碳纳米球/聚乙烯复合物的制备与表征

以碳纳米球为载体,经格氏试剂处理后,与TiCl4反应制成负载型Ziegler-Natta催化剂,在AlEt3存在下,催化乙烯聚合,原位制备聚乙烯(PE)/碳纳米球(CSs)复合物,催化剂活性达5.7×106gPE/(molTi·h),聚乙烯分子量为4.9×105.HRTEM和SEM结果表明,常压聚合条件下聚乙烯/CSs复合物为核-壳结构,颗粒呈圆形,直径约为1μm左右,复合物颗粒中包含碳纳米球.介电分析结果表明,由于碳纳米球的引入,复合物的介电性能相较于普通聚乙烯有明显的提高,从而提高了聚乙烯的抗静电性能,且介电常数和介电损耗都随着聚合时间的延长而降低.此外,采用WAXD,DSC和TGA表征了PE/CSs复合物的结晶性能和热性能,结果表明聚乙烯/CSs复合物具有好的结晶性能和热稳定性能.     

有机硅功能化碳纳米球:合成及可见光催化活性

以柠檬酸为碳源,3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷（APTES）为功能化试剂,乙二醇为溶剂,溶剂热法制备了具有上下转换发光性质的有机硅功能化的碳纳米球（SiCNs）。利用X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）、红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、紫外可见漫反射光谱（UV-Vis DRS）和光致发光光谱（PL）等对合成的SiCNs进行了表征。结果表明,在APTES与柠檬酸质量比为2.0时,180℃反应5 h可以制备出尺寸分布在30~50 nm之间均一球形的SiCNs。可见光辐射下,以亚甲基蓝（MB）为目标降解物研究了SiCNs样品的光催化降解活性,通过活性物种的分析对催化降解体系的光催化机理进行了探讨。结果表明,可见光照射120 min,SiCNs样品对MB溶液的降解率可以达到99%,经过5次循环使用降解率仍保持在96%以上。SiCNs样品展现了优异的可见光催化活性及良好的稳定性。     

有机硅功能化碳纳米球:合成及可见光催化活性

以柠檬酸为碳源,3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)为功能化试剂,乙二醇为溶剂,溶剂热法制备了具有上下转换发光性质的有机硅功能化的碳纳米球(SiCNs)。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)和光致发光光谱(PL)等对合成的SiCNs进行了表征。结果表明,在APTES与柠檬酸质量比为2.0时,180℃反应5 h可以制备出尺寸分布在30~50 nm之间均一球形的SiCNs。可见光辐射下,以亚甲基蓝(MB)为目标降解物研究了SiCNs样品的光催化降解活性,通过活性物种的分析对催化降解体系的光催化机理进行了探讨。结果表明,可见光照射120 min,SiCNs样品对MB溶液的降解率可以达到99%,经过5次循环使用降解率仍保持在96%以上。SiCNs样品展现了优异的可见光催化活性及良好的稳定性。     

石油沥青基纳米碳球的制备及其电化学性能研究

以石油沥青为碳源, 在空气中将其加热到450 ℃制备出纳米碳球(CNBs), 经1500 ℃氮气气氛中加热纳米碳球3 h后得到高温处理的纳米碳球(H-CNBs). 采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射、拉曼光谱和红外光谱对所制备的产物进行了结构表征. 结果表明: 制得的CNBs的粒径在50～80 nm之间, 石墨化程度不高, H-CNBs粒径没有改变但石墨化程度有所提高, 推测了CNBs的形成机理. 用恒流充放电测试分别对CNBs和H-CNBs的电化学性能进行了研究, 在电流密度为1 C时, 其首次放电比容量和经过100圈之后的放电比容量分别为1260 mAh/g和500 mAh/g, 413 mAh/g和200 mAh/g之上, 同时这两种纳米碳球的首次充放电的库伦效率较低, 分别经过10圈和30圈后可以稳定在98%左右. CNBs在经历0.1 C, 1 C, 5 C, 10 C循环回到0.1 C时, 容量几乎完全恢复.     

铂纳米粒子/碳纳米球基电化学传感器检测细胞释放的过氧亚硝基阴离子

过氧亚硝基阴离子(ONOO^-)是生物系统中一种重要的分子,在正常生理条件下,其在体内的浓度较低。然而,氧化应激可使机体产生高浓度的ONOO^-,严重破坏生物分子,影响细胞的生理功能。因此,构建可灵敏快速检测ONOO^-的传感器非常重要。本研究基于铂纳米粒子(PtNPs)修饰的碳纳米球(CNS)复合材料,构建了一种新型的ONOO^-电化学传感器。采用扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对材料的形貌进行了表征,通过循环伏安法研究了CTS/PtNPs/CNS/GCE传感器的电化学性能。在最佳实验条件下,此传感器对ONOO^-的检测表现出优异的分析性能,具有宽的线性范围(0.615 nmol/L～0.139 mmol/L)和超低的检出限(0.205 nmol/L(S/N=3)),可用于检测细胞释放的ONOO^-。进一步探究了Cd²⁺浓度对诱导细胞释放ONOO^-的影响,研究了在Cd²⁺诱导下α-硫辛酸(ALA)和还原...     

以碳微球为核的金纳米壳球体的制备

通过水热合成法制备了单分散碳微球, 并以此单分散碳微球为核, 利用其表面修饰的银纳米粒子作为种子, 进一步还原制备了以碳微球为核、以金为壳的金纳米壳(Nanoshell)球体. 通过透射电子显微镜和紫外可见吸收光谱对其形态以及光谱性质进行了表征. 研究结果表明, 采用该种方法制备出来的碳微球具有良好的单分散性, 表面修饰简便快捷, 利用碳微球为核制备的金纳米壳球体尺寸可控, 在近红外范围内有强吸收. 实验结果证明该方法是制备金纳米壳球体的一种有效新方法.     

易分离的高效纳米铂氢化催化剂

近年来纳米贵金属的优异催化性能得到了人们的关注,但是纳米粒子在使用、贮藏过程中存在团聚现象。在制备过程中加入稳定剂可以延缓其团聚,但给纳米粒子的分离带来了困难。有献报道利用水溶性表面活性剂聚乙二醇(PEG)的乙二醇链段可以稳定Rh纳米粒子,可是因其分子量过     

中空碳球负载TiO2纳米颗粒用于增强光催化抗菌性能

以聚吡咯包覆聚苯乙烯核壳结构衍生的中空碳球(hollow carbon spheres,HCS)为载体,乙酰丙酮钛(TOAC)为钛源,通过湿化学法和可控热解法制备了HCS负载纳米二氧化钛(HCS@TiO₂)复合材料。通过粉末X射线衍射、紫外可见光谱、X射线光电子能谱、热重分析、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、光致发光光谱和Mott-Schottky曲线对HCS@TiO₂的晶态结构、微观形貌、光学性能等进行表征,并通过调控TiO₂的负载量和热解温度对HCS@TiO₂复合材料进行了结构优化。在模拟太阳光照射条件下,以大肠杆菌(E. coli)和金黄色葡萄球菌(S. aureus)为实验对象,研究了不同TiO₂负载量的HCS@TiO₂复合材料及TiO₂和HCS对照样品的光催化抗菌性能,以及光照时间对抗菌性能的影响。结果表明,当TOAC与HCS质量比为15∶1、热解温度为650℃时,最优化的HCS@TiO₂-15复合材料...     

以橡子为碳源制备的空心磁性碳纳米球及其吸附性能

以橡子为碳源,通过高温煅烧法制备了粒径均匀的磁性空心碳纳米球(MHCNS)。经过HCl浸泡处理可得MHCNS-1,再经HNO_3和NH_3·H_2O处理得MHCNS-2。MHCNS-2粒径均匀,直径为20～40 nm,球壁厚度为3～5 nm。MHCNS-2的尺寸可通过改变镍离子与氢氧化钾的添加量和比例进行调控。通过X射线粉末衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜、振动样品磁强计等方法对制备的产物进行了表征,进而分析了其生长机制。MHCNS-2对于有机染料亚甲基蓝(MB)的吸附性能的实验结果表明,MHCNS-2具有强吸附性能,当MB溶液浓度为100 mg·L~(-1)时,吸附量可以达到185 mg·g~(-1)。MHCNS对布洛芬的载药释药实验结果表明,MHCNS-2载药率可达44%,释药率达70%,有着良好的载药与释药能力。     

中空碳纳米球的制备及VOCs吸附性能

首先, 在碱性条件下, 不使用表面活性剂, 采用St?ber小球法以正硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)和正硅酸四丙酯(TPOS)为硅源, 生成初级氧化硅球形颗粒; 然后, 使酚醛树脂(间苯二酚和甲醛)与球形氧化硅的羟基共缩合形成酚醛树脂-氧化硅复合材料; 最后, 经高温碳化和酸蚀获得了空心碳纳米球(HCNSs). 通过调节TEOS/TPOS的摩尔比获得了一系列具有良好的单分散性且粒径、 壁厚可调节的HCNSs, 其粒径和壁厚分别在280~430 nm和15~63 nm的范围内. 仅以TPOS为硅源时合成的HCNS-0/4具有较大的粒径(426 nm)和壁厚(63 nm)、 较高的比表面积(1216 m²/g)和孔容(0.508 cm³/g), 并且具有较大的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)吸附性能, 其正己烷、 甲苯和油气的静态吸附容量分别为2.02, 1.42和0.926 g/g, 正己烷和甲苯的动态吸附容量分别为2.01 g/g和1.37 g/g, 均远高于商业化活性炭.     

微纳米碳空心球的合成研究及应用进展

微纳米碳空心球具有密度小、比表面积大、阻尼性能高、稳定性好和可填充中空结构等特性,在锂离子电池、催化、超级电容器、储氢、超导和阻尼等领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文结合近年来国内外的最新研究进展,综述了模板法、液相法和气相法等微纳米碳空心球的合成方法,评价了各种方法的特点,并讨论了微纳米碳空心球的应用研究进展。     

Kinetically Controlled Assembly of Nitrogen‐Doped Invaginated Carbon Nanospheres with Tunable Mesopores

Mesoporous hollow carbon nanospheres (MHCS) have been extensively studied owning to their unique structural features and diverse potential applications. A surfactant‐free self‐assembly approach between resorcinol/formaldehyde and silicon alkoxide has emerged as an important strategy to prepare MHCS. Extending such a strategy to other substituted phenols to produce heterogeneous‐atom‐doped MHCS remains a challenge due to the very different polymerization kinetics of various resins. Herein, we report an ethylenediamine‐assisted strategy to control the cooperative self‐assembly between a 3‐aminophenol/formaldehyde resin and silica templates. Nitrogen‐doped mesoporous invaginated carbon nanospheres (N‐MICS) with an N content of 6.18 at %, high specific surface areas (up to 1118 m² g^?1), large pore volumes (2.47 cm³ g^?1), and tunable mesopores (3.7–11.1 nm) have been prepared. When used as electrical double‐layer supercapacitors, N‐MICS show a high capacitance of 261 F g^?1, an outstanding cycling stability (≈94 % capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles), and a good rate performance.     

Biowaste-Derived,Highly Efficient,Reusable Carbon Nanospheres for Speedy Removal of Organic Dyes from Aqueous Solutions

The current work explores the adsorptive efficiency of carbon nanospheres (CNSs) derived from oil palm leaves (OPL) that are a source of biowaste. CNSs were synthesized at 400, 600, 800 and 1000 °C, and those obtained at 1000 °C demonstrated maximum removal efficiency of ~91% for malachite green (MG). Physicochemical and microscopic characteristics were analysed by FESEM, TEM, FTIR, Raman, TGA and XPS studies. The presence of surface oxygen sites and the porosity of CNSs synergistically influenced the speed of removal of MG, brilliant green (BG) and Congo red (CR) dyes. With a minimal adsorbent dosage (1 mg) and minimum contact time (10 min), and under different pH conditions, adsorption was efficient and cost-effective (nearly 99, 91 and 88% for BG, MG and CR, respectively). The maximum adsorption capacities of OPL-based CNSs for BG were 500 and 104.16 mg/g for MG and 25.77 mg/g for CR. Adsorption isotherms (Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin) and kinetics models (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and Elovich) for the adsorption processes of all three dyes on the CNSs were explored in detail. BG and CR adsorption the Freundlich isotherm best, while MG showed a best fit to the Temkin model. Adsorption kinetics of all three dyes followed a pseudo-second-order model. A reusability study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of CNSs in removing the MG dye and showed ~92% efficiency even after several cycles. Highly efficient CNSs with surface oxygen groups and speedy removal of organic dyes within 10 min by CNSs are highlighted in this paper.     

Fe-N共掺杂的碳纳米管串联空心球对氧还原反应的电催化

以ZIF-8为模板,通过表面包覆聚多巴胺、同时刻蚀ZIF-8中的Zn²⁺,形成空心球,在与三氯化铁络合后,经高温碳化和氨气热处理,得到了高比表面积的Fe-N共掺杂的碳纳米管串联的碳纳米空心球催化剂. 氨气不仅刻蚀碳基底提高比表面积,还可还原铁元素形成Fe₄N纳米粒子,提升了催化剂对氧还原反应的电催化活性,其氧还原半波电位达0.79 V,仅比商业Pt/C低60 mV,而且其稳定性和耐甲醇性更优于商业Pt/C,展示出良好的燃料电池应用潜力.     

Dual Protection of Sulfur by Carbon Nanospheres and Graphene Sheets for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Well‐confined elemental sulfur was implanted into a stacked block of carbon nanospheres and graphene sheets through a simple solution process to create a new type of composite cathode material for lithium–sulfur batteries. Transmission electron microscopy and elemental mapping analysis confirm that the as‐prepared composite material consists of graphene‐wrapped carbon nanospheres with sulfur uniformly distributed in between, where the carbon nanospheres act as the sulfur carriers. With this structural design, the graphene contributes to direct coverage of sulfur to inhibit the mobility of polysulfides, whereas the carbon nanospheres undertake the role of carrying the sulfur into the carbon network. This composite achieves a high loading of sulfur (64.2 wt %) and gives a stable electrochemical performance with a maximum discharge capacity of 1394 mAh g^?1 at a current rate of 0.1 C as well as excellent rate capability at 1 C and 2 C. The improved electrochemical properties of this composite material are attributed to the dual functions of the carbon components, which effectively restrain the sulfur inside the carbon nano‐network for use in lithium–sulfur rechargeable batteries.     

Controlled Synthesis of N‐Doped Carbon Nanospheres with Tailored Mesopores through Self‐Assembly of Colloidal Silica

Limited strategies have been established to prepare monodisperse mesoporous carbon nanospheres (MCNs) with tailored pore sizes. In this work, a method is reported to synthesize MCNs by combining polymerization of aniline with co‐assembly of colloidal silica nanoparticles. The controlled self‐assembly behavior of colloidal silica enables the formation of uniform composite nanospheres and convenient modulation over mesopores. After carbonization and removal of sacrificial templates, the resultant MCNs possess tunable mesopores (7–42 nm) and spherical diameters (90–300 nm), as well as high surface area (785–1117 m² g^?1), large pore volume (1.46–2.01 cm³ g^?1) and abundant nitrogen moieties (5.54–8.73 at %). When serving as metal‐free electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), MCNs with an optimum pore size of 22 nm, compared to those with 7 and 42 nm, exhibit the best ORR performance in alkaline medium.     

Superior Electrochemical Properties of Nanofibers Composed of Hollow CoFe2O4 Nanospheres Covered with Onion‐Like Graphitic Carbon

Nanofibers composed of hollow CoFe₂O₄ nanospheres covered with onion‐like carbon are prepared by applying nanoscale Kirkendall diffusion to the electrospinning process. Amorphous carbon nanofibers embedded with CoFe₂@onion‐like carbon nanospheres are prepared by reduction of the electrospun nanofibers. Oxidation of the CoFe₂‐C nanofibers at 300 °C under a normal atmosphere produces porous nanofibers composed of hollow CoFe₂O₄ nanospheres covered with onion‐like carbon. CoFe₂ nanocrystals are transformed into the hollow CoFe₂O₄ nanospheres during oxidation through a well‐known nanoscale Kirkendall diffusion process. The discharge capacities of the carbon‐free CoFe₂O₄ nanofibers composed of hollow nanospheres and the nanofibers composed of hollow CoFe₂O₄ nanospheres covered with onion‐like carbon are 340 and 930 mA h g^?1, respectively, for the 1000th cycle at a current density of 1 A g^?1. The nanofibers composed of hollow CoFe₂O₄ nanospheres covered with onion‐like carbon exhibit an excellent rate performance even in the absence of conductive materials.