Beryllium(II) sorption from aqueous solutions by polystyrene-based chelating polymer sorbents

Optimal parameters of beryllium(II) sorption from aqueous solutions by polystyrene-based sorbents have been studied, namely: optimal sorption acidity (pH_opt), pH providing 50% sorption (pH₅₀), optimal time (τ, min) and temperature of quantitative sorption. The sorption capacities of the sorbents under study (SCSs) for beryllium(II) have also been determined; sorption isotherms have been constructed. The parameters determined for beryllium(II) sorption by chelating polymer sorbents (CPSs) make it possible to select the most efficient sorbent for practical use.     

Biosorption of copper(II) from aqueous solutions by Spirogyra species

Batch studies were conducted to investigate the kinetics and isotherms of Cu(II) biosorption on the biomass of green alga Spirogyra species. It is observed that the biosorption capacity of the biomass strongly depends on pH and algal dose. The maximum biosorption capacity of 133.3 mg Cu(II)/g of dry weight of biomass was observed at an optimum pH of 5 in 120 min with an algal dose of 20 g/L. Desorption studies were conducted with 133.3 mg/g of Cu(II) loaded biomass using different desorption agents including HCl, EDTA, H2SO4, NaCl, and H2O. The maximum desorption of 95.3% was obtained with HCl in 15 min. The results indicate that with the advantages of high metal biosorption capacity and satisfactory recovery of Cu(II), Spirogyra can be used as an efficient and economic biosorbent material for the removal and recovery of toxic heavy metals from polluted water.     

Adsorption of copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions on alumina industrial wastes

Equilibrium adsorption of copper(II) ions on red mud (alumina industrial wastes) modified by various methods was studied. The effect exerted by the nature the modifier (NaHSO₄, NaCl + HCl, and H₂SO₄) on the sorption activity of red mud was determined.     

Evaluation of sorption affinity of cadmium(II) on Haro river sand from aqueous solutions

The sorption of Cd(II) on Haro river sand from deionized water is reported. The sorption system obeyed according to the Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms. The Freundlich parameters 1/n = 0.67±0.05 and of A = 1.38±1.14 mmole·g^-1 have been ascertained. D-R isotherm yields the values of = -0.003741±0.000321 kJ²·mole^-2, X _m = 0.23±0.21 mole·g^-1 and of E = 11.6±0.5 kJ·mole^-1. The influence of common anions and cations on the sorption was examined. Trivalent Bi enhances the sorption whereas Fe, Cr, Al and chromate ions reduce the sorption significantly. Hf(IV) and Ag(I) indicate substantial sorption (61–98%) whereas Gd(III), Re(VII) and Sc(III) show low sorption (<5%). The elements having low sorption can be separated from elements indicating higher sorption using Haro river sand column.     

Investigation of Co(II) sorption on GMZ bentonite from aqueous solutions by batch experiments

In this study, a local bentonite from Gaomiaozi county (Inner Mongolia, China) was converted to Na-bentonite and was characterized by FTIR and XRD to determine its chemical constituents and micro-structure. The removal of cobalt from aqueous solutions by Na-bentonite was investigated as a function of contact time, pH, ionic strength, foreign ions and temperature by batch technique under ambient conditions. The results indicated that the sorption of Co(II) was strongly dependent on pH. At low pH, the sorption of Co(II) was dominated by outer-sphere surface complexation or ion exchange whereas inner-sphere surface complexation was the main sorption mechanism at high pH. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and D-R models were used to simulate the sorption isotherms of Co(II) at the temperatures of 293.15, 313.15 and 333.15 K, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters (∆G°, ∆S°, ∆H°) of Co(II) sorption on GMZ bentonite calculated from the temperature-dependent sorption isotherms indicated that the sorption of Co(II) on GMZ bentonite was an exothermic and spontaneous process. The Na-bentonite is a suitable material for the preconcentration and solidification of Co(II) from aqueous solutions.     

Adsorption studies of cesium on potassium copper nickel hexacyanoferrate(II) from aqueous solutions

Adsorption of cesium from aqueous solutions on potassium copper nickel hexacyanoferrate(II) (KCNF) has been investigated in batch experiments and optimized as a function of concentration of acids, salts and adsorbate using a radiotracer technique. The results are presented in terms of distribution coefficient, K_d (ml·g^–1). The uptake of cesium obeys a Freundlich adsorption isotherm over the concentration range of 3.7 to 37 mmol·l^–1 with b values of 0.77, 0.68 and 0.56 at temperatures of 293, 313, 333 K, respectively. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm is followed in the concentration range of 15 to 75 mmol·l^–1 in the same temperature range. The values of limiting adsorption concentration (C_m) have been found to be 2.58, 2.44 and 2.32 mmol·g^–1. The heat of adsorption was calculated as 26.43 kJ·mol^–1. The influence of a number of anions and cations on cesium retention has also been studied. Column experiments have been performed and breakthrough have been obtained under different operating conditions. The low cesium capacity of 1.1 mmol·g^–1 has been obtained under dynamic conditions as compared to batch experiments. Desorption of cesium from the column has been achieved (45.4%) by nitric acid solution of 8M concentration at a flow rate of 0.5 ml·min^–1.     

Characteristics of sorption of uncomplexed and complexed Pb(II) from aqueous solutions onto peat

Batch experiments aimed at the sorption of Pb(II) onto peat were performed from an aqueous solution in both the absence and presence of common complexing agents (acetate or citrate). The influence of the initial pH of the solution, metal ion concentration and contact time on the sorption efficiency of Pb(II) was examined at ambient temperature (18 ± 0.5) °C for each experiment. The results showed that the presence of acetate improved the efficiency of the sorption process, while the presence of citrate in the aqueous solution decreased the efficiency of the Pb(II) sorption onto peat. The equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model and confirmed the monolayer sorption of uncomplexed and complexed Pb(II) species onto peat. The values of maximum sorption capacities (q _max) were 135.13 mg g⁻¹ for Pb(II) complexed with acetate, q > 79.36 mg g⁻¹ for uncomplexed Pb, q > 38.46 mg g⁻¹ for Pb(II) complexed with citrate. The kinetics of Pb(II) sorption onto peat, in both the absence and presence of complexing agents, indicated a pseudosecond order mechanism. Analysis of IR spectra showed that carboxylic and hydroxyl groups had an important role in the binding process of Pb(II) species onto peat.     

Modeling adsorption of copper (II) onto fly ash and bentonite complex from aqueous solutions

Transportation of copper (II) ions from aqueous solutions to a fly ash and bentonite complex amorphous heterogeneous oxides (AHO: CaO-SiO(2)-Al(2)O(3)-MgO-FeO) system was studied. The particles of the fly ash and bentonite complex AHO system were highly porous and composed of platelike grains. They provide the physical basis for establishing a liquid-solid reaction model applicable to mesoporous solids. The main innovation of this model was in simplifying the powder granules to aggregates of close particles, while the particles act in accordance with the model better. The calculated curves from the models were well in line with the experimental results.     

Spectrophotometric study of the equilibria in aqueous copper(II) azide solutions

The reaction between copper (II) and azide has been studied spectrophotometrically at four wavelengths, at 25 degrees , and ionic strength 4.00M (sodium perchlorate). The formation constants beta(2) and beta(3) found are 2.90 +/- 0.08 x 10(4) and 3.02 +/- 0.07 x 10(6) respectively. The results obtained from potentiometric measurements with a solid-state electrode disagree with those calculated from the spectrophotometric data. Causes of the discrepancy are discussed.     

Ion-exchange sorption of silver(I) chloride complexes from aqueous HCl solutions

The ion-exchange sorption of silver(I) chloride complexes from 1–4 M aqueous solutions of HCl on a series of Purolite anionites with various functional groups was studied. The ion-exchange equilibria in the systems were found to be anomalous according to Raman spectroscopy, which does not significantly affect the sorption properties of the ionites.     

Comparative study on Th(IV) sorption on alumina and silica from aqueous solutions

The effects of pH, ionic strength and concentration on the sorption of Th(IV) on alumina and silica were investigated and the sorption isotherms of Th(IV) on alumina and silica at different pH values were determined. It was found for both sorbents that the absorbability of silica is less than that of alumina. The relative sorption rate of silica is similar to that of alumina. The sorption edges are similar to each other, that the insensitivity of sorption to ionic strength is about the same. These similarities between the sorbents suggest that the speciation of Th(IV) in aqueous solutions plays a significant, but subtle role, in controlling the sorption process, because the charges of both sorbents are distinctly different. The mechanism of Th(IV) sorption on alumina is distinctly different from that of the sorptions of Cs⁺, Eu³⁺ and Yb³⁺ on alumina, and similar to that of the sorption of Co(II) on alumina.     

Simultaneous removal of copper(II), lead(II), zinc(II) and cadmium(II) from aqueous solutions by multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used successfully for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Characterization techniques showed the carbon as nanotubes with an average diameter between 40 and 60 nm and a specific surface area of 61.5 m² g^?1. The effect of carbon nanotubes mass, contact time, metal ions concentration, solution pH, and ionic strength on the adsorption of Cu(II), Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) by MWCNTs were studied and optimized. The adsorption of the heavy metals from aqueous solution by MWCNTs was studied kinetically using different kinetic models. A pseudo-second order model and the Elovich model were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. The mechanism of adsorption was studied by the intra-particle diffusion model, and the results showed that intra-particle diffusion was not the slowest of the rate processes that determined the overall order. This model also revealed that the interaction of the metal ions with the MWCNTs surface might have been the most significant rate process. There was a competition among the metal ions for binding of the active sites present on the MWCNTs surface with affinity in the following order: Cu(II) > Zn(II) > Pb(II) > Cd(II).     

Extraction of Co(II) and Ni(II) ammine cations from aqueous solutions into chloroform by highly lipophilic crown carboxylic acids

The proton-ionizable crown ethers, 2-[(sym-dibenzo-14-crown-4)oxy]-decanoic acid (1), 2-[sym-dibenzo-16-crown-5)oxy]decanoic acid (2), and 2-[sym-dibenzo-19-crown-6)oxy]decanoic acid (3) efficiently extract Co(II) and Ni(II) ammine cations from highly alkaline aqueous solutions (pH>10) into chloroform. For extractions of the individual metal species,2 is more efficient than1 or3. In competitive extraction systems, good selectivity for Co(II) ammine cations over Ni(II) ammine cations is observed.     

Utilization of olive pomace in nano MgO modification for sorption of Ni(II) and Cu(II) metal ions from aqueous solutions

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized and modified by olive pomace (NMOOP700) as a novel sorbent and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra, Scanning Electron Microscope, Transmission Electron Microscope, X-ray Diffraction, Differential Thermal Analysis and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis. Sorption of Cu (II) or Ni (II) ions were achieved taking into account important parameters including initial pH of the medium, contact time, initial metal ion concentration and temperature. A comparative study between Magnesium oxide nanoparticles and NMOOP700 material for the sorption of Cu (II) or Ni (II) ions was implemented. The obtained data revealed that the sorption process is significantly improved using NMOOP700. The monolayer capacity of Ni (II) and Cu (II) metal ions on NMOOP700 at pH 5 were found to be 149.93 ± 4.4 and 186.219 ± 6.3 mg/g, respectively. Findings of the present work highlight the potential use of NMOOP700 as a novel and effective sorbent material for the removal of Cu (II) or Ni (II) ions from the liquid phase.     

Potentiometric behaviour of the copper electrode in aqueous copper(II) perchlorate solutions containing sodium chloride

It is demonstrated that the copper metal electrode corrodes in the presence of copper(II) ions in solution. A model based on mass balance can properly describe the experimental results. In the presence of copper(II) ions the copper electrode responds to copper(I), indicating that the electrode potential corresponds to a mixed potential.     

A radiochemical study on the thermodynamics of cesium adsorption on potassium copper nickel hexacyanoferrate(II) from aqueous solutions

This paper reports a radiochemical study on the themodynamics of cesium adsorption on potassium copper nickel hexacyanoferrate(II) (KCNF) using¹³⁴Cs radionuclide as a radiotracer. The values of themodynamic parameters like H ^o , S ^o and G ^o have been calculated using the temperature dependence of cesium adsorption on KCNF. These values indicate the endothermic nature of the adsorption process. Freundlich and Langmuir izotems have shown their applicability for the adsorption of cesium on KCNF at different temperatures and their corresponding constants have been calculated and interpreted. The Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) equation has also been applied to the adsorption data and the values of mean free energies of the adsorption process at different temperatures have been evaluated. These values indicate that the adsorption of cesium on KCNF is expected to follow an ion exchange process.     

Equilibrium sorption of heavy metals and phosphate from single- and binary-sorbate solutions on goethite

The amounts of Cu(II), Zn(II), and phosphate sorbed from single- and binary-sorbate systems on goethite (alpha-FeOOH) were measured. Experiments were carried out as a function of equilibrium pH (2-7), sorbate concentration (0.21-1.57 mM), and temperature (15-35 degrees C). The aqueous phase contained 0.1 M NaNO3 to maintain ionic strength constant. A convenient method was used to obtain sorption isotherms of single Cu(II), Zn(II), and phosphate at a fixed equilibrium pH, which could be well described by the Langmuir equation. Thermodynamic parameters for the sorption of single Cu(II) and phosphate including the free energies, isosteric enthalpies, and entropies were determined. In contrast to the single-sorbate systems, the sorption of metals was inhibited in the binary Cu(II)-Zn(II) system, whereas the sorption of both sorbates was enhanced in the binary Cu(II)-phosphate system under the conditions studied. The validity of the Langmuir competitive model for the prediction of the sorption isotherms in a binary Cu(II)-Zn(II) system was also discussed.     

Sorption of radiocobalt(II) from aqueous solutions to Na-attapulgite

The sorption of Co(II) on Na-attapulgite as a function of contact time, solid content, pH, ionic strength, foreign ions, fulvic acid (FA) and temperature under ambient conditions was studied. The kinetic of Co(II) sorption on Na-attapulgite was described well by pseudo-second-order model. The sorption of Co(II) on Na-attapulgite was strongly dependent on pH and ionic strength. The sorption of Co(II) was mainly dominated by outer-sphere surface complexation and/or ion exchange at low pH, whereas inner-sphere surface complexation or surface precipitation was the main sorption mechanism at high pH values. The presence of FA did not affect Co(II) sorption obviously at pH <7, and a negative effect was observed at pH >7. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to simulate the sorption data at different temperatures, and the results indicated that the Langmuir model simulated the data better than the Freundlich isotherm model. The thermodynamic parameters (∆G°, ∆S°, ∆H°) calculated from the temperature-dependent sorption isotherms indicated that the sorption of Co(II) on Na-attapulgite was an endothermic and spontaneous process. The results suggest that the attapulgite sample is a suitable material in the preconcentration and solidification of radiocobalt from large volumes of aqueous solutions.     

Study of <Superscript>63</Superscript>Ni(II) sorption on CMC-bound bentonite from aqueous solutions

Bentonite was investigated to remove Ni(II) from aqueous solutions because of its strong sorption ability. Herein, bentonite was modified with sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and used as an adsorbent to remove Ni(II) from aqueous solutions. The results indicated that CMC-bentonite had higher sorption capacity than bare bentonite in the sorption of Ni(II) from aqueous solutions. Sorption of Ni(II) on CMC-bentonite was mainly dominated by ion exchange or outer-sphere surface complexation at low pH values, but by inner-sphere surface complexation or surface precipitation at high pH values. The thermodynamic data calculated from temperature dependent sorption isotherms indicated that the sorption of Ni(II) to CMC-bentonite hybrids was an spontaneous process and enhanced with increasing temperature.