功能性近红外光谱系统及锁相放大器算法的研究

功能性近红外光谱(functional near-infrared spectroscopy, fNIRS)技术是一种新兴的非侵入式光学技术,该技术可以测量脑皮层的功能性活动信息。介绍了单通道fNIRS系统的开发,为了验证系统的性能,2人参与了算数运算任务,获得了氧合血红蛋白和脱氧血红蛋白的浓度变化。锁相放大器在fNIRS系统中可以很好地提取淹没在噪声中微弱的光强信号,但是模拟锁相放大器价格昂贵,对多通道系统来说是很大的负担。设计了数字锁相放大器算法,通过与模拟锁相进行比较,结果表明设计的数字锁相放大器可以取代价格昂贵的模拟锁相放大器。     

SPGD算法在光纤激光相干阵列光束控制中的应用

主动相位控制的光纤激光阵列相干合成在提高输出功率的同时能够保证良好的光束质量,其关键技术在于光纤激光相干阵列的锁相控制。基于随机并行梯度下降(SPGD)算法的锁相控制方案不仅具有控制策略简单、系统结构紧凑的优点,而且通过算法性能评价函数和迭代参数的选取,能够对光纤激光相干阵列进行多种锁相控制,从而得到各种形式的阵列合成光束输出,实现与自适应光子锁相元件整列(APPLE)系统阵列的有效契合。理论研究并实验实现了基于SPGD算法的相位控制方案的同相相干合成锁相控制、合成光束主极大偏转控制和空心光束产生等功能,验证了基于SPGD算法的全电光束控制在各种形态光束控制中的可行性。     

基于样本熵的听觉神经锁相机理的实验分析

锁相是指系统的响应与周期性刺激的特定相位同步的物理现象. 听觉神经的锁相对揭示人的听觉认知基本的神经机理及改善听觉感知有重要意义. 然而, 现有研究主要集中于心理物理方法和幅度谱分析, 不能有效区分包络响应和时域细节结构响应, 不能直观反映神经锁相. 本文主要利用拔靴法和离散傅里叶变换, 提出了基于样本熵的时域细节结构频率跟随响应(temporal-fine-structure-related frequency following response, FFR_T)的神经锁相值(phase locking value, PLV)计算方法, 用于分析神经物理实验数据. 两个脑电实验结果表明: FFR_T的PLV样本熵显著大于包络相关频率跟随响应(envelope-related frequency following response, FFR_E)的PLV, 且二者正交独立, 新方法能有效地分别反映听觉系统对包络和时间细节结构的锁相机理; 基频处的响应主要来源于FFR_E的锁相; 基频处, 不可分辨谐波成分包络的锁相能力优于对可分辨谐波; 基频缺失时, 畸变产物是不同的听觉神经通路的FFR_E的混合; 谐波处, FFR_E 集中于低频, FFR_T则集中于中、高频; 听觉神经元锁相能力与声源的频率可分辨性相关. FFR_T的PLV方法克服了现有FFR分析的局限性, 可用于深入研究听觉神经机理.     

光学膜厚控制技术——锁相微分极值法的探讨

一、锁相放大器的基本原理锁相技术是七十年代发展起来的,它能把掩没在噪声中的微弱信号提纯,其关键在于采用了相关接收技术。在光学膜厚控制仪中把两个相关函数即被测信号u_1(t)和参考信号u_2(t)进行模拟相乘,再进行积分取平均值,如图1所示。     

双相正交数字相敏检波方案在光学监控中的应用与仿真

提出了采用双相正交数字相敏检波(DPSD)方案设计数字锁相放大器(DLIA)代替传统模拟锁相放大器,并应用到了真空镀膜光学监控系统(OMS)中。针对信噪比(SNRI)和相位延时对方案进行了仿真分析。结果证实了双相正交PSD方案的可行性。由于在输入信号采样频率一定时,OMS精度和实时性之间存在矛盾关系,所以应尽量提高输入信号采样频率以获得高的SNRI。在DLIA中采用低阶滤波器和较高截止频率还可以减轻输出波形过冲效应的影响。     

离体龋齿的光热锁相成像检测试验

牙齿龋损是人类一种广泛存在的口腔疾病,如何能够尽早的发现早期龋齿,对患者牙齿龋损的预防与治疗具有重要意义。介绍了基于光热效应的光热锁相热成像技术,光热锁相热成像技术具有无损伤、高效率及探测面积大等优势被广泛应用于各类材料的无损检测。基于光热锁相热成像技术原理对人为模拟龋损的人类离体牙齿组织进行成像检测试验研究。首先开展了对不同模拟龋损位置离体牙齿的光热锁相成像试验,采用防酸指甲油对牙齿组织测试面进行开窗受控龋损(开窗大小为5 mm×5 mm),其中模拟龋损部位分别选择在牙齿组织的邻接面及牙颌面。试验结果显示,牙齿组织模拟龋损位置热波幅值增大,相位滞后增大且光热锁相成像的幅值图与相位图与X射线成像相比对模拟龋损部位表现出高敏感及高特异性;光热锁相成像技术对邻接面龋损比牙颌面龋损具有较高特异性。其次开展了对平滑面牙齿组织样本的多天(0,1,2,4及6 d)模拟龋损光热锁相成像跟踪试验研究,牙齿组织龋损程度采用X射线方法进行量化。试验结果表明,当龋损时间小于6 d时,X射线方法无法对龋损位置进行有效识别,而采用光热锁相热成像技术检测模拟龋损1 d的牙齿组织时,幅值差为3.82,相位差为10.57°,证明光热锁相热成像方法对牙齿组织龋损具有较高敏感性。提取的光热锁相成像幅值与相位与龋损时间具有良好的相关性。     

激光线宽对光学锁相环锁相效果的影响

为了获得利于相干合成的具有高相干性的单元光束,可利用光学锁相环(OPLL)来实现本振激光的相位锁定。推导了锁相后激光复振幅的互相关函数表达式,并以此评价锁相后光束间的相干性。具体计算了参考光线宽、时间常数和本振激光线宽差对互相关函数值的影响。定义与本振激光线宽差相关的评价参数M,以此表征当其他参数一定时本振激光线宽差对锁相后激光相干性的影响。进一步针对本振激光线宽不一致对锁相效果的影响进行详细分析,得到相关参数合理值范围的计算公式。结果表明对于不同的本振激光线宽差范围需要设计不同的OPLL系统时间常数来实现有效锁相。     

多级复合环路光学锁相环技术研究

星间相干通信系统其多普勒频移达到了吉赫兹量级,同时受到调谐激光器线宽、相位噪声的影响,对光学锁相环路系统提出了高要求。依据科斯塔斯锁相环技术原理,将温度调谐、压电陶瓷(PZT)调谐、声光移频器(AOFS)调谐复合到一起,通过内环与外环方式对本振激光器进行调控,实现光学锁相功能。搭建实验测试系统对环路性能进行测试,结果表明:此系统可达到锁相范围为4GHz,锁相带宽为1.7 MHz,实现了信号光与本振光之间的多普勒频移跟踪、激光器线宽补偿及相位快速锁定,最终相位残余误差5.1°。     

数字锁相检测在合肥光源逐圈测量系统的应用

从其原理出发,分析了数字锁相检测在逐圈束流位置测量系统中用于束流振荡阻尼率(增长率)计算的可行性,并在Matlab中对其进行了仿真计算。将该方法应用到合肥光源逐圈测量系统中,进行了Beta振荡的增长和阻尼时间的计算,结果显示振荡增长时间约为0.26ms,阻尼时间为1.2ms(反馈系统调试时)。仿真和实验结果都表明,数字锁相检测可以有效用于逐圈测量系统中阻尼率的计算。     

数字正交锁相解调算法在可调谐激光光谱密封药瓶水汽浓度测量中的应用

密封药瓶内的药物在储存过程中，时常会因为保存方式不当，产品质量不合格等问题导致其气密闭性变差，极易与空气中的各种气体发生化学反应引起药品变质，影响其正常使用。因此，可以通过药瓶内部各种气体浓度的测量及时反映出药品的储存状态。其中水汽(H₂O)是空气中的常见气体且极易与药品产生反应，药瓶中H₂O浓度的测量是判断瓶内药物是否变质的重要依据之一。实际检测药瓶内水汽浓度的传统方法或通常需要直接接触到样品才能做出判断，很难做到无损检测，样品处理过程较为繁琐，耗时耗力，难以实现对大量药瓶的实时无损测量，所以需要一个实时快速非接触式检测容器密封性的方法。为了高效检测并实时监控密封药品存储容器(药瓶)内的水汽浓度，提出了一种可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)的数字正交锁相解调算法，并对该算法的可行性及有效性进行了实验验证。药瓶采用长12 cm宽9 cm高64 cm的可透光聚乙烯(PE)材质；中心波长为1 391 nm的分布式反馈(DFB)激光器作为光源，搭建了基于数字正交锁相解调算法的TDLAS药品检漏测量系统，以数字锁相解调代替了传统的锁相解调并且研究...     

The general approach to mode-locking mechanism analysis for CW solid-state lasers with a nonlinear Fabry-Pérot interferometer

The effective mode locking of a CW solid-state laser with a nonlinear Fabry-Pérot interferometer with a period matched to that of the main cavity period (mode locking by additional cavity, or coupled-cavity mode locking) is considered. The main features of the ultra-short pulse generation obtained on the basis of numerical simulations in the framework of the fluctuation model are interpreted using an analysis of nonlinear reflectivity of the interferometer. A correlation between parameter ranges for effective mode locking and self-consistent solutions of the system describing the CW ultra-short pulse generation allows one to explain a discrete range character. A new mode-locking regime has been described and the influence of interferometer bistability on the mode-locking efficiency has been evaluated.     

Spiking behavior in a noise-driven system combining oscillatory and excitatory properties

We show that firing activity (spiking) can be regularized by noise in a FitzHugh-Nagumo (FHN) neuron model when operating slightly beyond the supercritical Hopf bifurcation (in the "canard" region). We also provide the conditions for imperfect phase locking between interspike intervals and low amplitude quasiharmonic oscillations. For the imperfect phase locking no need exists of an external signal as it follows from the FHN intrinsic dynamics.     

Responses to amplitude-modulated tones in the auditory nerve of the cat.

Sinusoidally amplitude-modulated (AM) tones are frequently used in psychophysical and physiological studies, yet a comprehensive study on the coding of AM tones in the auditory nerve is lacking. AM responses of single auditory-nerve fibers of the cat are studied, systematically varying modulation depth, frequency, and sound level. Synchrony-level functions were nonmonotonic with maximum values that were inversely correlated with spontaneous rate (SR). In most fibers, envelope phase-locking showed a positive gain. Modulation transfer functions were uniformly low pass. Their corner frequency increased with characteristic frequency (CF), but changed little for CFs above 10 kHz. The highest modulation frequencies to which phase locking occurred were more than 0.8 oct lower than the highest frequencies to which phase locking to pure tones occurs. Cumulative, or unwrapped, phase increased linearly with modulation frequency: The slope was inversely related to CF, and slightly higher than group delays reported for pure tones. High SR, low CF fibers showed the poorest envelope phase locking. In some low CF fibers, phase locking increased at high levels, associated with "peak-splitting" phenomena. Changes in average rate due to modulation were small, and could be enhancement or suppression.     

A power and wavelength detuning-dependent hysteresis loop in a single mode Fabry-Prot laser diode

In this paper, we observe experimentally the optical bistability induced by the side-mode injection power and wave-length detuning in a single mode Fabry-Prot laser diode (SMFP-LD). Results show that the bistability characteristics of the dominant and injected modes are strongly dependent on the injected input optical power and wavelength detuning in an SMFP-LD. We observe three types of hysteresis loops: counterclockwise, clockwise, and butterfly hysteresis with various loop widths. In the case of a bistability loop caused by injection power, the transition from counterclockwise to clockwise in the hysteresis direction with the wavelength detuning from 0.028 nm to 0.112 nm is observed in a way of butterfly hysteresis for the dominant mode by increasing the wavelength detuning. The width of hysteresis loop, induced by wavelength detuning is also changed while the injection power is enhanced from 7 dBm to 5 dBm.     

Lyapunov function for the Kuramoto model of nonlinearly coupled oscillators

A Lyapunov function for the phase-locked state of the Kuramoto model of non-linearly coupled oscillators is presented. It is also valid for finite-range interactions and allows the introduction of thermodynamic formalism such as ground states and universality classes. For the Kuramoto model, a minimum of the Lyapunov function corresponds to a ground state of a system with frustration: the interaction between the oscillators,XY spins, is ferromagnetic, whereas the random frequencies induce random fields which try to break the ferromagnetic order, i.e., global phase locking. The ensuing arguments imply asymptotic stability of the phase-locked state (up to degeneracy) and hold for any probability distribution of the frequencies. Special attention is given to discrete distribution functions. We argue that in this case a perfect locking on each of the sublattices which correspond to the frequencies results, but that a partial locking of some but not all sublattices is not to be expected. The order parameter of the phase-locked state is shown to have a strictly positive lower bound (r 1/2), so that a continuous transition to a nonlocked state with vanishing order parameter is to be excluded.     

Hybrid phase-locked loop with fast locking time and low spur in a 0.18-μm CMOS process

We propose a novel hybrid phase-locked loop(PLL) architecture for overcoming the trade-off between fast locking time and low spur. To reduce the settling time and meanwhile suppress the reference spurs, we employ a wide-band single-path PLL and a narrow-band dual-path PLL in a transient state and a steady state, respectively, by changing the loop bandwidth according to the gain of voltage controlled oscillator(VCO) and the resister of the loop filter. The hybrid PLL is implemented in a 0.18-μm complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS) process with a total die area of1.4×0.46 mm2. The measured results exhibit a reference spur level of lower than-73 dB with a reference frequency of10 MHz and a settling time of 20 μs with 40 MHz frequency jump at 2 GHz. The total power consumption of the hybrid PLL is less than 27 mW with a supply voltage of 1.8 V.     

二极管激光阵列在Talbot外腔中同相模的选择

 从理论和实验上对二极管激光阵列在Talbot外腔中的锁相进行了研究。在同相模和异相模近场分布的基础上，利用1维情况下的菲涅耳衍射公式计算了其远场分布。根据同相模和异相模在Talbot腔中的分布特性，采用1/2 Talbot腔并将外腔镜倾斜一个角度a的方法既能选择同相模，又能使模式的功率损耗最小。二极管激光阵列芯片采用CD金刚石材料,“三明治”结构对其进行封装，明显地减小了阵列的“smile”效应。在实验中实现了二极管激光阵列同相模的锁相输出，远场单瓣模的半高全宽为0.11 mm。     

Operation of KrF and ArF tunable excimer lasers without Cassegrain optics

A commercial tunable excimer laser consists of an oscillator-amplifier combination. The oscillator produces high-quality light that is sent to the amplifier and is distributed throughout the amplifier cavity via Cassegrain optics. We describe here two alternative approaches, a single-pass configuration for use with KrF and a triple-pass configuration with ArF, both of which do away with the Cassegrain optics. In each approach, the beam energy is the same as with Cassegrain optics. For KrF, the changes provide better locking, a higher degree of linear polarization, and a better spatial beam homogeneity, but a poorer beam divergence. For ArF, there is also better beam homogeneity, but the locking efficiency and divergence are not as good as with Cassegrain optics.     

Numerical study of active mode locking in pulsed solid-state lasers

Transient mode locking of spiking solid-state lasers is studied with the help of two theoretical approaches. The first of them is an extension of the previous transient theory with single-mode rate equations to find the limited spike build-up time depending on the modulation index. The second is based on semiclassical multimode equations describing both spiking behaviour and formation of the picosecond pulse from the initial noise. The derivation of the equations as well as a comparison of results from both approaches are given. The obtained numerical results agree with experimental data. It is shown that the pulsewidth in a spiking laser can approach the small value predicted by the steady-state theory. This minimal pulsewidth can be reached at a smaller modulation index than predicted by the standard transient mode locking theory. The minimal modulation index for generation of good picosecond pulses free of noise is found to be 0.6 in our case. Losses connected with amplitude modulation have a negligible effect on spike build-up time and pulse duration.     

Dynamics of Josephson Junction under “Green” Noise

The stochastic dynamics of the Josephson junction is studied when external noise is nonwhite and high-pass filtered (green noise). In this case the diffusion coefficient of the Fokker-Planck equation is zero. Therefore the phase locking between the wave functions of the Cooper pairs is described and interpreted by the Krylov-Bogoljubov averaging method. The maximum (critical) Josephson current is redefined. Nonlinear diffusion and the lifetime of the phase locking of wave functions are considered. Background illumination, zero-point fluctuations and filtered white noise are used as examples of green noise. It is shown that the effect of green noise on the superconducting state of the junction is much less destructive than that of white one.