Design and fabrication of fluid controlled dynamic optical lens system

A novel small fluid controlled optical lens system that is capable of displaying dynamic variation of its focal length and field-of-view (FOV) is designed and fabricated. In this active lens system, appropriate volume of the optical fluid can be pumped into or out of the lens chamber to provide double-convex (DCX) or double-concave (DCV) lens effect. Simple optical imaging experiments were performed using different sets of glass lenses with fixed focal lengths to determine the optimum lens configuration required for designing a dynamic optical lens system. The experimental results obtained from the glass lenses demonstrate that a combination of a single DCX lens with three DCV lenses provides a wider FOV. The flexible membranes for fluid controlled lenses were fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane polymer material, which has good optical transparency and elasticity. A simple fluid injection system is used to vary the radius of curvature of the lenses, and thereby to change the focal length. A dynamic optical lens system with a combination of one DCX and multiple variable focal length DCV lenses as designed here can image an object with a wide range of focal length and FOV. With this fluid controlled optical system, the FOV and focal length could be continuously varied and a maximum FOV of 118.3° could be achieved. The smallest f-number (f_/#) for this fluid controlled single lens system was found to be 1.3, which corresponds to the numerical aperture value of 0.35.     

长焦距傅里叶变换透镜的小型化

随着光学信息处理的不断发展,傅里叶变换透镜的应用也日趋广泛。本文阐述了傅里叶变换透镜的性质及作用,主要研究了长焦距傅里叶透镜光学设计的特点,以及目前国内外在设计该类型透镜时常采用的结构形式:四组元对称或非对称双远距结构。为了能进一步缩短傅里叶变换透镜前后两焦点间的距离,使之小型化,本文尝试了一种新的结构形式,比起四组元双远距结构,在结构也较为简单的前提下,它不仅进一步缩短了两焦点间的距离,而且输入面、频谱面的象质均良好。     

Novel method for testing the long focal length lens of large aperture

In this paper, we present a novel method for testing the long focal length lens of large aperture, which is realized by calculating the angle of moiré fringe formed by Talbot image of two Ronchi gratings. A scanning method was developed to measure the focal length with the collimated lights projected on the different aperture position of the lens. Experiment data demonstrates that this method can be applied to the real-time long focal length measurement with high accuracy.     

Design and fabrication of long focal length microlens arrays

In this paper, we present microlens arrays (MLA) with long focal length (in millimeter range) based on thermal reflow process. The focal length of microlens is usually in the same order of lens diameter or several hundred microns. To extend focal length, we made a photoresist (SU-8) MLA covered by a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film on a glass substrate. Because the refractive index difference between PDMS and photoresist interface is lower than that of air and MLA interface, light is less bended when passing through MLA and is focused at longer distance. Microlenses of diameters from 50 μm to 240 μm were successfully fabricated. The longest focal length was 2.1 mm from the microlens of 240 μm diameter. The numerical aperture (NA) was reduced 0.06, which is much lower than the smallest NA (~ 0.15) by regular thermal reflow processes. Cured PDMS has high transmittance and becomes parts of MLA without too much optical power loss. Besides, other focal lengths can be realized by modifying the refractive index different between two adjacent materials as described in this paper.     

Focus depth characteristics of lenses with long focal depth designed by a focal depth function

The validity of a focal length function is investigated in designing optical element with long focal depth and high lateral resolution. The designed lenses with different starting focal length are studied. Two focusing performance measures, focal depth and lateral resolution, are presented. Comparing with the conventional lens and optical element designed by other focal length function, numerical results of the designed optics element indicate that the long focal depth and high lateral resolution are achieved. The validity of the focal length function is confirmed. Meanwhile, the designed optical element is similar with the lens with spherical aberration. It means that one can easily implement long focal depth by applying appropriate phase modulation to a lens with spherical aberration.     

大孔径变焦投影镜头设计

为了实现某一大孔径定焦投影镜头作为初始结构, 经过优化设计后成为大孔径变焦投影镜头, 根据设计目标的DMD对角线尺寸, 利用AUTOCAD对选择的定焦距系统的初始结构尺寸进行测绘, 初步选择各镜材料, 规划成5组元变焦系统, 利用各种操作数对镜头的基本参数和外形尺寸进行限制, 并合理利用2个非球面, 在光学设计软件Zemax与CODE V中往返优化, 得到一款在可见光波段内, 短焦距为14.61 mm、视场角为60°、F数为1.5, 长焦距为29.31 mm、视场角为30°、F数为1.6的变焦投影镜头。设计结果表明:各视场的传递函数(MTF)值在截至频率60 lp/mm处不低于0.46, 各焦距处的弥散角不超出1.6', 镜头具有良好的像质。该镜头系统由11块透镜和1块平行平板组成, 其中透镜2使用了非球面镜, 该镜头片数较少, 透镜折射率不高, 材料容易选择。     

Modified nodal point method for the measurement of the large focal length of lenses

Some modifications have been suggested to the nodal slide and microscope method to suit the focal length measurement of large focal length lenses. In this procedure, the experimental set-up has to be accommodated on the two usual optical benches in line, and the position of the nodal point of the lens under test is easily located by introducing an extra lens of comparatively shorter focal length between the test lens and microscope. The results of the measurement of ‘f’ for a few lenses, and the experimental parameters, are presented.     

基于Talbot-Moiré法的长焦透镜焦距

 长焦距测量的Talbot Moiré法是研究热点,目前很多方法虽然都是基于Talbot现象和Moiré技术,但基本原理和实验方案各不相同,因此焦距计算公式也不相同。基于透镜位相变换作用,利用Talbot效应和Moiré条纹,通过图像处理的方法获得条纹的斜率变化,根据焦距与莫尔条纹斜率之间的关系求得透镜焦距。由于长焦透镜的焦距相对于被测透镜厚度大得多,完全可以看作是薄透镜对光束的变换,可用薄透镜对球面波的变换作用来近似表示其对高斯光束的变换。因此,该方法测量长焦透镜焦距对于高斯光束与非高斯光束焦距测量结果无差别,均适用。最后全面分析了该测量方法的误差及精度极限。在影响测量精度的各个误差因素中,光栅节距误差对焦距测量的影响最为显著。     

多焦距光学系统的小型化设计

提出了一种多焦距短筒功率谱采集透镜(PSCL)系统设计方案,系统由前组透镜、后组透镜和4倍透镜组组成。F500傅里叶透镜作为前组透镜固定,加后组透镜,实现焦距F500至F800或F1000的切换。在F500或F1000系统后增加4倍透镜组,实现F2000或F4000的光学系统。设计结果表明,该方案缩短了透镜系统筒长,且像质良好。该透镜系统适用于多种焦距值切换的光学系统和仪器的小型化。     

航天CCD相机焦面位置地面标定方法研究

为了在地面试验阶段准确标定出航天CCD相机在轨成像时的像面位置,提出了一种基于自准直干涉测量原理和调制传递函数测量原理的航天CCD相机焦面位置的地面标定方法。介绍了该方法的原理和实施过程,并以口径1 m、焦距20 m的平行光管标定口径600 mm、焦距6 m的航天CCD相机为例,分析并计算了新标定方法和已有标定方法的标定精度。结果表明:新标定方法的标定精度优于0.006 mm,是已有标定方法标定精度的5倍至10倍,能够满足现阶段所有航天CCD相机的焦面位置的标定精度要求。     

红外光学系统焦距测量装置校准规范说明

红外光学系统焦距测量装置是红外光学系统焦距校准和检测的技术手段之一。红外光学系统焦距测量装置校准规范不仅应用于计量部门，保证计量部门日常校准工作的准确性、一致性和可溯源性，同时为红外光学系统焦距测量装置生产部门提供了技术依据，满足红外光学系统焦距测量装置用户在申请各种认证过程中对红外光学系统焦距测量系统的要求。简要介绍红外光学系统焦距测量装置校准规范的主要构成和主要参数校准方法及不确定度评定。     

新方法精确测量凸透镜焦距

凸透镜在光学应用中有很大的作用,而它焦距的测定方法有很多。本文应用分光计、可调狭缝设计一种新方法精确测量凸透镜的焦距。     

计算全息法测量长焦透镜面形和焦距

为了同时对长焦透镜的面形和焦距进行高精度检测,提出在Zygo干涉仪的球面光路中加入一个二元衍射元件作为检测件的计算全息法。 首先对计算全息法检测长焦透镜的面形和焦距进行了理论推导,并给出焦距误差公式。在Zemax中使用在平面基底上制作的二元衍射元件对一个长焦透镜的面形和焦距进行了模拟检测,其中对该长焦透镜面形的干涉检测PV值为0.0034λ,对焦距的检测精度为-0.11%。最后详细分析了两类误差对检测结果的影响,其中光学元件的位置误差影响不超过0.1λ;二元衍射元件的制造误差影响约0.01λ,在具体制造过程中,其径向位置误差和台阶误差可分别在2 μm和5 nm之内。在综合考虑各项误差的情况下,该方法的检测精度仍然可控制在2λ/25之内。     

测量接触镜近轴后顶焦距可行性分析

主要论述了由焦度仪测量的接触镜实际后顶焦距转化为近轴后顶焦距的可行性问题以及近轴后顶焦距与实际应用相适应性的问题。通过分析和比对一些厂家生产的接触镜光学结构参量 r,n,d后认为 ,由于接触镜球差较大 ,而球差由光学结构参量确定 ,因而同一近轴后顶焦距不同 ,光学结构参量的接触镜实测后顶焦距也不同 ,并且偏差超出了允许范围。所以实际后顶焦距转化为近轴后顶焦距是不恰当的。同时近轴后顶焦距的倒数表征的光焦度与临床验光给出的实际光焦度意义不同 ,因而定义与实际应用不相适应。作者最后提出了接触镜后顶光焦度定义的修正建议     

利用准直管法测凹透镜的焦距

介绍了利用准直管精确测量凹透镜焦距的方法，该方法借助一个焦距较长的凸透镜与被测凹透镜组成无焦系统，可以使准直管出射光束的张角发生改变；用一辅助凸透镜与一测微目镜进行平行光束的会聚，测出准直管玻罗板线对在辅助凸透镜焦平面上所成像的大小；经过相应计算可得到被测凹透镜的焦距。     

逆向成像法畸变测试技术研究

在相对畸变的定义下,提出了逆向成像畸变测试方法。通过把目标靶尺放到被测系统的焦面位置,再将被测光学系统的入瞳位置放到精密转台的转轴位置,将被测光学系统从正向最大视场处向负向最大视场处旋转,测量14个视场点后,可得到各个视场的畸变值。该方法严格要求把被测光学系统的入瞳位置放置在精密转台的旋转轴上,否则无法测量出整个视场的畸变值。焦距测量精度达2 m,畸变测量精度达5.010-4。     

透镜焦距及球面曲率的测量

概述目前透镜焦距及球面曲率半径的测量方法，介绍透镜焦距及球面曲率半径的准直光束补偿测量法的原理，指出该方法的关键是对补偿光束准直性的检测，提出一种用准直光束补偿和横向错位进行干涉测量透镜焦距及球面曲率的新方法。     

多视场定焦距CCD摄像系统结构设计及调校

针对多视场定焦距CCD摄像系统按照传统光机结构设计方法造起各光轴平行性容易偏移和系统占用空间较大等问题,提出多视场定焦距CCD摄像系统的光机结构可以以一个精密铸件为基体,铸造出每个视场的内腔毛坯形状,通过数控机械加工和可靠的装调方法保证各视场光轴的平行性和稳定性。装调完成后进行冲击和振动试验,结果表明:该多视场定焦距CCD摄像系统各视场光轴的平行性误差不大于0.2 mrad;各视场光轴的稳定性误差不大于0.1 mrad。因此,该结构设计方法是可行的,它具有结构紧凑、体积小,各光轴平行性和稳定性容易保证,可靠性高等特点。     

丰富测透镜焦距实验的内容

在普通物理光学实验中，焦距的测量通常使用单透镜作为待测透镜，但单透镜存在各种像差，会使测量结果的物理意义变得不清，对此本提出了一些改进意见。     

3 mm圆锥喇叭聚焦天线的理论与仿真

介绍了基于传统光路法的聚焦透镜的设计方法。利用电磁仿真软件计算了透镜置于圆锥喇叭口的3 mm聚焦透镜天线的性能。根据圆锥喇叭最大方向系数及现有文献公式确定喇叭张角,仿真得到天线聚焦性能不够理想。然后仿真了张角12,20,30三种天线聚焦性能,其焦距随张角增大而增大,逐渐接近所设计焦距。从而验证了光路法需电磁波长相对喇叭口径足够小的结论。给出了喇叭张角12,20,30三种天线焦平面上电场分布。喇叭张角30天线焦斑小于2倍波长。