The Linear Analysis of Coaxial Helical-Groove Slow-Wave Structure

The coaxial helical-groove slow-wave structure is a new-type high power circuit. The dispersion equation of this circuit with an annular electron beam is obtained according to self-consistent field theory. The computation results of the hot dispersion equation show the relations between electron beam parameters and the small signal gain. The presented analysis will be useful for the design of the TWT with coaxial helical-groove circuit.     

毫米波静电聚焦行波管电子光学系统的设计

介绍了静电聚焦方式在毫米波行波管中的独特优势,分析了周期静电聚焦场的建立方法。基于某Ka波段行波管,首先根据指标要求设计了强流电子枪并选择类梳齿状结构作为其慢波电路,然后对电子枪和类梳齿状慢波电路组成的电子光学系统进行了模拟计算,最后对慢波电路的关键尺寸进行了容差分析。结果显示,在周期静电场的作用下,电子注全部平稳地通过了慢波系统。良好的静态通过率为后续高效率的注-波互作用奠定了基础,证明了利用静电场聚焦毫米波行波管中大电流密度电子注的可行性。     

Large Signal Analysis and Computation for Millimeter Wave TWTs

The large signal operating equations are described by charge plate model in traveling wave tube (TWT). The large signal nonlinear equations have been solved by calculating inductive current of electron beam, circuit voltage exited by electron beam, beam velocity and phase affected by circuit field. The calculating results are given for Ka-band TWT in the paper.     

二次电子对离子束流品质影响的动态研究

基于粒子云网格的计算方法,建立了具有外电路的加速系统模型,模拟了氘离子束轰击靶面产生二次电子的过程,动态地分析了二次电子的产生对离子加速电压的影响以及对氘离子束束流品质和氘离子束轰击靶面能量的影响。结果表明,当有0.06 A的二次电子电流产生时,离子加速电压将会下降45%,从而导致氘离子束束流品质下降,参与氘氚反应的氘离子数减少,相应的氘离子束轰击靶面的能量下降43.8%。     

Theoretical Study for Folded Waveguide Traveling Wave Tube

A wideband folded waveguide traveling-wave tube (TWT) amplifier has advantages of simpler coupling structures and robust structure over the conventional helix TWT. The phase velocity of waves in folded waveguide is slowed down to the velocity of electron beam. Slow-wave interaction with the electron beam in folded waveguide is studied in a linear fashion. For a cold beam, the linear theory predicts a gain of 2 dB/cm and a bandwidth of 37% at the center frequency of 14 GHz. A closed algebraic dispersion relation for the frequency and the axial phase shift per period is obtained using an equivalent circuit model. Numerical solution calculated from the dispersion relation and three-dimensional electromagnetic code, HFSS simulations predict a mode coalescing in the folded waveguide. And a theoretical phase velocity prediction of the electromagnetic wave in this circuit is verified by HFSS simulations.     

Effective XeCl-laser performance conditions with combined pumping

Results are presented of experimental researches of a XeCl-laser with discharge stability by a short electron beam. The maximum radiation energies are shown to be realized in a discharge with electron multiplication in the presence of low inductances of the discharge circuit and when achieving the threshold of generation from energy deposited into gas by an electron beam. Specific radiation energy of 2.5 J/I and efficiency ～3% are obtained.     

强流环形电子束在同轴永磁Halbach结构磁路中传输的初步分析

利用有限元程序SUPERFISH计算求解了同轴永磁Halbach结构磁路的磁场, 并推导出该磁场位形磁感应强度各分量的近似表达式. 利用流体模型分析了作用在电子束上的力并导出了改进马丢方程形式的径向力平衡方程, 给出了平衡条件; 利用2.5维全电磁粒子模拟程序研究了强流环形电子束在该周期系统中传输的物理过程. 计算得出强流相对论电子束的稳定传输与电子束电流, 电子束厚度, 磁场强度, 电子束入射角度等因素有关. 分析认为利用同轴永磁Halbach结构磁路导引数KA的环形电子束, 并使之稳定传输是可能的. 同时该磁场聚焦形式也为Ubitron中的束--波相互作用提供了一个作用机制.     

介质加载矩形波导栅行波管的小信号增益计算

介质加载矩形波导栅行波管是一类新型毫米波大功率器件.给出了此结构引入电子束后的“热”色散方程,并利用“牛顿下山”法求解了此复杂系数超越方程,研究了介质加载以及电子束参数对小信号增益的影响.计算结果表明：介质加载可以扩大矩形波导栅行波管的带宽,而增益有所减小.为了弥补增益的降低,可以适当增加槽深度,也可在一定的范围内提高电子束电流.给出的结论对于研制此类行波管具有一定的指导意义. 关键词： 介质加载 矩形波导栅 小信号增益 “热”色散方程     

基于二次电子发射的离子束剖面测量

介绍了利用二次电子发射测量束流强度分布的基本原理。针对能量为几十keV的低能离子束,制作了一个基于印刷线路板工艺的离子束剖面测量系统模型。模型采用宽度1.8 mm的金属条作为收集电极,相邻两条之间的间距为2 mm。利用电子回旋共振源对束流剖面测量系统进行了性能测试,考察了网栅电压对信号收集的影响以及系统的线性响应和成像特性。结果表明,探测器输出信号与束流强度之间具有较好的线性关系,系统能得到离子束的一维横向强度分布,位置分辨率2 mm。     

Development of a 2 MW relativistic backward wave oscillator

In this paper, a high power relativistic backward wave oscillator (BWO) experiment is reported. A 230 keV, 2 kA, 150 ns relativistic electron beam is generated using a Marx generator. The beam is then injected into a hollow rippled wall metallic cylindrical tube that forms a slow wave structure. The beam is guided using an axial pulsed magnetic field having a peak value 1 T and duration 1 ms. The field is generated by the discharge of a capacitor bank into a solenoidal coil. A synchronization circuit ensures the generation of the electron beam at the instant when the axial magnetic field attains its peak value. The beam interacts with the SWS modes and generates microwaves due to Cherenkov interaction. Estimated power of 2 MW in TM₀₁ mode is observed.      

脊加载螺旋槽行波管的小信号增益计算

脊加载螺旋槽行波管是一类新型毫米波大功率器件,给出了此结构中引入电子注后的“热”色散方程,并利用“牛顿”下山法求解了此复系数超越方程.通过数值计算给出了一个工作电压为20kV频率为474GHz的脊棱加载慢波结构的具体尺寸,并对此结构中小信号增益随脊尺寸的变化情况及电子注参数对其影响进行了研究,计算结果表明：此结构适宜于作为高增益窄带毫米波大功率行波管的慢波线,其3dB增益带宽为34%;为了展宽其工作带宽,可以适当减小间隙宽度,也可在一定范围内提高电子注电流.给出的理论对于研制此类行波管具有一定的指导意 关键词：     

相对论速调管放大器中微波放大机制

解析地研究了电子束在相对论速调管放大器（ＲＫＡ）的调制腔和漂移管中的预群聚；第一次用粒子－波相互作用的场方法导出了在辐射腔中预群聚电子束产生辐射的自洽方程；并且计算了线性区的增益．     

High-power microwave generation from large-orbit devices

Experimental and theoretical studies conducted at the University of Maryland on the production of high-power microwave radiation in cusp-injected, large-orbit devices are reviewed. Three classes of devices belonging to this category are discussed. In the first case, an axis-encircling rotating electron beam interacts via the negative mass instability with the modes of a smooth cylindrical waveguide, producing broadband radiation at multiple harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency. In the second case, the beam interacts with a multiresonator magnetron circuit designed to provide mode control, resulting in high-power radiation at a desired cyclotron harmonic. In the third case, the beam interacts with a transverse wiggler magnetic field produced by samarium-cobalt magnets placed interior and/or exterior to the beam. In this last case the interaction is analogous to a circular-geometry free-electron laser. Experimental results form all three configurations are reviewed and compared with theoretical expectations. The possibility of enhanced operational efficiency in all of these devices by electron energy recovery is discussed and a design for a first experiment to test this concept is presented     

螺旋坐标系下考虑厚度的螺旋线行波管小信号研究(英文)

采用螺旋坐标系对有限厚度的螺旋带行波管进行了注波互作用的线性理论分析,利用自洽场理论得出了此结构中引入电子注后的"热"色散方程,数值计算了其小信号增益,分析了电子注参数和螺旋线厚度对于螺旋线慢波系统的色散特性的影响。结果表明:螺旋线厚度的增加,行波管的小信号增益也会增加,且带宽也略有增加。该结论为高增益宽频带的螺旋线行波管放大器的设计提供了理论基础。     

A Simple Closed-form Formula for Backward-Wave Start-Oscillation Condition for Millimeter-Wave Helix TWTs

An accurate and simple closed-form formula, for backward-wave start-oscillation condition for a millimeter-wave helix traveling-wave tube amplifier was developed, using an artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm. The analysis considers the effects of circuit loss and also the variation of electron beam diameter corresponding to beam filling. The formula is simple and amenable to easy computation, even using a scientific calculator, and without resorting to exhaustive numerical iterative search followed in conventional analyses and, at the same time, without sacrificing the accuracy in results. The formula was validated against published results, and excellent accuracy was observed. The analysis has been further used for inferring some physical interpretations on the effects of beam-filling factor and circuit loss on the start-oscillation condition of a typical millimeter-wave helix traveling-wave tube.     

ELECTRON BUNCHING CHARACTERISTICS IN THE GYROTRON TRAVELING-WAVE AMPLIFIER WITH TWO-STAGE INTERACTION CIRCUIT

Based on a simplified model, an analytic theory describing the bunching of the electron beam in a gyrotron traveling wave tube (gyro-TWT) with two-stage interaction circuit is presented. The analytic formulas of the traveling-wave bunching parameter, ballistic bunching parameter, and the density of the bunching beam are obtained. The bunching procedures corresponding to different harmonic operations are studied. It is shown that the maximum of harmonic component depends on the ratio of the harmonic number in the output stage to that in the input stage, not on their absolute values.     

带状注速调管多间隙扩展互作用输出腔等效电路的研究

带状注扩展互作用速调管(SBEIK)结合了带状注速调管与扩展互作用速调管的优势,在微波和毫米波真空电子器件中具有显著的技术潜力.本文提出了应用于SBEIK的五间隙哑铃型扩展互作用耦合腔输出回路的等效电路模型,获得了建立复杂多间隙扩展互作用腔的等效电路理论的方法.通过推导出的理论,快速确定了五间隙扩展互作用耦合腔的工作模式、谐振频率及间隙阻抗矩阵,由间隙阻抗的频率特性曲线快速估算出各模式对应的带宽,分析研究了耦合系数k以及Q e对于多间隙腔模式频率间隔及带宽的影响.此外,利用三维PIC仿真软件对相应的SBEIK五间隙输出腔高频特性进行了粒子模拟,结果表明,三维仿真获得的工作模式带宽特性与等效电路法计算结果基本一致,证明了本文所建立的等效电路方法的准确性和有效性.     

Prospects of developing multibeam systems for low-voltage electron lithography

The prospects of developing tiny multibeam systems for electron lithography have been considered. Designs of tiny basic elements of electron-optical systems, including a magnetic lens with an open magnetic circuit and a lens with aligned axially symmetric fields (whose magnetic circuit simultaneously plays the role of electrodes of an electrostatic lens), are represented, as well as their analysis. The results of the investigation of high-speed one-turn deflection systems without or with a core and the analysis of a stigmator are reported. Radically new approaches to design of tiny electron-optical systems have been considered, which make it possible to increase the efficiency of electron beam formation and pass to micro-and nanotechnological design of vacuum microsystems.     

Traveling-wave-tube simulation: The IBC code

An interactive beam-circuit code (IBC) is presented, to run interactively on fast PCs or workstations, for purposes of first-cut design of traveling-wave tubes (TWTs) at small and large amplitudes. The new physics parts are the use of particle-in-cell methods to obtain the space-charge forces, and the following of the electron beam over the full length of the tube. The model is fully nonlinear and one-dimensional, with the transverse space-charge fields approximated by one mode. The slow-wave circuit is modeled by a transmission line. All variables are displayed continuously, such as the velocity displacement of all the particles (phase space), beam charge and current densities, space-charge field, circuit field, voltage and current, circuit power, and the location of the added loss. Some initial runs are presented     

V波段大功率带状注曲折波导行波管

利用曲折波导慢波结构和一个长宽比为3∶1的带状电子注作为注-波互作用电路,完成了对V波段大功率行波管互作用电路的设计。分析了带状电子注通道对高频特性的影响,并在综合考虑色散和耦合阻抗的情况下得到了优化的结构参数。建立了3维的V波段带状注曲折波导行波管的电路模型,并利用CST粒子工作室完成了注-波互作用的仿真研究。研究结果表明,当工作电压和电流分别为17 kV和150 mA时,带状注曲折波导行波管在58~62 GHz时的饱和平均输出功率大于160 W,增益大于34.7 dB。