Survivability in IP-over-WDM Networks: WDM Lightpath Protection versus IP LSP Protection

Abstract

This article compares the performance of WDM lightpath protection and IP LSP protection schemes for IP-over-WDM networks. A mathematical formulation of the maximum throughput problem is presented and analytical expressions for recovery time are derived for both schemes. The throughputs and recovery times are analyzed and compared. Results show that the IP LSP protection scheme presents higher throughputs then WDM lightpath protection. The IP LSP protection scheme, providing individual IP LSP protection has, however, scalability problems. This scheme presents high recovery times when a failure affects many lightpaths and many hops are allowed for the primary routes of IP LSPs.     

Dynamic protected lightpath provisioning in mesh WDM networks

This paper investigates the problem of dynamic protected lightpath services provisioning in optical mesh networks employing wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). A variety of schemes for dynamic protected services provisioning have been proposed, supporting a range of tradeoffs among restoration speed, capacity efficiency, and scalability. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme, called p-cycles-based maximum protected working capacity envelope (PC-MPWCE), which can offer an attractive combination of fea-tures: ring-like speed, mesh-like capacity efficiency, and good scalability. To evaluate the performance of PC-MPWCE, we compare it via simulation with 1 + 1 automatic protection switching (APS) and two well-known shared backup path protection (SBPP) on NSFNET. Our simulation results show that PCMPWCE can achieve much better blocking performance than 1 + 1 APS, and perform the similar blocking performance and capacity efficiency as SBPP.     

Survivable routing and spectrum allocation algorithm based on p-cycle protection in elastic optical networks

With the number of large capacity applications in core network increasing, the bandwidth requirement of optical connections in conventional Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks keeps enhancing, so that the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technology is adopted to provide higher spectrum efficiency and flexibility in the future elastic optical networks. Meanwhile, survivability in the conventional WDM optical networks has been widely studied as an important issue to ensure the service continuity. However, survivability in OFDM-based elastic optical networks is more challenging than that in conventional WDM optical networks because each fiber usually carries even more connections. Therefore, it is necessary to study the new lightpath protection algorithm in elastic optical networks. Since p-cycle protection scheme has short restoration time and simple protection switching procedure, in this paper, we study the static Survivable p-Cycle Routing and Spectrum Allocation (SC-RSA) problem with providing an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulation. Since RSA is a NP-hard problem, we propose a new heuristic algorithm called Elastic p-Cycle Protection (ECP) to tolerate the single-fiber link failure. For each demand, ECP scheme can compute highly-efficient p-cycles to provide protection for all of the on-cycle links and the straddling links. We also consider the load balancing and choose the proper working path for each demand. Simulation results show that the proposed ECP scheme achieves better performances than traditional single-line-rate survivable schemes.     

一种新的WDM光网中的共享链路保护策略

研究了WDM光网中的链路保护问题.提出了一种新的共享链路保护策略--基于SRLG的共享链路保护策略(SRLG-SLP).SRLG(共享风险链路组)定义了对一条工作光通道分配保护资源时的资源可用性的约束.它规定任意两条有着同样故障风险或者说处于同一个SRLG的工作光通道不能利用同样的保护资源.另外,还提出了一种更加符合实际的单链路故障模型,其中链路故障间隔时间和链路故障保持时间被考虑作为两个独立的变量.基于该链路故障模型,通过大量的仿真试验,比较了专用链路保护(DLP)、共享链路保护(SLP)和提出的SRLG-SLP保护策略的资源利用率、保护效率以及业务中断率.结果显示,我们提出的SRLG-SLP在保护效率和业务中断率方面的保护性能远好于DLP和SLP,但会牺牲一些资源利用率.     

An efficient fault localization or detection mechanism for high speed optical networks

Optical burst switching (OBS) has been considered as the gate through which the envisaged world of optical Internet will be conquered by implementing Internet Protocol (IP) software directly over a wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) optical layer (IP/WDM). The main feature for designing next generation optical networks is protecting and restoring high capacity WDM networks from the failures. Quick detection, identification and restoration make networks more strong and consistent even though the failures cannot be avoided. Hence, it is necessary to develop fast, efficient and dependable fault localization or detection mechanisms. In this paper, an efficient scheme for OBS networks has been proposed to provide fast restoration of links with minimum delay as well as blocking probability. By simulation results, it is shown that the proposed OBS scheme achieve less blocking probability and delay while getting higher throughput in comparison to conventional schemes.     

MPLS网络的一种M∶N方式保护与恢复方案

提出了一种MPLS网络的M∶N型的保护恢复方案。针对故障链路产生的数据丢失问题提出了一种保护方案,可对优先级最高的路径进行数据保护。同时,研究了恢复时间的问题,分析了其理论算法,并在一定的网络拓扑结构中进行了仿真。经仿真验证,很好的支持了QoS,在发生故障时,最高优先级的LSP可进行快速重路由,并且对故障链路上的数据进行了恢复。结果表明,在带宽较宽的情况下,这种方案在恢复时间和节点所需缓存空间大小方面完全可以满足要求。     

Wavelength assignment algorithms for WDM optical networks

In this paper, we have proposed an efficient wavelength assignment algorithm for dynamic provisioning of lightpath. This proposed algorithm is based on most-used wavelength assignment algorithm. We have also suggested a mathematical model for WDM optical networks for minimization of blocking probability. The results of proposed algorithm and suggested model are then compared with the conventional wavelength assignment algorithms such as first-fit, best-fit, random and most-used wavelength assignment algorithms. These proposed approaches are very effective for the minimization of blocking probability of optical WDM networks.     

IP over WDM网络中可恢复的路由选择策略与算法

研究了IP over WDM网络中各层备用资源的分配问题,提出了一种新的IP over WDM网络中可恢复的路由选择策略以及应用于其中的备用路由选择算法.该策略通过层间备用资源共享,能够完全利用网络中为恢复光层故障所预留的资源来进行IP层故障恢复,从而大大提高了网络的资源利用率.对所提出的策略进行了性能分析,并给出了相应的性能指标.     

IP/WDM网络的集成服务质量(QoS)控制方法

对IP/WDM网络的集成服务质量（QoS）控制技术问题做了研究, 给出了基于通用多协议标记交换（GMPLS）技术的业务差分处理模型, 设计了新的业务分类、光路分类以及层间映射/疏导/重构策略, 给出了具体的映射技术方案. 本方法具有三大特点：1）光电集成的差分服务模型; 2）多粒度多优先级业务的自适应资源管理机制; 3）支持电信级应用. 该模型较好地折中了多种类型业务的QoS控制复杂性和有效性, 具有较强的实用性和可扩展性, 能够解决光因特网络中支持多媒体业务传送的QoS问题.     

Parallel signaling-based fast restoration scheme in distributed optical networks

The fast parallel restoration （FPR） scheme is proposed to achieve the fast setup of restoration label switched path （LSP） in the distributed optical networks. The scheme is derived by dividing the whole restoration LSP into several segments of sub-LSP and triggering each sub-LSP along the new route to finish the signaling procedure concurrently, and subsequently merging all sub-LSPs into a whole LSP. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the FPR scheme outperforms the other two typical restoration schemes in terms of connection setup time.     

Restoration approach in WDM optical networks

Critical applications require proactive-based survivability strategy which provides 100% degree of survivability, low blocking probability and very low restoration time. In this paper, we have proposed an efficient proactive restoration approach for WDM optical network that efficiently utilizes the resources and reduces blocking probability as compared to existing proactive restoration approach. It gives priority to primary lightpath as compared to backup lightpath because primary lightpath should not share resources with other lightpaths in critical applications but backup lightpaths can share the resources, i.e. backup multiplexing.     

多波长复用光传送网的生存结构

本文讨论了光传送网的传送和监控机制,按照传送网通用功能结构的定义,分析了光传送网几种保护交换方式内在的机制,讨论了各自应该属于路径保护还是子网连接保护.在此基础上给出了光信道保护环和光复用段保护环详细的功能结构,同时简要地介绍了这两种保护环信息建模中需要用到的对象类.     

WDM光网中虚拓扑重构的优化设计

采用优化方法来研究光网络业务发生改变时的虚拓扑重构问题,并提出了相应的混合整数线性规划算法.主要的思路是当业务发生改变时,寻找既能保证网络性能又对现有业务中断最小的虚拓扑.对影响虚拓扑重构的因素进行了研究,发现,如果使网络性能达到次优而不是最优可以大大减少对现有业务的中断.     

一种新的格状波分复用光网络保护方法

在P圈法和哈密顿环保护法的基础上,提出了一种新的适用于格状波分复用光网络的基于资源的环保护方法,我们称之为RP圈法.与其他基于环的格状光网络保护方法相比,RP圈法具有配置方式简单、与业务模型不相关以及圈具有长度限制等许多特点.文中给出了RP圈法的一种启发式算法,仿真结果表明此算法具有较高的容量效率,是一种可适用于动态业务的实用化光网络保护方法.     

WDM光网络安全生存机制研究

针对WDM光网络安全生存性问题的故障的发现、定位和恢复三个重要环节之中的恢复问题,提出了一种WDM光层中的安全保护与恢复方案。采用了恢复路由选择算法和恢复波长分配算法,提出了一种混合的多层恢复机制,从而构建了一种从故障的发现、定位到故障恢复的覆盖各环节的连续性光网络安全生存机制,并在理论上进行了性能比较。     

An Improved MAC Scheme of HORNET Based on Node Structure with Variable Optical Buffer

An improved unslotted CSMA/CA MAC scheme of HORNET based on the node structure with variable optical buffer is reported. It can be used for transmitting high effectively all variable IP packets in the WDM network.     

基于SRLG约束和资源共享的交迭段保护机制研究

通过对共享风险链路组约束机制和交迭段保护机制的分析,将两者相结合并根据工作和保护路径分别采用动态链路权重调整,提出了一种基于共享风险链路组不相关的交迭段共享保护算法.交迭段共享保护算法在共享风险链路组不相关的约束条件下,为整个工作路由提供了多个交迭的保护段,并给出了一种能够合理有效选择这些交迭保护段的方法.对交迭段共享保护算法的分析和仿真结果表明,与以往保护算法相比,交迭段共享保护算法不但大大提高了网络连接的可靠性,而且还通过不同交迭保护段间资源的合理共享,有效地提高了网络资源的利用率.     

Extending path computation element for lightpath restoration in wavelength-switched optical networks

<正>Current generalized multi-protocol label switching(GMPLS) standards do not include adequate models for wavelength-switched optical networks(WSON) in recovery mechanisms.In this letter,GMPLS/path computation element(PCE) extensions are applied for the restoration of the lightpaths disrupted by collision or optical impairment.A reserved deflection routing scheme is proposed to achieve fast restoration. It uses the expanded PCE component to compute and assign the backup paths for lightpath recovery. Numerical results demonstrate that this scheme is effective and low cost.     

Protection switching schemes of multi-granularity p-cycles in survivable WDM networks

In this paper,a novel concept of multi-granularity p-cycle is proposed.In conventional p-cycle concept,all on-cycle spans have the same capacity.However,in multi-granularity p-cycle,each on-cycle span could have different capacity.Results show that multi-granularity p-cycles are much more capacity-efficient and cost-effective than conventional p-cycles.We also propose two protection switching schemes for all types of p-cycle networks. One is wrapping protection, in which only two end nodes do real-time switching when a span failure happens.The other is steering protection,in which at most four nodes do real-time switching when a span fails.In steering protection switching scheme,the restoration path for the failure traffic demand has the least hops.     

Dynamic quality of transmission optimization and global impairments control in reconfigurable transparent WDM networks:schemes and demonstrations

<正>Two novel dynamical quality of transmission(QoT) optimization schemes with explicit optimization targets and accurate end-to-end QoT estimation are proposed for reconfigurable transparent wavelength-division multiplexing(WDM) networks.Numerical simulations show that the scheme of quality(Q) best has the best Q factor improvement with large attenuation adjustment.The scheme of Q allowable can achieve minimized number of tuning sites and attenuation adjustment and also improve the Q factor of light path to the required value.In addition,the idea of dynamic QoT optimization and global impairment control has been experimentally demonstrated on a simple mesh network by the cooperation of a control plane and tunable devices.