分混合的区域,而在稳定侧流动层流化并出现近似传导区。平均标量剖面在湍流区和层流区呈现斜率不同的线性分布。Schmidt数小于1时,湍流区标量场脉动和湍流输运随旋转数出现非单调变化,而Schmidt数大于等于1时两者都随旋转数单调下降。由此导致总标量传输率在Schmidt数小于1时随旋转数先上升后下降,而当Schmidt数大于1时单调下降且在弱旋转区域下降趋势最快。     

湍流预混火焰LES/FDF模拟中标量混合时间尺度建模

在实际应用中,精确模拟高湍流度预混火焰十分关键但极具挑战性。本文将被动标量混合时间尺度动态封闭方法与hybrid混合时间尺度模型结合,在湍流预混火焰LES/FDF模拟中提出一种新的标量混合时间尺度建模方法。该方法不需要人为选取混合模型参数C_M,且动态地考虑了由湍流和火焰结构分别引起的亚网格标量混合。对悉尼值班预混射流燃烧器高湍流度PM1-150火焰进行了LES/FDF模拟。结果表明,新模型显著改善了对整体燃烧进程的预测结果,正确地预测了局部熄火/再燃现象。进一步的结果显示,模型参数C_M明显大于在RANS框架下量级为1的常用取值,这表明该参数在不同框架下具有不同的物理内涵。     

绕圆柱流体的LB模拟

介绍一个流体动力学的格子Boltzmann并行模拟模型。用该模型模拟了流体动力学中的卡门涡街现象。利用计算机可视化技术该模型可动态显示流体流动状态的演化过程,便于分析各种流体动力学现象。     

Mean velocity behaviour in the near wake of long slender cylinder with a sharp trailing edge at a high Reynolds number

A simple eddy viscosity model is applied to the governing equations to establish the behaviour of the mean velocity in the turbulent axisymmetric near wake. The near wake develops from a long slender cylinder which is kept parallel to the flow and is developing under zero streamwise pressure gradient. The upstream turbulent boundary layer on the body of revolution is fully developed. In the inner layer of the flow downstream of the trailing edge, the turbulent inner layer of the upstream boundary layer grows into the initial logarithmic layer, and as a consequence, the centreline velocity in the near wake is shown to increase logarithmically with streamwise distances for large streamwise distances. The analysis further leads to two regions of the near wake flow (the inner near wake and the outer near wake), similar to that of a fully developed turbulent boundary layer, for which the governing equations have been derived. The matching between these two regions leads to a logarithmic variation in the normal direction. Also shown is the variation of the square of the wake width which varies logarithmically with streamwise distance in the near wake. These features are validated by comparison with available experimental data.     

Viscous near-wall flow in a wake of circular cylinder at moderate Reynolds numbers

Here we present the results of experimental investigation of a cross flow around a circular cylinder mounted near the wall of a channel with rectangular cross section. The experiments were carried out in the range of Reynolds numbers corresponding to the transition to turbulence in a wake of the cylinder. Flow visualization and SIV-measurements of instantaneous velocity fields were carried out. Evolution of the flow pattern behind the cylinder and formation of the regular vortex structures were analyzed. It is shown that in the case of flow around the cylinder, there is no spiral motion of fluid from the side walls of the channel towards its symmetry plane, typical of the flow around a spanwise rib located on the channel wall. The laminar-turbulent transition in the wake of the cylinder is caused by the shear layer instability.     

Coherence and Reynolds stresses in the turbulent wake behind a curved circular cylinder

The turbulent wake behind a curved circular cylinder is investigated based on data obtained from a direct numerical simulation. Here, emphasis is placed in the assessment of two approaches for simplified modelling: reduced-order modelling (ROM) and Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. To this end, the instantaneous vortical structures, the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of the flow, and relevant Reynolds stress components have been analysed. The results show that despite the complexity of the instantaneous vortical structures, the wake dynamics are governed by the quasi-periodic shedding of primary vortices. Between 24% and 50% of the kinetic energy in the POD is captured by the two most energetic modes, and about 200 modes are needed to capture 90% of the kinetic energy. These findings suggest that, as long as the large-scale structures of the von Kármán vortex shedding are concerned, the present case can be approached by ROM; but a detailed representation of the flow dynamics without an eddy viscosity model that accounts for the unresolved turbulent fluctuations would require a large amount of degrees of freedom. Concerning the Reynolds stresses, their magnitude varies considerably depending on the depth at which they have been sampled. This dependence is related to the strength of the vortex shedding, and the intensity of the secondary flows induced by the curvature of the cylinder. As a consequence of the combination of these two effects, the correlation between streamwise and vertical velocity fluctuations is highest in the wake behind the midspan of the curved cylinder, and the correlation between cross-flow and vertical velocity fluctuations reaches large values in the lower wake.     

Mixing of a passive scalar across a thin shearless layer: concentration of intermittency on the sides of the turbulent interface

The advection of a passive scalar through an initial flat interface separating two different isotropic decaying turbulent fields is investigated in two and three dimensions. Simulations have been performed for a range of Taylor’s microscale Reynolds numbers from 45 to 250 and for a Schmidt number equal to 1. Different to the case where the transport involves the momentum and kinetic energy only and one intermittency layer is formed in the low-turbulent energy side of the system, in the passive scalar concentration field two intermittent layers are observed to develop at the sides of the interface. The layers move normally to the interface in opposite directions. The dimensionality produces different time scaling of the passive scalar diffusion, which is much faster in the two-dimensional case. In two dimensions, the propagation of the intermittent layers exhibits a significant asymmetry with respect to the initial position of the interface and is deeper for the layer which moves towards the high kinetic energy side of the system. In three dimensions, the two intermittent layers propagate nearly symmetrically with respect the centre of the mixing region. During the temporal decay, inside the mixing, which is both inhomogeneous and anisotropic but devoid of a mean velocity shear, the passive scalar spectra are computed. In three dimensions, the exponent in the scaling range gets in time a value close to that of the kinetic energy spectrum of isotropic turbulence (?5/3). In two dimensions, instead the exponent settles down to a value that is about one-half of the corresponding isotropic case. By means of an analysis based on simple wavy perturbations of the interface we show that the formation of the double layer of intermittency is a dynamic general feature not specific to the turbulent transport. These results of our numerical study are discussed in the context of experimental results and numerical simulations.     

低雷诺数下钝体三维尾迹中的涡量符号律

钝体是目前各种工程中广泛应用的一种结构.钝体绕流的尾迹涡动力学也是经典的流体力学研究对象之一.本文通过直接数值模拟,针对低雷诺数下各种钝体结构的不可压缩绕流,当形成三维尾迹时,研究具有特定符号的涡量分布特征.通过分析两类钝体结构,基本的直柱体和受到几何扰动的柱体,总结并得到了更为广泛适用的涡量符号律.通过对比并分析这两类钝体结构,结合理论证明的结果,进一步厘清了对产生涡量符号律的这两类钝体结构之间的内在物理关联,即引起自然失稳的小扰动在惯性力作用下产生的表面涡量只能向下游演化发展,而几何扰动则根据扰动位置,产生的表面涡量可以向扰动上游或下游演化发展.从而可以推测所有钝体结构尾迹中的各种型式的涡脱落模态,从涡量符号律的演化角度来看,实际上是一致的,都是起源于壁面产生特定符号组合规律的∏型涡.     

高超临界雷诺数区间内二维圆柱绕流的实测研究

实测强风工况下高度167 m的徐州彭城电厂冷却塔的表面风荷载,并归纳历史上其他研究人员给出的实测结果,以丰富高超临界雷诺数(Re)区间二维圆柱绕流的试验成果.在低湍流度均匀流场和高湍流度大气边界层流场中分别开展4种风速8类粗糙度条件下的冷却塔刚性模型测压风洞试验,通过对比低雷诺数(Re=2.1×10~5—4.19×10~5)条件下的风洞试验结果和高雷诺数(Re=5.4×10~7—1×10~8)条件下的现场实测结果研究各种静动态绕流特征随雷诺数的变化规律,重点考察雷诺数无关现象的产生条件.研究结果表明,对于物表相对粗糙度在0.01以上的圆柱绕流,雷诺数不相关现象存在于很宽的雷诺数范围(2×10~5Re1×10~8)内;增大来流湍流度亦能引起的雷诺数无关现象,但此时该现象可能仅存在于一个较窄的低雷诺数范围内.     

Influences of initial velocity, diameter and Reynolds number on a circular turbulent air/air jet

This paper assesses the suitability of the inflow Reynolds number defined by Re_o ≡ U_oD/ν (here U_o and D are respectively the initial jet velocity and diameter while ν is kinematic viscosity) for a round air/air jet. Specifically an experimental investigation is performed for the influences of U_o, D and Re_o on the mean-velocity decay and spread coefficients (K_u, K_r) in the far field of a circular air jet into air from a smoothly contracting nozzle. Present measurements agree well with those previously obtained under similar inflow conditions. The relations K_u ∝ U_o and K_r ∝ 1/U_o for U_o < 5 m/s appear to work, while each coefficient approaches asymptotically to a constant for U_o > 6 m/s, regardless of the magnitudes of Re_o and D. It is revealed that Re_o may not be an appropriate dimensionless parameter to characterize the entire flow of a free air/air jet. This paper is the first paper that has challenged the suitability of Re_o for turbulent free jets.     

A study on drag reduction of a rotationally oscillating circular cylinder at low Reynolds number

The flow field around a rotationally oscillating circular cylinder in a uniform flow is studied by using a particle image velocimetry to understand the mechanism of drag reduction and the corresponding suppression of vortex shedding in the cylinder wake at low Reynolds number. Experiments are conducted on the flow around the circular cylinder under rotational oscillation at forcing Strouhal number 1, rotational amplitude 2 and Reynolds number 2,000. It is found from the flow measurement by PIV that the width of the wake is narrowed and the velocity fluctuations are reduced by the rotational oscillation of the cylinder, which results in the drag reduction rate of 30%. The mechanism of drag reduction is studied by phase-averaged PIV measurement, which indicates the formation of periodic small-scale vortices from both sides of the cylinder. It is found from the cross-correlation measurement between the velocity fluctuations that the large-scale structure of vortex shedding is almost removed in the cylinder wake, when the small-scale vortices are generated at the unstable frequency of shear layer by the influence of rotational oscillation.