激光线宽和光强对同位素原子选择光电离的影响

本文研究了非单色(有限带宽)激光场与同位素原子体系相互作用的激发光电离过程. 采用混沌场随机模型描述激光场,用密度矩阵理论和Fokker-Planck方程方法首次给出了非单色激光场与多能级原子相互作用的激发动力学方程. 针对三能级同位素原子体系,讨论了激光线宽和激光光强对同位素原子电离概率和激光同位素分离过程中分离选择性的影响. 关键词： 激光同位素分离 激发动力学方程 激光线宽 Rabi频率     

飞秒激光分离同位素的模拟实验研究

利用飞秒激光与铜镍材料作用,在不同条件下得到了铜镍材料的分离,分离比可达30%.分析认为,激光等离子体中的自生轴向磁场和环形磁场在同位素的分离过程中可能起着相反的作用,二者相互竞争.不同的磁场构形将对同位素分离产生不同的结果,因此,通过控制不同的激光等离子体相互作用过程可以实现对激光分离同位素的控制 关键词： 飞秒激光等离子体 同位素 铜镍 自生磁场     

红外聚焦脉冲激光场中同位素浓缩过程的动力学处理

本文从动力学理论出发,导出了在红外聚焦脉冲激光场中分子离解速率和同位素浓缩系数对激光脉冲能量、透镜焦距、激光脉冲辐照次数等参数的关系式。理论公式与SF₆的有关实验结果作了比较,符合得很好。此外,通过理论与实验的比较,提供了进一步研究离解机理的有益信息。 关键词：     

非单色激光场与同位素原子体系相互作用

本文研究了多模激光场与同位素原子体系相互作用动力学问题。采用混沌模型描述多模激光场，用Ｆｏｋｋｅｒ－Ｐｌａｎｃｋ方程方法，导出了有限带宽混沌场与同位素原子体系相互作用动力学方程。分析了激光线宽对同位素原子激发电离效率和选择性因子的影响。     

激光抽运极化原子束磁偏转铀浓缩方案

将激光抽运选择性极化原子束磁偏转方案用于铀同位素浓缩,考察了铀原子基态各子能级的磁偏转特性,提出了选择性光轴运极化的实验方案,讨论了可能得到的浓缩结果。     

Eu同位素浓缩的实验研究

极化原子束有许多重要的应用，如用来研究原子散射过程、制备极化核、检验宇称守恒性、研究表面特性以及应用于同位素的浓缩过程。本文主要描述通过磁偏转极化原子束的方法对Eu元素进行同位素浓缩实验，结合Eu原子特有的能级结构，分析了原子束的极化原理，描述了原子束极化和同位素浓缩的实验装置。用具有特定频率和偏振的激光对^153Eu进行选择性光抽运，分别得到正、负极化原子束，正、负极化原子束，正、负极化后的原子束穿过六极偏转磁铁后分别被聚焦和发散，最后用热丝探测器控制，得到了清晰的Eu原子的浓缩信号，当各参数为最佳状态时，仅用一台激光器对^153Eu进行抽运极化，其浓缩效率可达4％。     

激光分离同位素的原理与进展

自从第一次提出用激光进行同位素分离的新方法以来,迄今已经有十年了.由于此法具有极高的选择性和较低的能量消耗等突出优点,因而获得极其迅速的发展.到目前为止,应用激光已成功地分离了氢、氧、氮、硼、碳、硅、氯、溴、硫、钠、钙、铝、钨、铷、锇、铀、钚、钛等同位素.而在上述诸同位素中,最为吸引人的是氢和铀的同位素--氘和铀235的分离,因为它与核能源的开发利用是密切相关的[1].近年来,这方面的研究有了令人兴奋的进展.本文就激光分离同位素的基本原理、方法和最近有关进展作一扼要介绍. 一、光谱中的同位素位移效应 与激光分离原理 …     

电子枪功率与束宽对金属原子蒸气特性的影响

在原子法激光同位素分离工程中,电子枪加热金属铀产生的原子蒸气的密度、速度以及温度等宏观量分布特性是非常重要的参数.为了分析电子枪功率和束宽对原子蒸气密度、速度、温度、质量通量和速度分布等物理特性的影响,采用直接MonteCarlo方法用柱坐标模拟了铀原子平面蒸发动力学过程.在电子枪加热方式下,蒸发源温度场不均匀,而且温度场随电子枪功率和束宽变化.着重研究这种变化对蒸气各种物理特性的影响.模拟结果表明,电子枪功率越高,蒸气径向宏观漂移速度越大,蒸发量越大;电子束束宽越窄,蒸发量越大. 关键词： 金属蒸发 原子法激光同位素分离 直接MonteCarlo 电子枪     

厚原子蒸气介质中原子选择性光电离的理论研究

激光在厚原子蒸气介质中传播时会产生脉冲形变和延迟现象,这会直接影响原子多步光电离过程中的电离率和选择性.从原子蒸气激光同位素分离的实际出发,对厚原子蒸气介质中的原子光电离过程进行了研究,利用密度矩阵方法描述原子的光电离过程,利用Maxwell方程描述激光在厚介质中的传播,建立了介质中同时存在两种同位素的激光传播电离方程组,考察了原子蒸气参数和激光参数对厚介质中平均电离率和平均选择性的影响.研究结果表明:对于较厚的原子蒸气介质,激光功率的增加使平均电离率升高,平均选择性下降;对于相对较薄的介质,适当地降低激光功率可以同时提高平均电离率和平均选择性.存在一个正的激光延时使原子蒸气中目标同位素的平均电离率达到最大.尽量延长激光脉冲的宽度不仅可以同时提高目标同位素的平均电离率和平均选择性,还可以降低对激光脉冲之间相对延时的控制精度.     

通过极化原子束的磁偏转实现激光同位素浓缩

本文描述一种通过极化原子束的磁偏转实现同位素和同质异能素浓缩的新方法。用具有不同频率和偏振的激光进行选择性光抽运,使束中两同位素的原子分别反向高度极化,然后使这些反向极化的原子在经过自旋选态磁铁后沿不同方向偏转,从而实现同位素浓缩。推算了此法的选择性和产量,与其他方法相比,讨论了其优缺点和可能的应用前景。提出了用锂或钾进行实验的方案。 关键词：     

In-situ biodegradation of tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene in contaminated aquifers monitored by stable isotope fractionation

Stable carbon isotope analysis of tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) was applied to evaluatenatural attenuation processes in the upper Quaternary and lower Tertiary aquifer in the area of a former dry-cleaning plant located in Leipzig, Germany. Groundwater samples were taken during one monitoring campaign in 2001. The 13C enrichment in contaminants along the water flow path suggested that both, PCE and TCE were degraded in the Quaternary aquifer. The enrichment of 13C in the residual PCE fraction and an isotope fractionation factor from laboratory experiments were used to calculate the extent of biodegradation in the Quatemary aquifer. These calculations indicated that a major portion of PCE was biodegraded in the course of the plume. In the Tertiary aquifer the carbon isotope ratios of PCE and TCE indicated that the decreasing concentrations of these contaminants were probably not caused by microbial processes.     

Galena oxidation investigations on oxygen and sulphur isotopes

Batch experiments with the lead sulphide ore mineral galena were carried out in order to get information about the oxidation mechanisms and to contribute to the understanding of field data, especially those obtained from the mining-affected sites. Results indicate that oxygen and sulphur isotopes of dissolved sulphate may be useful tools for the investigation of galena oxidation mechanisms. However, some methodological modifications are necessary to obtain sufficient sulphate yields, which are a prerequisite for the reduction of the analytical uncertainty. Surface and hydrochemical investigations indicated that galena was dissolved non-oxidatively during the experiment at initial pH 2, whereas the oxidative dissolution of galena dominated in experiments at initial pH 6 and 8. No isotope results could be obtained from the experiment at initial pH 2 due to the low sulphate production. The oxidative dissolution of galena resulted in somewhat higher sulphate yields. Thus, the oxygen isotope composition of sulphate produced from galena oxidation could be determined for the first time. Oxygen in sulphate derived largely from water molecules; but minor amounts of molecular oxygen could be also observed. Both molecular oxygen and ferric iron may act as oxidants of galena. A variety of intermediate reactions allow for a variable oxygen isotope composition of sulphate. Sulphur isotopes of sulphate showed an enrichment of (32)S in sulphate (relative to galena), which increases with increasing pH. Sulphur isotope enrichment processes may be associated with the formation of anglesite.     

模拟全血基体中铅及其同位素的富集与分离研究

利用富集分离方法,克服高浓度基体对铅浓度及铅同位素测定的影响。应用专利方法对模拟全血基体中的铅进行富集分离,用ICP-MS测定富集分离前后的铅浓度、基体浓度及铅同位素比值。富集分离后的铅回收率均在99%以上,对Na和K等主要离子的去除率约为80%;各个铅同位素的浓度值随着基体浓度的增大而减小(p<0.001),但铅各同位素的比值则与基体浓度无关;当基体浓度>62.5μg.mL-1时,各个铅同位素强度会随着测定次数的增加而迅速衰减。富集分离专利方法对复杂基体中痕量铅的回收率高,对杂质离子的去除率较好;明显消除了高浓度基体对ICP-MS进样系统的堵塞现象,操作简便、成本低、引入污染少,可以提高各个铅同位素浓度测定的准确度和精密度,且对铅同位素比值测定准确度无明显影响。     

Insights from stable isotopes of water and hydrochemistry to the evolutionary processes of groundwater in the Subei lake basin,Ordos energy base,Northwestern China

ABSTRACT

Changes in groundwater evolutionary processes due to aquifer overexploitation show a world-wide increase and have been of growing concern in recent years. The study aimed to improve the knowledge of groundwater evolutionary processes by means of stable water isotopes and hydrochemistry in a representative lake basin, Ordos energy base. Groundwater, precipitation, and lake water collected during four campaigns were analysed by stable isotopes and chemical compositions. Results showed that temperature effect predominated the isotope fractionation in precipitation, while evaporation and inadequate groundwater recharge were the key factors explaining high salinity and isotopic enrichment in lake water. Additionally, the Kuisheng Lake was a preferential area of groundwater recharge, while the Subei Lake received less sources from underlying aquifer due to the combined effects of low permeable zone and upstream groundwater captured by the production wells. The homogeneous isotope signatures of groundwater may be ascribed to the closely vertical hydraulic connectivity between the unconfined and the confined aquifers. Isotopically enriched groundwater pumping from well field probably promoted isotopic depletion in groundwater depression cone. These findings not only provide the conceptual framework for the inland basin, but also have important implications for sustainable groundwater management in other groundwater discharge basins with arid climate.     

PKA原子和SKA原子对同位素(溅射)富集度的贡献分析

关键词：     

Laser isotope separation

This work describes the atomic route to laser isotope separation. This is a process which uses intense pulsed lasers to photoionize one isotopic species of a chemical element, after which these ions are extracted electromagnetically. The paper describes only the isotopic enrichment of uranium for nuclear fuel cycles. It makes brief mention of the traditional cascade processes used at present, and then turns to the atomic physics of laser photoionization. The principles of the laser isotope separation process, important spectroscopic experiments and considerations which determine the design of a plant are described. This review concentrates on the laser ionization process, few details of vaporization of uranium metal or the extraction of ions are given.     

Use of dual isotope tracers in biomedical research

Biomedical stable isotope studies involve administration of tracer and measurement of isotope enrichment in blood, urine, feces or breath. The aim of the studies is to gather quantitative information about a specific metabolic function. However, the measured isotope enrichment may be affected by other metabolic events than only this function. In this case, a correction is necessary. The best approach is to add a second tracer simultaneously which is known to be metabolised by all interfering metabolic events but not by the function of interest. This dual isotope approach also enables simultaneous measurement of two interrelated functions. A summary of selected applications involving dual isotope tracer studies is presented. The applications deal with energy expenditure (doubly labelled water technique), cholesterol absorption, starch and lactose digestion, fat digestion, bile acid metabolism and the combination of stable and radioactive carbon isotopes in breath testing.     

Enrichment of the nitrogen atomic component with the <Superscript>15</Superscript>N isotope in a post-discharge zone

Isotope atomic composition in the post-discharge zone of a pulsed discharge in a nitrogen flow was studied by electron paramagnetic resonance. It is shown that, while the atomic concentration in the post-discharge zone decreases, the relative content of the ¹⁵N isotope increases more than 30 times compared to its natural abundance. Such a high isotope enrichment exceeds more than fourfold the corresponding maximal value that is predicted for the nitrogen atoms by the existing theoretical model. Analysis of the experimental results shows that the isotope-selective dissociation of nitrogen molecules proceeds in the post-discharge zone after the most part of atoms created in the discharge zone had recombined at the tube surface. A mechanism that explains that a nitrogen isotope enrichment as high as that is quite possible is proposed.