Uncertainty analysis for rolling contact fatigue failure probability of silicon nitride ball bearings

Uncertainty analysis and parametric studies are presented for estimating the fatigue failure probability of surface cracks in silicon nitride ball bearings subjected to rolling contact fatigue. Uncertainty quantification of input parameters are presented first based on experimental data, inspection capability, and geometric reasoning. Surrogate models for equivalent stress intensity factors are then used for uncertainty propagation, which are built upon high fidelity finite element modeling with half-penny-shaped surface cracks. Instead of black-box type surrogate modeling, physical observations are employed to decompose the high dimensional surrogate model into multiple one-dimensional models. The cross-validation technique is used to find the best surrogate that has the smallest prediction variance. The probability of failure is estimated using Monte Carlo simulation and surrogate models. The parametric studies show that reducing the maximum crack size (by limiting inspection threshold) and increasing the fatigue threshold (by improving fracture toughness of a material) are the most effective ways of reducing the probability of failure. For example, decreasing the maximum crack size by 4.4% and increasing the lowest fracture threshold by 2.8% results in the reduction of probability of failure by 40%. Ball survivability increases with decreasing ball diameter, for a given peak Hertzian stress. In order to apply the current study to hybrid ball bearing design, the survivability results are generalized through non-dimensionalization.     

Approximation and Calibration of Nonlinear Structural Dynamics

In this paper, a methodology for the calibration of nonlinear structural dynamic models is presented. Calibration of nonlinear structural dynamics offers several additional challenges beyond that of linear dynamics. Even with advanced computational power, exact nonlinear finite element simulations often take several hours to complete on engineering workstations. Thus, the proposed model calibration method utilizes an approximate structural model. This approximate analysis is embedded in the outer loop, which utilizes an exact finite element analysis to verify the validity of the approximate model. If the approximate model is shown to be invalid at that point in parameter space, then the new exact analysis is used to develop an improved approximate model and the inner loop is executed again. Specifically, this paper will focus on the two key aspects of the inner loop, namely the development of an approximate model, and the parameter identification using the approximate model.     

基于LS -DYNA公路桥车桥耦合的车辆模型研究

研究公路桥梁在移动车辆荷载作用下的动力响应,建立合理的车辆模型非常重要。为更真实地体现桥梁在车载作用下的动力响应,基于LS-DYNA程序,结合常用重型车辆的结构特性及参数,对车辆的橡胶轮胎、轮胎内气体压力、车轮转动和车辆悬架系统进行模拟,使车辆模型更接近实际车辆。通过车辆轴重和动力特性初步验证车辆有限元模型的有效性;同时,以一座混凝土简支空心板梁桥为算例,验证车轮转动和车桥相互接触力,并将LS-DYNA计算结果与桥梁实测结果进行对比,进一步验证车辆有限元模型的有效性。研究结果表明,基于LS-DYNA建立的三维车辆有限元模型是可行的,可以用于研究车桥相互作用。     

真实气体效应试飞器气动布局研究

针对真实气体效应飞行试验的要求对试飞器气动布局开展了设计研究,采用平衡气体模型对真实气体效应进行数值模拟,通过与理想气体状态方程数值模拟结果的比较,分析了真实气体效应对不同试飞器外形气动特性的影响规律,总结出真实气体效应试飞器外形的基本设计要素,给出了适用于真实气体效应飞行试验的试飞器气动布局．     

基于频率和模态保证准则的结构内部多缺陷反演

静响应(位移、应变等)在实际问题的反演分析中很难由安装在结构上的一组传感器记录得到,而结构的动力特性(频率、振型)和 动力响应(加速度、速度、动位移)在实际问题中较易通过传感器采集得到. 文中基于频率残差和模态保证准则构建了反演分析模型的目标函数,并结合频域内动力扩展有限元法和人工蜂群智能优化算法 的优点,扩展有限元法通过引入非连续位移模式在不重新划分网格的情况下通过改变水平集函数反映缺陷的数量、位置及大小, 避免了反演分析每次迭代过程中的网格重剖分,人工蜂群智能优化算法在每次迭代中都采用全局和局部搜索,找到最优解的概 率大幅增大并可很好地避免局部最优,同时,通过引入拓扑变量,将缺陷的数量纳入到反演分析过程中,迭代过程中可智能反演出缺陷的数目,建立了结构内部多缺陷(孔洞、裂纹)的反演分析模型. 通过若干算例的分析表明:建立的反演分析模型能够较为准确地探测出结构内部圆形、椭圆形以及裂纹状缺陷的数量、位置及大小,且算法具有较好的鲁棒性.      

A large deformation framework for compressible viscoelastic materials: Constitutive equations and finite element implementation

For modeling the constitutive properties of viscoelastic solids in the context of small deformations, the so-called three-parameter solid is often used. The differential equation governing the model response may be derived in a thermodynamically consistent way considering linear spring-dashpot elements. The main problem in generalizing constitutive models from small to finite deformations is to extend the theory in a thermodynamically consistent way, so that the second law of thermodynamics remains satisfied in every admissible process. This paper concerns with the formulation and constitutive equations of finite strain viscoelastic material using multiplicative decomposition in a thermodynamically consistent manner. Based on the proposed constitutive equations, a finite element (FE) procedure is developed and implemented in an FE code. Subsequently, the code is used to predict the response of elastomer bushings. The finite element analysis predicts displacements and rotations at the relaxed state reasonably well. The response to coupled radial and torsional deformations is also simulated.     

复合材料周期性线弹性微结构的拓扑优化设计

提出复合材料周期性线弹性微结构拓扑优化设计的模型，模型1设计具有极值弹性特性的复合材料，模型2设计工况最刚微结构单胞。通过该模型和均匀化技术可以获得优化的微结构单胞，进而改善或者得到最优宏观特性的复合材料。为了便于制造和应用，用胞体材料而不是多相材料来得到复合材料的极值弹性特性和最大刚度。优化结果表明，该模型与数值方法相结合可以有效地实现微结构的拓扑优化设计。     

基于CUDA的有限元矩阵并行装配算法研究

构建航天飞行器的结构有限元模型是准确模拟飞行仿真、完成飞行器在轨飞行阶段结构故障监测和诊断的基础。采用细长体飞行器简化梁模型，提出新的基于CUDA（Compute Unified Device Architecture）的有限元单元刚度矩阵生成和总刚度矩阵组装算法。依据梁单元矩阵的对称性，结合GPU硬件架构提出并行生成算法并进行改进。为有效减少装配时间，在装配过程中采用着色算法，提出了基于GPU（Graphics Processing Unit）共享内存的非零项组装策略，通过在不同计算平台下算例对比，验证了新算法的快速性。数值算例表明，本文算法的求解效率较高，针对一定计算规模内的模型可满足快速计算与诊断的实时性要求。     

Interface damage and its effect on vibrations of slab track under temperature and vehicle dynamic loads

This paper presents a three-dimensional finite element model to investigate the interface damage occurred between prefabricated slab and CA (cement asphalt) mortar layer in the China Railway Track System (CRTS-II) slab track system. In the finite element model, a cohesive zone model with a non-linear constitutive law is introduced and utilized to model the damage, cracking and delamination at the interface. Combining with the temperature field database obtained from the three-dimensional transient heat transfer analysis, the interface damage evolution as a result of temperature change is analyzed. A three-dimensional coupled dynamic model of a vehicle and the slab track is then established to calculate the varying rail-supporting forces which are utilized as the inputs to the finite element model. The non-linearities of the wheel–rail contact geometry, the wheel–rail normal contact force and the wheel–rail tangential creep force are taken into account in the model. Setting the maximum interface damaged state calculated under temperature change as the initial condition, the interface damage evolution and its influence on the dynamic response of the slab track are investigated under the joint action of the temperature change and vehicle dynamic load. The analysis indicates that the proposed model is capable of predicting the initiation and propagation of cracks at the interface. The prefabricated slab presents lateral warping, resulting in severe interface damage on both the sides of the slab track along the longitudinal direction during temperature drop process, while the interface damage level does not change significantly under vehicle dynamic loads. The interface damage has great effects on the dynamic responses of the slab track.     

不确定动力系统平稳随机响应分析

由于设计、建造以及测量等诸多不确定因素的影响,通常的有限元力学分析模型只是原型结构的一种均值近似,采用随机结构模型是更为合理的.本文应用随机矩阵模拟不确定线性动力系统有限元模型中质量阵、阻尼阵和刚度阵的随机不确定性,并进一步建立此类非参数概率系统在平稳随机外载作用下动力响应的虚拟激励高效求解算法.数值结果表明,均值有限元模型和随机矩阵模型的动力响应具有很大的差异.对于精细制造,模型的随机性是不能忽略的,本文提出的算法为此类问题求解提供了一条有效途径.     

Finite element modeling of porous titanium

The porous microstructures of metallic foams cause microscopic stress and strain localization under deformation which reduces the damage tolerance and therefore limits application of the materials. In this paper, the deformation of a relatively low porosity porous titanium is examined using two-dimensional (2D) plane strain and three-dimensional (3D) finite element models to identify the accuracy and limitations of such simulations. To generate the finite element models, a simulated microstructure was created based on micrographs of an experimental material. Compared to the 2D models, the 3D models require smaller model size to obtain convergent results. The macroscopic responses predicted by the 3D models are in reasonable agreement with experimental results while the 2D models underestimated the response. In addition, 3D models predicted more uniform microscopic field variable distributions. 2D models predicted higher probability of Von Mises stress and equivalent plastic strain exceeding a certain value and therefore overestimate the failure probability of the material.     

AN INTERVAL FINITE ELEMENT METHOD BASED ON THE NEUMANN SERIES EXPANSION 1)

实际工程问题中通常存在大量的不确定参数, 区间有限元方法是一种结合有限元数值计算工具对结构进行不确定性分析的区间方法. 区间有限元的目的是获得在含有区间不确定性参数条件下的结构响应上下边界, 其关键问题在于区间平衡方程组的求解, 而这属于一类往往很难求解的NP-hard问题. 本文归纳了一类工程实际中常见的结构不确定性问题, 即可线性分解式区间有限元问题, 并针对此提出一种基于Neumann级数的区间有限元方法. 在区间有限元分析中, 当区间不确定参数表示为一组独立区间变量线性叠加时, 若结构的刚度矩阵也可表示为这些独立区间变量的线性叠加形式, 则称此类区间有限元问题为可线性分解式区间有限元问题. 对于此类问题, 采用Neumann级数对其刚度矩阵的逆矩阵进行表示, 可获得结构响应关于区间变量的显式表达式, 从而可高效求解结构响应的上下边界. 最后通过两个算例验证了本文所提方法的有效性.     

一种基于Neumann级数的区间有限元方法

实际工程问题中通常存在大量的不确定参数, 区间有限元方法是一种结合有限元数值计算工具对结构进行不确定性分析的区间方法. 区间有限元的目的是获得在含有区间不确定性参数条件下的结构响应上下边界, 其关键问题在于区间平衡方程组的求解, 而这属于一类往往很难求解的NP-hard问题. 本文归纳了一类工程实际中常见的结构不确定性问题, 即可线性分解式区间有限元问题, 并针对此提出一种基于Neumann级数的区间有限元方法. 在区间有限元分析中, 当区间不确定参数表示为一组独立区间变量线性叠加时, 若结构的刚度矩阵也可表示为这些独立区间变量的线性叠加形式, 则称此类区间有限元问题为可线性分解式区间有限元问题. 对于此类问题, 采用Neumann级数对其刚度矩阵的逆矩阵进行表示, 可获得结构响应关于区间变量的显式表达式, 从而可高效求解结构响应的上下边界. 最后通过两个算例验证了本文所提方法的有效性.      

超高车辆与箱梁立交桥碰撞简化计算模型评估分析

为了考察受超高车辆撞击装配式钢筋混凝土箱梁跨线桥的冲击动力和破坏行为,以一起近来发生的实际工程事故为案例进行精化有限元数值分析,并提出了双质量-并联弹簧（double mass-parallel spring, DM-PS）简化车辆模型,以有效地模拟超高车辆与桥梁的非对心碰撞行为。所建议DM-PS简化模型的有效性通过与两种广泛使用的车辆模型包括全尺（full scale, FS）模型和简单刚体（simple rigid, SR）模型的比较而得到充分地评估。计算结果表明：采用FS模型可得到与事故现场照片基本一致的跨线桥撞击区域破坏特征;SR模型高估结构的局部破坏,弱化结构的整体变形;DM-PS模型对于预测结构破坏具有较高的准确性。因此,所提出的DM-PS模型为超高车辆撞击桥梁结构防护设计提供了一个简单有效的分析手段。在此基础上,利用DM-PS模型进行了详细的结构行为参数分析,深入考察了车辆撞击速度、撞击质量、撞击位置以及结构形式等效应。所得到的结论为：相比撞击质量,结构的冲击动力行为对于撞击速度有更高的敏感性;跨中受撞和边跨受撞的变形和破坏模式有较大差异,边跨受撞对于单侧支座损伤更严重;...     

基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA的钢板混凝土墙冲击实验的有限元分析

运用经典的显式非线性动力分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA,分析了1/7.5缩尺飞机模型撞击钢板混凝土墙的冲击实验。选用两种不同的混凝土材料本构模型(Winfrith模型、CSCM模型)模拟混凝土的非线性破坏过程,将钢板混凝土墙的破坏模式以及飞机模型的残余速度等与实验结果进行了对比。结果表明,有限元分析结果与实验吻合较好,且Winfrith材料模型能够更好地模拟混凝土的大应变、高应变率的非线性性能,验证了钢板混凝土墙和飞机材料本构模型的选取以及整个分析方法的适用性和有效性。     

Micro air vehicle-motivated computational biomechanics in bio-flights: aerodynamics, flight dynamics and maneuvering stability

Aiming at developing an effective tool to unveil key mechanisms in bio-flight as well as to provide guidelines for bio-inspired micro air vehicles（MAVs） design,we propose a comprehensive computational framework,which integrates aerodynamics,flight dynamics,vehicle stability and maneuverability.This framework consists of（1） a Navier-Stokes unsteady aerodynamic model;（2） a linear finite element model for structural dynamics;（3） a fluidstructure interaction（FSI） model for coupled flexible wing aerodynamics aeroelasticity;（4） a free-flying rigid body dynamic（RBD） model utilizing the Newtonian-Euler equations of 6DoF motion;and（5） flight simulator accounting for realistic wing-body morphology,flapping-wing and body kinematics,and a coupling model accounting for the nonlinear 6DoF flight dynamics and stability of insect flapping flight.Results are presented based on hovering aerodynamics with rigid and flexible wings of hawkmoth and fruitfly.The present approach can support systematic analyses of bio- and bio-inspired flight.     

基于非均匀梁模型的二维柔性机翼固有振动分析

变体飞行器通过光滑连续的结构变形改变气动特性,从而提高飞行器的飞行性能,具有很大的应用前景.由于这类新概念飞行器主要通过改变自身结构形状以获得最佳工作性能的需求,因此具有变形大、质量轻等特点,较容易发生结构振动响应.本文研究了一种以柔性变后缘作为变体形式的二维柔性机翼等效建模方法,基于非均匀梁模型假设,建立了该柔性翼的动力学模型.通过利用Frobenius方法得到解析解及固有频率,并用有限元方法进行对比验证,发现前4阶固有频率的误差均在1%以内,每阶固有频率对应的振型一致.通过3D打印工程塑料ABS和硅胶蒙皮材料制备了柔性机翼结构件,并通过动态测量法和拉伸试验分别测定了打印材料和硅胶蒙皮材料的杨氏模量,搭建振动响应实验平台对制备的柔性机翼试验件进行振动试验.对比发现模型振动试验获得的基频与理论模型结果一致,并与有限元方法误差在3%以内.本文通过理论分析和实验验证,建立了二维柔性机翼等效建模方法,研究结果将为柔性变后缘结构动力学特性分析及其控制应用方面提供理论支持.     

Determination of mechanical properties of fiber–matrix interface from pushout test

For ceramic matrix composites, the pushout test is the most widely used test for finding the two mechanical properties of the fiber–matrix interface – (1) the coefficient of friction and (2) the residual radial stress. Experimental measurements from the pushout test do not directly give the values of these two mechanical properties of the fiber–matrix interface, but need to be regressed to theoretical models. Currently, approximate theoretical models based on shear–lag analysis are used for regression. In this paper, the adequacy of the shear–lag analysis model in accurately finding the mechanical properties of the fiber–matrix interface is discussed. An elasticity solution of the pushout test based on boundary element method is developed. Regressing one set of available experimental data from a pushout test to both shear–lag analysis and boundary element method models gives values differing by 15% for the coefficient of friction but similar values for the residual radial stress. Parametric studies were also conducted to show the difference between the shear–lag analysis and boundary element method results for factors such as fiber to matrix elastic moduli ratios, coefficient of friction and fiber volume fractions.     

圆柱形弹药空气中爆炸相似性规律

针对战场损伤试验中弹药费用高、使用风险系数大的问题,采用量纲分析的方法对圆柱形弹药相似性模型的建立方法进行分析,研究原型同相似性模型之间冲击波峰值压力的关系,利用有限元仿真软件AUTODYN对冲击波传播过程进行数值仿真,并结合实弹试验数据对相似模型的有效性进行验证。研究结果表明,AUTODYN仿真结果同量纲分析结果一致,同时与实弹试验结果也吻合较好,说明在实际试验中可以使用缩比模型替代原型进行试验。该研究为弹药缩比模型在战场损伤试验中的使用提供了理论基础,具有一定的工程价值。     

半潜式钻井平台管道钢构支架极限强度研究

钢构支架是半潜式钻井平台管道支吊架的主要类型之一,钢构支架的极限强度是管道系统正常工作的重要保障。研究结构极限强度的方法有理论分析、有限元数值仿真和实验分析。在分析极限理论的基础上由静力法计算四种钢构支架试件的极限载荷;利用MSC软件对试件极限载荷进行数值仿真分析,并对有限元模型化技术进行讨论;对试件进行实验极限载荷测试,对比分析了三种方法测得的极限载荷。结果表明,三种分析方法计算得到结构的极限载荷基本一致,对于结构形式较为简单的结构通过理论分析可以得到简化解析解析解;数值仿真分析中采用合理的有限元模型化技术(结构有限元模型、边界、约束等)可得到精度较高的计算结果。