圆柱热尾流中温度的概率密度函数

本文通过实验研究圆柱热尾流中温度的概率密度函数在不同雷诺数下沿中心线的演变以及其与湍流混合程度的关系.实验中雷诺数的取值范围是1200-8600,温度是由直径为0.63 μm的冷线探针测量的.实验结果表明,温度概率密度函数在尾流中场区随空间位置变化显著.雷诺数的增加加快了这个变化过程,特别加速了尾流中心线温度的概率密度函数从非高斯向近似高斯分布的演变.     

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通过使用一排16根冷线探头排在多个空间点同时测量微加热圆柱的尾流温度场, 用小波分析技术对瞬时温度场的时间序列信号进行多尺度分析, 目的是研究不同尺度脉动温度对总体温度场的贡献.直径为d = 12.7 mm 的圆柱产生了被测的尾流, 对应的雷诺数为5500, 测量区域位于下游距离为2d 和 20d 之间. 基于小波多尺度分辨技术, 尾流温度场被分解为不同温度脉动特征尺度的小波分量. 通过分析这些小波分量的瞬时温度等值线图, 能够直接观测到不同特征尺度的涡结构运动特征和湍流间歇过程. 特别地, 我们在近场区从原始信号分解获得的高频区域中发现了K-H涡的存在. 不同尺度的温度方差沿流向的变化表明, 在下游距离为x=3d和 20d之间, 中等尺度的结构比大尺度和小尺度结构对总的温度均方根的贡献更大. 不同尺度的自相关函数表明, 大尺度和中等尺度的结构显示出较大的相关性, 而高频的小波分量则更快地失去了原有的拟序性. 关键词： 湍流尾流 被动标量 小波分析     

双尺度串列圆柱绕流换热特性之研究

本文对串列双尺度圆柱的绕流换热进行了二维瞬态数值模拟。主圆柱直径.D固定,小圆柱的直径d与主圆柱直径之比d/D设为0.2,0.5,0.8和1。基于主圆柱的直径的ReD数为100和200,间距比L/D=2~7。其中小圆柱分布位于上游和下游。研究表明:对于串列双尺度圆柱布置,都存在一个临界间距比,此时流态变化为尾流撞击模式。而在尾流撞击模式下使用不等直径的双圆柱系统不仅可以带来更好的换热性能,同时系统的阻力系数会下降;但是L/D≥4后,系统换热系数随间距的改变变化很小,说明此时继续增加间距比并不能获得更好的换热性能,以增加圆柱之间间距来增大换热量就没有意义。     

圆柱尾流温度标量场的小波分析*

通过使用一排16根冷线探头排在多个空间点同时测量微加热圆柱的尾流温度场,用小波分析技术对瞬时温度场的时间序列信号进行多尺度分析,目的是研究不同尺度脉动温度对总体温度场的贡献.直径为d=12.7 mm的圆柱产生了被测的尾流,对应的雷诺数为5500,测量区域位于下游距离为2d和20d之间.基于小波多尺度分辨技术,尾流温度场被分解为不同温度脉动特征尺度的小波分量.通过分析这些小波分量的瞬时温度等值线图,能够直接观测到不同特征尺度的涡结构运动特征和湍流间歇过程.特别地,我们在近场区从原始信号分解获得的高频区域中发现了K-H涡的存在.不同尺度的温度方差沿流向的变化表明,在下游距离为x=3d和20d之间,中等尺度的结构比大尺度和小尺度结构对总的温度均方根的贡献更大.不同尺度的自相关函数表明,大尺度和中等尺度的结构显示出较大的相关性,而高频的小波分量则更快地失去了原有的拟序性.     

基于间断有限元方法的并列圆柱层流流动特性

基于高阶的间断有限元方法, 数值模拟低马赫数下并列圆柱的可压缩层流流动, 捕捉并列圆柱流场中的漩涡结构, 以便分析并列圆柱尾流的流动特性. 针对二维圆柱的边界形式, 采用曲边三角形单元构造二维圆柱的曲面边界, 以适应高阶离散格式的精度. 在验证方法合理性的基础上, 分析圆柱间距及雷诺数对漩涡脱落及受力特性的影响规律. 研究结果表明: 并列圆柱的间距是影响流场流动特性的一个主要因素, 它会改变圆柱漩涡脱落的形式. 随着圆柱间距的增加, 上下圆柱的平均阻力系数及平均升力系数的绝对值随之显著下降. 雷诺数对于平均阻力系数的影响相对较小. 但随着雷诺数的增加, 上下圆柱的平均升力系数会随之降低, 而漩涡的脱落频率会随之增大.     

过渡流下管束的流动、传热特性研究—串列双圆柱流场研究

本文从换热器管束中最基本的串列布置形式出发研究处于过渡流区域的小管径换热器的性能变化。通过基于作者研究开发的复合网格计算方法模拟了在低、中雷诺数条件下,串列双圆柱随中心距的变化下的流场、温度场的变化特性,并分析了其机理。计算结果表明,随着圆柱间中心距的逐渐增大,圆柱尾流呈现出从不稳定到稳定再到不稳定的变化规律。通过研究发现,两圆柱中间流场是否稳定与这一区域的u_m是否是连续的负值有着密切的关系,而流场的变化规律同两圆柱间的u_m的变化规律也十分相似。     

水平旋转圆筒换热的实验研究

一、前言 旋转圆筒的换热为自由运动与旋转运动综合影响下的复杂换热。文献[1]—[4]曾开展了研究和分析,推荐了一些基本关联式,但他们的实验圓筒直径一般为100mm以下,转速则高达10~4r/min,故实验是在较低Gr数(10~6)和高Re_r~2/Gr比下进行的(Re,称旋转雷诺数,w·d/v;w为圆周速度,m/s;d为直径,m;v为运动粘度,m~2/s)。为解决     

高雷诺数下的圆柱绕流问题——以蜡烛燃烧为例

本文针对高雷诺数下的圆柱绕流问题,以火焰熄灭为例进行了相关的实验研究.结果表明在一定范围内,火焰熄灭时间与障碍物直径、蜡烛与障碍物之间的距离、蜡烛燃烧速率成正比关系,与气流流速成反比关系.通过分析发现实验数据与理论分析一致,说明了文章的实验方法可行、结论正确,为深入研究圆柱绕流、火焰燃烧问题及二者之间的联系提供了重要支撑.     

纳米尺度绕流现象中流体分子运动行为研究

采用分子动力学模拟方法,研究纳米尺度低Re数(Re=20)条件下,氩流体流过铂(FCC(100))金属圆柱的绕流现象.从流线和速度矢量分布两方面刻画涡的周期性产生、发展和脱落过程.结果显示,一个涡脱落周期大约为0.3 ns,斯特劳哈尔数St约为0.2;时均对称涡的长度是圆柱直径的1.4倍,涡径与圆柱直径相当.从速度场和密度场的角度刻画回流区,并进一步研究典型区域(圆柱中心线附近区域及下游邻近区域)的速度分布特性.     

围绕渗透出可燃气体的圆柱强迫对流时扩散火焰的结构

作者利用渗透性材料制成圆柱,从中向外渗出可燃气,把它置于风洞中点燃,用普通摄影和激光干涉摄影拍摄了各个工况下的火焰形状,并测出CO_2,CO,N_2,O_2等气体的浓度分布,速度场,温度场和湍流度分布,以研究雷诺数从0到10~5时火焰结构的发展;研究渗透量和吹熄速度之间的关系。实验结果表明:随着雷诺数不断增大,围绕渗透出可燃气体的圆柱强迫对流时的火焰从全包型转变成尾流型,火焰从扩散型转变成预混型;提高可燃气体的渗透量可以提高吹熄速度;用最大化学反应速率所求出的最佳混气比恰恰出现在火焰的锋面上。     

Prandtl number effects in decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence with a mean scalar gradient

Decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence with an imposed mean scalar gradient is investigated numerically, thanks to a specific eddy-damped quasi-normal Markovian closure developed recently for passive scalar mixing in homogeneous anisotropic turbulence (BGC). The present modelling is compared successfully with recent direct numerical simulations and other models, for both very large and small Prandtl numbers. First, scalings for the cospectrum and scalar variance spectrum in the inertial range are recovered analytically and numerically. Then, at large Reynolds numbers, the decay and growth laws for the scalar variance and mixed velocity–scalar correlations, respectively, derived in BGC, are shown numerically to remain valid when the Prandtl number strongly departs from unity. Afterwards, the normalised correlation ρ_wθ is found to decrease in magnitude at a fixed Reynolds number when Pr either increases or decreases, in agreement with earlier predictions. Finally, the small scales return to isotropy of the scalar second-order moments is found to depend not only on the Reynolds number, but also on the Prandtl number.     

Direct numerical simulation of passive scalar in decaying compressible turbulence

1IntroductionDirectnumericalsimulation(DNS)becomesanimportanttoolinrecentresearchofturbulence[1].DNSofcompressibleturbulenceismoredifficultthanthatoftheincompressibleturbulence.WhentheturbulentMachnumberisgreaterthan0.3theshockletsmayappearinthecompressibleturbulentflowfields.Thereasonandmechanismofshockletsexistencearenotclearyet.TheturbulentMachnumberinDNScannotbeveryhighwiththepresentexistingnumericalmethodsandcomputerresource.Fortheproblemofcompressibleisotropicturbulencewiththeinitia…     

绕圆柱体自由表面磁流体流动和传热的研究

本文对在不同雷诺数下,绕圆柱体的磁流体自由表面流动及传热进行了模拟,分析了磁场对绕流圆柱尾迹和涡分离的影响,获得了两种雷诺数下的电磁力密度、流场和温度场分布。结果表明,磁场不仅影响了流动的形态,而且对湍流有抑制作用,降低了自由表面的更新机制,从而减少了传热能力;在相同的Hartmann数下,相比低雷诺数下的流动换热情况,高雷诺数下的湍流不能被完全抑制,自由表面与尾迹的相互作用也较强,因而自由表面换热也较强。     

尾迹作用下不同负荷分布叶型边界层发展研究

利用数值模拟手段研究了非定常来流条件下负荷分布形式对边界层发展的影响,探讨了适合低雷诺数条件下低压涡轮的负荷分布形式。结果表明,后加载形式在较低雷诺数情况下有利于控制边界层发展,并且尾缘处的分离能够有效地被上游尾迹抑制,与前加载和均匀加载叶型相比,其气动损失最小。当雷诺数降到很低时,仅靠尾迹的作用难以有效抑止分离。结果还显示:在同样条件下,尾迹强度增大有利于控制边界层的分离。     

Measurements of flame orientation and scalar dissipation in turbulent partially premixed methane flames

Three turbulent flames were studied using a new experimental facility developed at Sandia National Laboratories. Line imaging of Raman and Rayleigh scattering and CO laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) yielded information on all major species, temperature, mixture fraction, and a 1D surrogate measure of scalar dissipation. Simultaneously, crossed planar OH LIF imaging provided information on the instantaneous flame orientation, allowing estimation of the full 3D (flame-normal) scalar dissipation rate. The three flames studied were methane–air piloted jet flames (Sandia flames C, D, and E), which cover a range in Reynolds number from 13,400 to 33,600. The statistics of the instantaneous flame orientation are examined in the different flames, with the purpose of studying the prevailing kinematics of isoscalar contours. The 1D and 3D results for scalar dissipation rate are examined in detail, both in the form of conditional averages and in the form of probability density functions. The effect of overall strain and Reynolds number on flame suppression and eventual extinction is also investigated, by examining the doubly conditional statistics of temperature in the form of S-shaped curves. This latter analysis reveals that double conditioning of temperature on both mixture fraction and scalar dissipation does not collapse the data from these flames onto the same curve at low scalar dissipation rates, as might be expected from simple flamelet concepts.     

Mixing of a passive scalar across a thin shearless layer: concentration of intermittency on the sides of the turbulent interface

The advection of a passive scalar through an initial flat interface separating two different isotropic decaying turbulent fields is investigated in two and three dimensions. Simulations have been performed for a range of Taylor’s microscale Reynolds numbers from 45 to 250 and for a Schmidt number equal to 1. Different to the case where the transport involves the momentum and kinetic energy only and one intermittency layer is formed in the low-turbulent energy side of the system, in the passive scalar concentration field two intermittent layers are observed to develop at the sides of the interface. The layers move normally to the interface in opposite directions. The dimensionality produces different time scaling of the passive scalar diffusion, which is much faster in the two-dimensional case. In two dimensions, the propagation of the intermittent layers exhibits a significant asymmetry with respect to the initial position of the interface and is deeper for the layer which moves towards the high kinetic energy side of the system. In three dimensions, the two intermittent layers propagate nearly symmetrically with respect the centre of the mixing region. During the temporal decay, inside the mixing, which is both inhomogeneous and anisotropic but devoid of a mean velocity shear, the passive scalar spectra are computed. In three dimensions, the exponent in the scaling range gets in time a value close to that of the kinetic energy spectrum of isotropic turbulence (?5/3). In two dimensions, instead the exponent settles down to a value that is about one-half of the corresponding isotropic case. By means of an analysis based on simple wavy perturbations of the interface we show that the formation of the double layer of intermittency is a dynamic general feature not specific to the turbulent transport. These results of our numerical study are discussed in the context of experimental results and numerical simulations.     

The effect of subgrid-scale models on the entrainment of a passive scalar in a turbulent planar jet

Classical large-eddy simulation (LES) modelling assumes that the passive subgrid-scale (SGS) models do not influence large-scale quantities, even though there is now ample evidence of this in many flows. In this work, direct numerical simulation (DNS) and large-eddy simulations of turbulent planar jets at Reynolds number Re_H = 6000 including a passive scalar with Schmidt number Sc = 0.7 are used to study the effect of several SGS models on the flow integral quantities e.g. velocity and scalar jet spreading rates. The models analysed are theSmagorinsky, dynamic Smagorinsky, shear-improved Smagorinsky and the Vreman. Detailed analysis of the thin layer bounding the turbulent and non-turbulent regions – the so-called turbulent/non-turbulent interface (TNTI) – shows that this region raises new challenges for classical SGS models. The small scales are far from equilibrium and contain a high fraction of the total kinetic energy and scalar variance, but the situation is worse for the scalar than for the velocity field. Both a-priori and a-posteriori (LES) tests show that the dynamic Smagorinsky and shear-improved models give the best results because they are able to accurately capture the correct statistics of the velocity and passive scalar fluctuations near the TNTI. The results also suggest the existence of a critical resolution Δ_x, of the order of the Taylor scale λ, which is needed for the scalar field. Coarser passive scalar LES i.e. Δ_x ≥ λ results in dramatic changes in the integral quantities. This fact is explained by the dynamics of the small scales near the jet interface.