Size and Shape Prediction of Colloidal Metal Oxide MgBaFeO Particles from Light Scattering Measurements

The size and structure of colloidal metal oxide (MgBaFeO) particles are determined using an Elliptically Polarized Light Scattering (EPLS) technique. The approach is based on a hybrid experimental/theoretical study where the experimental data are compared against predictions obtained using a T-Matrix model that accounts for particle shape irregularities. A power-law distribution function with two parameters is employed to account for the particle size distribution. The refractive index of the particles in ethyl alcohol is calculated based on the Maxwell-Garnet formula. The experiments are conducted using a second-generation nephelometer. It is shown that the current EPLS measurements can effectively be used for identification of both the shape and the size of the colloids.     

应用低相干动态光散射法测量悬浮液中的颗粒粒径分布

利用低相干动态光散射法测量不同浓度悬浮液中的颗粒粒径分布。由低相干光源和迈克尔逊干涉仪,结合传统的动态光散射技术组成低相干动态光散射装置,通过检测单次背散射光的能谱分布,利用CONTIN算法得到不同浓度悬浮液中颗粒的粒径分布。结果表明,对于1%～10%体积浓度范围内的单分散悬浮液羊品测量得到的颗粒粒径精确度在4%以内。     

数字全息显微术对细胞的研究

通过数字全息显微的方法分析研究了新鲜洋葱表皮细胞的形貌结构. 根据全息理论、光的衍射理论和透镜的相位变换性质,从理论上分析了数字全息显微原理,并依据四步相移和最小二乘去包裹技术,研究了重构细胞相位的方法.分析比较了不同参考光对数字全息显微分辨率的影响,设计了用球面光波作为参考光记录数字全息显微的装置.以新鲜洋葱表皮细胞为样本完成了实验检测和相位重构,得到了细胞的相位和三维信息,并粗略估计了细胞宽度和厚度.系统分辨率达到了1.3 μm.     

同轴软X射线全息成像及其数字重现

用光刻胶记录了水窗波段同轴Ｘ射线全息图,并以数字方法再现了原物像。所用光源为经线性单色仪单色化的８００ＭｅＶ电子储存环弯铁辐射（３．２０ｎｍ）。再现物体的分辨率为２μｍ,并有较大提高的可能性     

Soft X-Ray Holographic Microscopy of Biological Cells

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＢａｅｚｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄｔｈｅｐｏｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆＸｒａｙｈｏｌｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃｉｍａｇｅｓｅａｒｌｙｉｎ１９５２［１］，ｂｕｔＸｒａｙｈｏｌｏｇｒａｐｈｙｗａｓｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｉｎｇｖｅｒｙｓｌｏｗｌｙ．Ｔｈｉｓｉｓ...     

Observing Nanometre Scale Particles with Light Scattering for Manipulation Using Optical Tweezers

Nanometre-scale particles can be manipulated using optical tweezers, but cannot be directly observed. We present a simple method that nanoparticles can be directly observed using optical tweezers combined with dark field microscopy. A laser beam perpendicular to a tightly focused laser beam for trap illuminates specimen and does not enter objective, nanoparticles in focal plane all can be directly observed in dark field because of light scattering. It is implemented that the polystyrene beads of diameter lOOnm can be directly observed and trapped.     

利用扫描隧道显微镜表征和操纵单分子

扫描隧道显微镜（STM）提供给我们一种表征单分子的局域物理和化学特性的特殊方法，甚至还能帮助我们操纵单分子以构造分子尺度的新型器件。本文中我们采用了两种新型STM技术分别来表征封装在富勒烯笼里面的金属原子和构造一种具有较强Kondo效应的分子器件。空间dI/dV映像谱被用来探索单个Dy@C82分子中能量分辨的金属-笼杂化态，揭示了有关Dy原子在碳笼中的空间位置和Dy-碳笼之间相互作用的重要信息。我们也通过控制STM针尖诱导的高电压脉冲来诱导CoPc分子的边缘脱氢化，从而改变了这个分子在Au(111)表面的吸附构型，导致吸附在Au表面的完整CoPc分子所不具备的Kondo效应产生。     

Determination of Absolute Intensity and Molecular Weight of Small Colloidal Particles in the Presence of Some Large Aggregates. A Combined Study Using Static and Dynamic Light Scattering

For the purpose of absolute intensity calibration in static light scattering experiments, a reference standard (e.g. toluene or water), from which the absolute scattering is known, can be used. The calculation of the molecular weight and/or the aggregation number of particles is done by determining the mean scattering intensity in the forward direction of the particles under consideration. Having small particles compared with the wavelength, e.g. proteins or micelles mixed with a small amount of large aggregates, one is confronted with the problem that these impurities normally contain only a very small part of the sample mass, but contribute strongly to the measured signal. To separate the intensity scattered from the large impurities or aggregates we use the additional information available from a dynamic light scattering measurement. The areas in the intensity distribution function, which can be calculated by inverse Laplace transformation of the field correlation function, are directly related to the intensity of the particular populations. The measured intensity of the whole sample is then reduced by the peak area of the large aggregates or impurities. This intensity correction procedure is the central part of this contribution. Simulations of bimodal size distributions and application to experimental data for bimodal latex mixtures prove that this intensity correction procedure gives very good agreement between theoretical predictions and measured data over a wide range of relative intensities and sizes.     

基于组合拟合法的冰晶粒子的光散射计算

利用组合拟合法计算了冰晶粒子的单次散射特性。给出了消光效率因子、单次散射反照度及非对称因子的拟合公式,利用拟合公式对有效粒子尺度为20μm和120μm的六种冰晶粒子的消光效率因子、单次散射反照度及非对称因子进行了计算。结果表明,粒子的消光效率因子、单次散射反照率和非对称因子随着入射波长的增加有着较大的起伏,后两者随着波长的增加而变化趋势基本一致;对于单次散射反照率来说,在可见光波段,反照率非常接近于1;在短波段,粒子的非对称因子变化较小,并且随着波长的增加,非对称因子会逐渐增大。     

Particle Characterization Using Multiple Scattering Decorrelation Methods. Part 1: Standard Latex Particles

We determined the dimensions of standard polystyrene latex spheres suspended in water at different sample concentrations by dynamic light scattering and turbidimetry. Applying two different schemes for the decorrelation of multiple scattering, we show that the samples exhibit distortions of the auto-correlation function due to multiple scattering even at moderate volume fractions, which prohibits the correct determination of the particle radius. The cross-correlation functions, however, are free from these distortions. The recently deployed three-dimensional cross-correlation setup is superior to the commercially available two-color machine, as more turbid samples are accessible. In order to verify the results obtained by dynamic light scattering, we performed turbidity measurements with the same samples. This method is inherently free from multiple scattering contributions. We observe a systematically smaller radius in turbidimetry than in dynamic light scattering. The deviation, however, is only slightly outside the accuracy range of the measurements. We discuss possible origins for this deviation and show that our measurements are compatible with a hairy layer present on the particle's surface.     

反射式数字全息显微术对细胞的研究

根据全息理论和光的衍射理论,理论分析了数字全息显微术原理,并依据四步相移和最小二乘相位展开技术,研究了重构细胞相位的方法.设计了用球面光波作为参考光的反射式数字全息显微光路,通过反射式数字全息显微术的方法分析研究了新鲜洋葱表皮细胞的形貌结构.实验以新鲜洋葱表皮细胞为样本,完成了实验检测和相位重构,得到了细胞的相位和三维信息.分析表明,系统理论分辨率应达到0.8 μm.     

Patchy胶体粒子的结晶、玻璃化和凝胶化问题

本文探讨了中性多缔合位点Patchy胶体粒子系统的相图及其相关问题. 在研究中,计入了分子间的硬芯Lennard-Jones势和缔合作用,进而阐明了系统的流体相(F),无规密积相(RCP)和面心立方相(FCC)之间转变的相态结构. 在体系丰富的相结构中,F-F,F-RCP及F-FCC相转变以及描述粒子间联结性的溶胶-凝胶转变相互影响,致使一些相态在不同相互作用强度时可以呈现亚稳态和稳态. 同时,本文重点阐述了缔合能量以及patch数目对体系的临界温度、临界密度、临界三相点以及溶胶-凝胶转变等的调控机制.     

沙尘气溶胶粒子群的散射和偏振特性

根据Mie散射理论,以对数正态分布函数描述沙尘气溶胶粒子群的粒径尺度分布,计算了沙尘气溶胶粒子群在0.2～40μm波段间对太阳短波辐射和地球大气长波辐射的单次散射反照率、散射相矩阵函数,揭示了不同相对湿度时,沙尘粒子群对入射辐射的散射和偏振的特征。结果表明,沙尘粒子群的单次散射反照率随着入射波长的增加有较大起伏,不同相对湿度条件下,变化趋势基本一致;在可见光、近红外波段单次散射反照率随湿度增加而变大,湿度95%时非常接近于1;大于10μm的热红外波段单次散射反照率随相对湿度增加而减小,具有较强的吸收辐射能力。散射辐射强度受湿度影响较小,随散射角的增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势,且增大的趋势随着波长的增加而减弱;不同波段上,线偏振和圆偏振随散射角和相对湿度变化存在差异;在前向和后向仅对入射辐射为圆偏振辐射产生圆偏振散射;散射光的偏振特性及其湿度差异主要表现在后向散射区,多以拱形形式体现。拱顶峰值散射角位置存在差异,且峰值散射角随相对湿度的降低向后向漂移。     

Using the T‐Matrix Method for Light Scattering Computations by Non‐axisymmetric Particles: Superellipsoids and Realistically Shaped Particles

Light scattering by non‐axisymmetric particles is commonly needed in particle characterization and other fields. After much work devoted to volume discretization methods to compute scattering by such particles, there is renewed interest in the T‐matrix method. We extended the null‐field method with discrete sources for T‐matrix computation and implemented the superellipsoid shape using an implicit equation. Additionally, a triangular surface patch model of a realistically shaped particle can be used for scattering computations. In this paper some exemplary results of scattering by non‐axisymmetric particles are presented.     

Observation of Irregularities of the Scattering Coefficient in Plane-Stratified Media Using the Method of Reflecting Confocal Microscopy

Based on the vision theory for turbid media, we develop a model for detection and visualization of plane-stratified irregularities of the scattering coefficient in biological tissues using the method of reflecting confocal microscopy. General formulas for calculating the backscattering signal are presented for the continuous and impulse illumination. The influence of the observation-system parameters on the maximum vision depth of irregularities is analyzed for several stratification types of optical characteristics of biological tissues.     

Probing Single Nanometer-scale Particles with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopies

Scanning tunneling microscopy can be used to isolate single particles on surfaces for further study. Local optical and electronic properties coupled with topographic information collected by the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) give insight into the intrinsic properties of the species under study. Since each spectroscopic measurement is done on a single particle, each sample is monodisperse, regardless of the degree of heterogeneity of the original preparation. We illustrate this with three example systems – a metal cluster of known atomic structure, metal nanoparticles dispersed from colloid suspensions, and metallocarbohedrenes (Met-Cars) deposited with other reaction products. Au and Ag nanoparticles were imaged using a photon emission STM. The threshold voltage, the lowest bias voltage at which photons are produced, was determined for Au nanoparticles. Electronic spectra of small clusters of Ni atoms on MoS₂ were recorded. Preliminary images of Zr-based Met-Car-containing soot were obtained on Au and MoS₂ substrates and partial electronic spectra were recorded of these possible Met-Car particles.     

The Optical Model Analysis of the Elastic Scattering of Alpha Particles Using a Surface Absorption Potential

The optical model analysis has been applied to the elastic scattering of α-particles on silver at energics of 18.7, 22 and 24.7 Mev. Using a volume absorption potential for the real part and a surface absorption potential for the imaginary part, the several sets of parameters giving satisfactory fits to the experimental data are obtained. The effect of varying these optical model parameters on the differential cross section is discussed.     

雾霾粒子的紫外光散射特性研究

紫外光与雾霾粒子发生散射后,其散射信道特性能够反映雾霾粒子的相关物理信息,利用无线紫外光单次和多次散射信道模型,采用Mie散射和T矩阵理论分析了霾粒子在不同形态和浓度下的紫外光散射信道特性,以及散射角对散射光强的影响,并完成了紫外光在雾霾环境下的实测。通过理论及仿真分析,得到了不同霾粒子形态下的紫外光通信路径损耗以及光强分布。结果表明：紫外光直视通信方式下,路径损耗随着霾粒子浓度的增大而增大,且通信质量差于晴朗天。非直视通信方式中,在短距离通信时,高霾浓度下的路径损耗小于中低霾浓度,然而随着通信距离的继续增大,高雾霾浓度下的通信质量急剧下降,低霾浓度下通信质量最终达到最优,且距离为200 m时通信质量能优于晴朗环境。当通信距离相同时,三种雾霾浓度下的紫外光散射光强分布均随着散射角的增大而减小,当散射角继续增大并超过90°时,低霾浓度下的散射光强最大。主要原因是虽然散射角继续增大,但是有效散射体体积逐渐减小,因此低霾浓度下的散射光强较大。且当粒子粒径相同时,球形粒子的衰减较非球形粒子大。雾霾环境下实测结果与仿真结果相类似,证明了仿真结果的正确性,并在一定程度上证明了实际大气中雾霾非球形粒子多于球形粒子。     

小粒子动态光散射信号的计算机模拟及分析

用计算机模拟了小粒子（０．００１μｍ～１μｍ）的动态光散射信号，并对其进行了分析，同时运用分形几何学（ＦｒａｃｔａｌＧｅｏｍｅｔｒｙ）的理论和概念，对信号的时间复杂性进行了分数维（ＦｒａｃｔａｌＤｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎ）的计算，得出了它与粒子尺寸之间的关系。