镁颗粒群非稳态着火过程数值模拟

建立了镁颗粒群着火的一维非稳态有限影响体模型, 数值模拟颗粒群中镁颗粒的着火过程. 研究表明, 当镁颗粒表面反应加剧之后,颗粒相温度急剧上升, 迅速达到着火, 而其周围气相的温升速率却远小于颗粒的温升速率; 在着火过程中气相温度只在颗粒表面附近升高比较明显, 整体温度升高不大. 分析了颗粒群内部参数和环境参数对镁颗粒群着火的影响. 随颗粒浓度的增加, 颗 粒群变得易于着火, 其着火时间变短, 但颗粒浓度增大到一定程度后, 继续增大该值将对颗粒群的着火起消极作用. 环境压力对颗粒群着火的影响比较小,在1-5 atm范围内颗粒群的着火性能基本不变. 气相中氧气浓度对颗粒群的着火性能影响也不显著, 但当氧气浓度过小时, 对着火过程的影响将大大增强.颗粒粒径、气相/颗粒相初温、辐射源温度对颗粒 群着火的影响巨大,小粒径、高温度促使颗粒群快速着火.数值模拟与文献中试验 结果的变化趋势相一致.     

考虑Stefan影响的单颗粒硼着火过程研究

针对含硼推进剂固体火箭冲压发动机内单颗粒硼的着火过程展开了系统研究. 考虑硼颗粒周围气相流动以及硼颗粒与周围环境间的传热传质过程, 建立了考虑Stefan流作用的一维硼颗粒着火模型, 研究了硼颗粒实现着火和未能实现着火两种典型情形下硼颗粒及周围气相的参数变化规律, 对两种情形下Stefan流的变化规律及其成因展开了详细分析. 研究表明, 在硼颗粒实现着火的过程中, 液态B₂O₃的蒸发及硼的 氧化均能在硼颗粒的反应自加热作用下急剧加速, 硼颗粒表面附近的氧气和气相B₂O₃分布变化剧烈; 在未能实现着火的过程中, 液态B₂O₃的蒸发和氧气消耗的质量流率相对较小, 并逐渐趋于稳定, 硼颗粒表面附近的氧气和气相B₂O₃分布相对变化很小.在两种典型情形下, 硼颗粒外表面的Stefan流都会经历先由周围空间流向颗粒表面, 而后变为由颗粒表面流向周围空间的过程. 关键词： 固体火箭冲压发动机 硼颗粒 着火过程 Stefan流     

镁颗粒-空气混合物一维非稳态爆震波特性数值模拟研究

镁颗粒因其能量密度高、点火特性和燃烧效率好的优势,作为燃料或添加剂应用于爆震燃烧动力系统具有广阔的应用前景.本文建立了镁颗粒-空气混合物的一维非稳态爆震波模型,数值模拟爆震波传播过程及其内部流场分布.研究结果表明,爆震波传播过程中爆震波压力峰值和空间分布均存在小幅度波动.考虑燃烧产物氧化镁在颗粒表面的沉积过程,镁颗粒的反应速率和爆震波的稳定传播速度增大.在考虑爆震管壁面损失的前提下,随管径减小,爆震波稳定速度和厚度均减小,同时爆震波内未能反应的镁颗粒比例增大.考虑壁面损失条件下,爆震波稳定传播速度以及厚度均随颗粒初始粒径的增大而减小,且镁颗粒初始为双粒径分布时对应的爆震波速度和厚度明显低于镁颗粒初始为统一单粒径的工况;稳定传播速度随颗粒初始当量比的增大而先增后减,厚度随初始当量比的增加单调递减. MgO熔化发生在CJ平面附近时, MgO熔化过程对爆震波传播稳定性无明显影响,而爆震波厚度显著增大.选取适当的点火区参数,能够使爆震波达到稳定传播状态所经历的距离明显缩短.     

燃料抛撒成雾及其燃烧爆炸的光滑离散颗粒流体动力学方法数值模拟研究

燃料在炸药爆炸驱动下形成燃料空气爆炸云团, 进而引燃爆炸, 对目标造成毁伤. 本文在前期提出的光滑离散颗粒流体动力学方法(SDPH)的基础上, 引入描述炸药由爆轰到膨胀整个过程的Jones-Wilkins-Lee状态方程及描述气体快速燃烧过程的EBU-Arrhenius燃烧模型, 建立了求解战斗部起爆、燃料抛撒和燃料二次引燃爆炸问题的新型SDPH方法. 设计了圆环形燃料颗粒在炸药爆炸驱动下运动抛撒的算例进行数值验证, 结果与理论相符; 对燃料空气炸药(FAE)云雾的形成和发展过程进行了数值模拟, 分析了云雾的形态, 并与实验结果进行对比, 符合较好, 同时分析了不同起爆方式对云雾团成型的影响; 最后, 在云雾团成型的基础上, 引入蒸发燃烧模型对FAE的燃烧爆炸过程进行了模拟研究. 结果表明, 本文建立的数学模型和计算方法可以较好的模拟燃料空气炸药抛撒成雾及云雾燃烧爆炸过程, 为该类武器装备的设计研究提供了较好的数值方法.     

均质混合气压缩着火燃烧过程的模拟研究

本文采用并行计算对HCCI燃烧过程进行三维数值模拟与解析,对比了采用不同数量CPU与不同规模机理时的计算效率,分析了采用不同机理以及单区和三维HCCI模拟的计算结果的影响.结果表明,合理采用并行计算和简化机理可以大幅度提高HCCI模拟计算效率.三维HCCI模拟相比于单区模拟显著提高了燃烧和排放的计算精度; HCCI燃烧过程中缸内存在明显的温度分层,燃烧呈现顺序放热.     

应用自适应网格方法研究着火和燃烧反应流动

介绍了一种对计算着火和燃烧反应流动问题较为有效的自适应网格方法。将该方法与任意拉格朗日-欧拉数值方法相结合,研究了燃料液滴的着火和燃烧问题。给出了液滴着火和燃烧过程中主要物理参数的时空分布,揭示了过程的基本特征。     

孤立碳颗粒聚团燃烧过程的研究

数值模拟气体流过孤立碳颗粒聚团的燃烧反应过程。计算表明穿过颗粒聚团的气体流量主要与颗粒聚团空隙率有关。当颗粒聚团空隙率小于0．8时,穿过颗粒聚团的气体流量可忽略不计。碳颗粒聚团内温度呈现迎来流面低、背流面高,两侧低中间高; CO和CO2含量呈现迎来流面低、背流面高,两侧低中间高的变化趋势;而O2含量迎来流面高、背流面低,两侧高中间低。颗粒聚团内不同位置的颗粒消耗的碳量不同。颗粒的相互团聚将降低碳的消耗量,同时也抑制碳颗粒燃烧过程NO和N2O的生成。     

粒化仓内颗粒群流动换热的数值模拟

干式离心粒化余热回收工艺处理液态高炉熔渣时,通过粒化仓和余热回收装置分别实现高温渣液的粒化初冷和二次冷却.本文建立了粒化仓内风冷作用下熔渣颗粒群的流动换热模型,通过离散相模型和Realizable k-ε模型分别追踪颗粒群轨迹和处理湍流流动.模拟得到了颗粒群的运行轨迹、温度和速度演化以及温降等.进一步讨论了颗粒初始温度...     

电爆管内燃烧过程数值模拟

 基于内弹道两相流模型，考虑到点火药量与主装药相当及其固体燃烧产物所占比例大等影响，提出了适用于电爆管内燃烧过程的内弹道“四相流”模型，即将气态燃烧产物、固态燃烧产物、点火药和主装药分别作为一“相”参与燃烧和流动，每一“相”都用质量、动量和能量方程描述，而它们之间的各种相互作用以源项的形式出现在上述方程中。模型计算结果与电爆管实验结果一致，表明该模型对于电爆管内燃烧过程的描述是合理的，可以作为分析该电爆管燃烧性能的一种辅助工具。     

Mechanisms of the central mode particle formation during pulverized coal combustion

Ash particles produced from pulverized coal combustion are considered to be tri-modally distributed. These include the well-known ultrafine and coarse modes, and a central mode that is less reported but attracts increasing attention. This work presents a preliminary study on the formation mechanisms of the central mode particles during pulverized coal combustion. Experiments of four sized and density-separated coal samples were carried out in a laboratory drop-tube furnace under various controlled conditions. Experimental data show that the ash particle size distributions have an evident central mode at 4 μm for all coal samples. Increasing combustion temperature leads to an increase in the central mode particle formation, which is thought to be due to enhanced char fragmentation. The small-size coal sample produces a larger amount of the central mode particles, reasonably due to abundant fine particles in the parent coal sample. Under similar combustion conditions, both the Heavy (>2.0 g/cm³) and Light (<1.4 g/cm³) coal fractions produce a central mode, indicating that not only the included minerals but also the excluded minerals contribute to the formation of the central mode particles.     

Characterization of a spark discharge for dust cloud ignition

Spark discharges are widely used to ignite flammable gases, liquids, or dust. For a better understanding of the interaction between the spark discharge and the ignited media (gas, liquid, or dust), it is necessary to measure some key parameters of the spark, especially the space‐time variation of its temperature. Determination of temperature gradients would allow a more precise and realistic simulation of the ignition process. In fact, electrons and particles in the discharge zone get their energy with increasing temperature before interacting with particles of the media to ignite the flame. In this study, optical emission spectroscopy of the spark discharge between two tungsten electrodes was performed. Assuming excitation balance between the WI lines, a Boltzmann plot after an Abel inversion gives the excitation temperature and its space‐time variation. For a 100‐μs time discharge, at 80‐μs delay, we measured 7,000 K at the centre of the column zone, 4,100 K at the centre of the cathode zone, and 3,600 K at the centre of the anode zone. Assuming a singly ionized tungsten plasma and excitation equilibrium, we used also the Saha–Boltzmann equation to calculate the plasma composition. The electron density at the column zone was about 3 × 10¹⁷ cm^?3, which is two orders of magnitude higher than in the rest of the spark.     

Statistical model for combustion of high-metal magnesium-based hydro-reactive fuel

<正>We investigate experimentally and analytically the combustion behavior of a high-metal magnesium-based hydroreactive fuel under high temperature gaseous atmosphere.The fuel studied in this paper contains 73%magnesium powders.An experimental system is designed and experiments are carried out in both argon and water vapor atmospheres. It is found that the burning surface temperature of the fuel is higher in water vapor than that in argon and both of them are higher than the melting point of magnesium,which indicates the molten state of magnesium particles in the burning surface of the fuel.Based on physical considerations and experimental results,a mathematical one-dimensional model is formulated to describe the combustion behavior of the high-metal magnesium-based hydro-reactive fuel.The model enables the evaluation of the burning surface temperature,the burning rate and the flame standoff distance each as a function of chamber pressure and water vapor concentration.The results predicted by the model show that the burning rate and the surface temperature increase when the chamber pressure and the water vapor concentration increase,which are in agreement with the observed experimental trends.     

Dynamic evolution of impaction and sticking behaviors of fly ash particle in pulverized coal combustion

This paper aims to reveal the mechanisms governing the impaction and sticking dynamics of fly ash particles in pulverized coal combustion. The modeling work is of relevance to experiments in a 25?kW self-sustained down-fired furnace, which provides a sequence of real deposit shapes as varied boundary conditions for CFD simulations. Although the formed ash deposit has a comparable length scale with the probe, it has little effect on the global impaction efficiency of newly-coming particles. However, as the deposit builds up, incident particles impact the deposit and probe at generally larger impact angles and smaller normal velocities despite the almost invariant global impaction efficiency. It results in an enhanced local sticking probability in the center region of the probe, but a decreased one in the lateral regions. The incident kinetic energy of newly sticking particles to the deposit exhibits a converse correlation with their impact angle. The relationship of the averaged local sticking probability as a function of the azimuthal angle of probe is illustrated. Finally, the effect of Reynolds number on global particle impaction efficiency is examined. A universal formula is proposed, which is of importance to bridge lab-scale experiments and practical applications.     

Numerical study of coal particle ignition in air and oxy-atmosphere

The ignition and combustion of coal particles are investigated numerically under conventional and oxy-fuel atmospheres. Devolatilization is computed using the chemical percolation devolatilization (CPD) model. The CPD model is coupled with a Lagrangian particle tracking method in the framework of a multiphysics, multiscale Navier–Stokes solver. Combustion in the gas phase is described using finite rate chemistry. The numerical results for ignition are compared with available experimental data and a remarkably good agreement is observed. The effect on flame ignition of the different phases characterizing the release of volatile gases is assessed. These different phases manifest themselves in two distinct peaks in the devolatilization rate and it is observed that ignition can occur during the first volatile release or on the onset of the second, depending on the particle size and gas temperature. It is found that an increase of ignition delay time in oxy-atmosphere compared to the air case is related to the depletion of radicals that react with the abundant carbon dioxide of the oxy-atmosphere, while the increased heat capacity of the mixture does not play a role.     

基于压电探测判定激光支持燃烧波和爆轰波的点燃阈值

为了获得激光支持燃烧波和爆轰波的点燃阈值,采用压电探测器检测波长为1 064 nm的Nd:YAG激光作用在铝靶表面所产生的应变和冲压。从实验结果观察到压电信号的变化分为3个阶段,分别为光热弹性应变阶段、等离子体增强耦合阶段和激光支持爆轰波对靶表面的压力阶段,并从理论上研究了这3个阶段的激光与靶材料相互作用的机理,从而可以从压电信号是否发生跃变判断出激光支持燃烧波和激光支持爆轰波的点燃阈值,与其它方法所得到结果基本吻合。