条纹法提高成像分辨率的实验研究

 对利用条纹场照射目标以提高成像分辨率的方法进行了实验研究。条纹法提高成像分辨率的基本思想是，采用余弦条纹场照射目标，光学系统截止频率外的一部分高频分量将通过光学系统，通过对用多幅同频条纹场照射目标所获得的图像序列进行综合处理，可以获得超分辨率的图像。实验采用激光形成的干涉条纹场照射目标，共采用10幅余弦条纹场，各幅条纹场之间依次有1/10个周期的平移，对这10幅条纹场照射目标时所拍摄的图像进行综合处理，获得了分辨率提高的图像。实验结果证明了利用干涉条纹场照射目标获得超分辨率像这一方法的可行性。     

Effect of Pt and Fe catalysts in the transformation of carbon black into carbon nanotubes

In this research carbon nanotubes and carbon nano onion-like structures were synthesized from carbon black using metal catalysts at 400 °C and 700 °C. Platinum and iron-group metals were used as catalysts for the transformation of CB into graphitized nanocarbon and the effect of both metals was compared. The synthesized products were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The characterization shows that this process is very efficient in the synthesis of high quality graphitized products from amorphous carbon black, even though the process temperature was relatively low in comparison with previous studies. Distinguished graphitic walls of the newly formed carbon nanostructures were clearly visible in the HRTEM images. Possible growth difference related to the type of catalyst used is briefly explained with the basis of electron vacancies in d-orbitals of metals.     

一些新颖碳纳米结构的高分辨率透射电子显微镜研究

在双阳极电弧放电的阴极沉积物中已发现扁平碳纳米壳、碳纳米棒和棒-管相连的碳纳米结构.高分辨率透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)确认了碳纳米管直接生长在纳米棒之上,因而碳纳米管生长开端的来龙去脉清晰可见.另外,HRTEM图像显示,多壳层碳纳米棒有一条中心线.有可能这是一种基于单键和三重键交替“sp”杂化的炔链碳同素异形体. 关键词：     

Formation and microstructure of carbon encapsulated superparamagnetic Co nanoparticles

Carbon encapsulated magnetic cobalt nanoparticles have been synthesized by the modified arc-discharge method. Both high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles reveal the presence of 8–15 nm diameter crystallites coated with 1–3 carbon layers. In particular, HREM images indicate that the intimate and contiguous carbon fringe around those Co nanoparticles is good evidence for complete encapsulation by carbon shell layers. The encapsulated phases are identified as hcp α-Co, fcc β-Co and cobalt carbide (Co₃C) nanocrystals using X-ray diffraction (XRD), nano-area electron diffraction (SAED) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). However, some fcc β-Co particles with a significant fraction of stacking faults are observed by HREM and confirmed by means of numerical fast Fourier transform (FFT) of HREM lattice images. The carbon encapsulation formation and growth mechanism are also reviewed.     

Ar+轰击石墨表面生成碳纳米管和碳纳米多面体

报道了一种用60keV Ar⁺轰击石墨生成碳纳米管和纳米碳壳层多面体颗粒的方法.高分辨透射电子显微镜研究指出，这些纳米多层结构物的尺寸约在20nm到0.4μm之间，碳原子层之间的距离为0.34nm.基于高分辨透射电子显微镜图像，建议了一个关于“组合碳多面体”的生长模型. 关键词：     

High resolution transmission electron microscopy to study very thin crystalline layers buried at an amorphous-crystalline interface

Structure characterisation of interfaces is a field of widespread application of high resolution transmission electron microscopy for its very high spatial resolution. Specimen thickness and electron optical condition have a deep influence on the high resolution electron transmission microscopy image contrast. Hence, in many cases, the real structure of the sample can be understood from experimental images only by comparison with the relevant simulation. Moreover, the understanding of the contrast variation of a few A at an interface is a task in which even the use of simulation could not produce an unequivocal solution of the experimental result. In this paper high resolution transmission electron microscopy image simulations show that two monolayers of crystalline material buried at an amorphous-crystalline interface can be successfully revealed and interpreted. The simulated images reproduce the experimental results as obtained from the Al/Si-As/n-GaAs (001) heterostructure.     

A comparative study of conventional type II and inverted core–shell nanostructures based on CdSe and ZnS

The objective of this work is to investigate structural, morphological and optical properties of conventional CdSe/ZnS core–shell and inverted ZnS/CdSe core–shell nanostructures for opto-electronic device applications. For this purpose both nanostructures were synthesized using chemical bath deposition technique in thin film form. The structural properties were studied using X-ray diffraction technique with Rietveld refinement and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The surface morphology of synthesized thin film was illustrated in the form 2D and 3D images using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The optical properties were explained using UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy and photo luminescence (PL) spectroscopy in in situ monitoring process. A comparison of estimated particle size from XRD, high resolution AFM and TEM images was resulted in good agreement as 2.1, 2.4 and 2.1 nm respectively for conventional CdSe/ZnS core–shell and as 2.5, 2.5 and 2.2 nm respectively for inverted ZnS/CdSe core–shell nanostructures.     

Growth and characterization of branched carbon nanostructures arrays in nano-patterned surfaces from porous silicon substrates

A method to grow branched carbon nanostructures arrays is presented. We employ the electron-beam-induced deposition method using a transmission electron microscope in poor vacuum conditions where hydrocarbons are present in the chamber. The hydrocarbons are attracted to the substrates by the local electric fields. Saw-tooth nano-patterns were made with a focused ion beam in porous silicon substrates with high porosity in order to create sites with high-local electric fields. We found that the adequate ion dose to create well-defined saw-tooth nano-patterns was between 8 and 10 nC/microm(2). Raman and electron energy-loss spectroscopy on the branched carbon nanostructures show a high concentration of sp(2) sites suggesting that they are made of graphite-like hydrogenated amorphous carbon. Selected area electron diffraction, high-resolution images and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) are also presented.     

散斑杨氏条纹图的全自动处理与识别

本文应用数字图象处理技术在AppleⅡ和IBM-PC图象处理系统上实现了散斑杨氏条纹图的全自动分析。文中采用二维灰度值检测的方法获取条纹的准峰值或谷值二值图,然后通过细化得到条纹中心。识别条纹间距时充分利用了整幅图杨氏条纹间距信息使识别结果具有高的精度。提出了用记忆跟踪算法结合线性回归的方法识别杨氏条纹倾角。最后给出了实验结果。     

Improvement for optical mechanics method of coherent gradient sensing

Coherent gradient sensing (CGS) is double grating lateral-shearing interferometric technique with the simplicity of the optical set-up, non-contact, real-time, full-field optical information and variable resolution, which has shown many applications in the study of quasi-static as well as dynamic crack-tip field in both homogeneous and composite materials. It can be used both in a reflection mode (for opaque materials) and in a transmission mode (for transparent materials). The accuracy of the fringe order in the CGS interference image will deeply influence the precision of experimental study. Because of the difference in the optical principle from other optical methods, the fringe order of CGS cannot be obtained through the phase-shift technology. In this paper, a kind of modified CGS method is introduced and analyzed, which can accurately obtain the fringe order of random position in the CGS interference image. This method does not need additional optical set-up and complicated image processing techniques, but only needs several (greater than two) CGS interference images under different loadings. Static fracture experiments show that this method can evidently improve the precision of the CGS method.     

Electron holography with atomic focusers

In a modified form of electron holography, as originally proposed by Gabor, a specimen illuminated by the focused, convergent beam of a scanning transmission electron microscope is followed by a thin crystal which acts as a periodic array of atomic focusers. Each of the broad diffraction spots of the crystal then contains a magnified image of the specimen with a resolution limit of 0.05 nm or less. The method is illustrated by images of crystal lattice planes and tungsten atoms in the diffraction patterns formed by crystals in the walls of carbon nanoshells.     

激光冲击690高强钢位错组态与晶粒细化的实验研究

为研究激光冲击材料内部位错组态和晶粒细化的关系,用脉冲激光对690高强钢试样进行了冲击强化处理,采用扫描电镜和透射电镜分别获得了冲击后试样的扫描电子显微像和透射电子显微像、高分辨电子显微像,并对高分辨电子显微像进行快速傅里叶逆变换,从位错组态角度建立了激光冲击690高强钢晶粒细化模型.结果表明,690高强钢试样经功率密度为5.09 GW/cm^2的激光冲击加载后,其材料内部位错增殖、表层晶粒细化,截面晶粒尺寸大小分布在80~200 nm;析出相与基体保持半共格关系,基体中分布着众多刃型位错、位错偶以及扩展位错等缺陷,其中位错偶是由带割阶的螺型位错运动形成;通过由位错、扩展位错、空位等构成的几何位错界面扩展交汇把原始大晶粒分割成细小晶粒;激光冲击690高强钢晶粒细化模型可以描述激光冲击690高强钢位错运动主导的晶粒细化过程.     

超声波处理高序石墨合成碳纳米结构

用超声波处理水溶液中的高序石墨固体,借助于高分辨透射电子显微镜和电子衍射,不但看到了与电弧放电和激光烧蚀产物相似的碳纳米多面体和纳米管,而且还发现了一种罕见的实心碳纳米球.对这种由扰动石墨晶格组成物的形成过程给出一种可能的模型解释 关键词： 高序石墨 超声波处理 碳纳米结构     

Automatic Young's fringe analysis in the source image plane

Typically Young's fringe pattern automatic analysis from a double-exposure image (e.g. a photograph) passes through an indirect processing stage on some intermediate parameter domain. Here, we propose a method based on a complicated image processing technique, operating directly with the source fringe image pixels, and providing remarkable accuracy and computational time. This method is intended for laser speckle velocimetry (LSV), particle image velovimetry (PIV), and digital image velocimetry (DIV) applications. Assuming a common fringe pattern model, we introduce a pre-processing stage to improve significantly the fringe discernment. A dynamic thresholding segmentation scheme, adjusted to the fringe spatial structure, follows to localize the fringes being quantitatively attributed with the corresponding eigenvectors. The algorithm has been tested on real patterns as well as on a set of artifically simulated images with pre-defined characteristics.     

基于YOLOv3框架的高分辨电镜图像原子峰位置检测

高分辨电镜图像中原子峰位置的检测具有十分重要的现实意义,通过精确定量化原子峰位置可以分析物质在微观尺度上的结构形变、电极化矢量分布等重要信息.近年来深度学习技术在图像目标检测领域取得了巨大突破,这一技术可用在高分辨电镜图像处理上,因为原子位置的检测可以看作是一个目标检测问题.本文利用先进的机器学习方法,通过制作高质量原子图像样本集,使用YOLOv3目标识别框架对原子图像进行自动检测,达到预期效果,实现了深度学习技术在高分辨电镜图像处理领域的应用.该方法的运用有望突破自动处理动态、大量电镜图片的瓶颈问题.     

Determination of skeleton and sign map for phase obtaining from a single ESPI image

A robust method of determining the sign map and skeletons for ESPI images is introduced in this paper. ESPI images have high speckle noise which makes it difficult to obtain the fringe information, especially from a single image. To overcome the effects of high speckle noise, local directional computing windows are designed according to the fringe directions. Then by calculating the gradients from the filtered image in directional windows, sign map and good skeletons can be determined robustly. Based on the sign map, single image phase-extracting methods such as quadrature transform can be improved. And based on skeletons, fringe phases can be obtained directly by normalization methods. Experiments show that this new method is robust and effective for extracting phase from a single ESPI fringe image.     

Efficient field emission from coiled carbon nano/microfiber on copper substrate by dc-PECVD

Crystalline coiled carbon nano/micro fibers in thin film form have been synthesized via direct current plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) on copper substrates with acetylene as a carbon precursor at 10 mbar pressure and 750 °C substrate temperature. The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). XRD pattern as well as selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern showed that the samples were crystalline in nature. SEM and HRTEM studies showed that as synthesized coiled carbon fibers are having average diameter ∼100 nm and are several micrometers in length. The as-prepared samples showed moderately good electron field emission properties with a turn-on field as low as 1.96 V/μm for an inter-electrode distance 220 μm. The variation of field emission properties with inter-electrode distance has been studied in detail. The field emission properties of the coiled carbon fibrous thin films are compared with that of crystalline multiwalled carbon nanotubes and other carbon nanostructures.     

A carrier method of speckle-shearing interferometry for individual-component patterns of in-plane strain

With single-beam illumination and double-film recording, two fringe carriers are introduced separately into double-exposure recording of speckle-shearing interferometry, so that the deformation of the specimen is recorded in the form of spatial modulation to the frequency of the carrier fringes. By Fourier transform optical-filtering, two strain-modulating fringe carriers are obtained, and these are then processed by digital image processing as grey level images, from which the pattern of the individual in-plane strain is acquired by subtraction of these images.     

Two‐Dimensionally Ordered Plasmonic and Magnetic Nanostructures on Transferable Electron‐Transparent Substrates

Discovery of new plasmonic behaviors from nanostructured materials can be greatly accelerated by the ability to prepare and characterize their near‐field behaviors with high resolution in a rapid manner. Here, an efficient and cost‐effective way is reported to make 2D periodic nanostructures on electron‐transparent substrates for rapid characterization by transmission electron microscopy. By combining nanosphere lithography with a substrate float‐off technique, large areas of electron‐transparent periodic nanostructures can be achieved. For this study, the synthesis of plasmonic nanostructures of Ag, magnetic nanostructures of Co, and bimetallic nanostructures of Ag–Co are investigated. Characterization of the materials by a combination of transmission electron microscopy, far‐field optical spectroscopy, and magnetization measurements reveals that this new approach can yield useful nanostructures on transparent, flexible, and transferable substrates with desirable plasmonic and/or magnetic properties.