Ethenedithione (S=C=C=S): Does It Obey Hund's Rule?

Significantly higher in energy (24 kJ mol⁻¹) than the triplet ground state (³Σ_g⁻) is the ¹Δ_g state of ethenedithione (S=C=C=S), in agreement with Hund's rule. This result was obtained from high-level ab initio calculations. Thus, ethenedithione cannot, as had been proposed, be considered as the first example for the violation of Hund's rule in an equilibrium structure.     

C=X π-Systeme

Im Rahmen des Graduiertenkollegs “Hochreaktive Mehrfachbindungssysteme” hatten G. Erker und J. Grobe vom 16. bis 18. November 1994 schon zum zweiten Mal nach Münster eingeladen. “Organic and Inorganic Chemistry of Reactive C=X π-Systems” waren diesmal das Thema.     

α-β不饱和醛中C=C和C=O键选择加氢的研究进展

α－β不饱和醛中Ｃ＝Ｃ和Ｃ＝Ｏ键选择加氢的研究进展杨树武徐江辛勤１）（中国科学院大连化学物理研究所催化基础国家重点实验室大连１１６０２３）关键词α－β不饱和醛选择加氢贵金属催化剂分类号Ｏ６４３．３２随着催化学科的发展，控制反应的选择性变得越来越重要，...     

乙酰乙酸乙酯在重水和环己烷中的C=O和C=C伸缩振动模式的振动衰减动力学

作为典型的β-二羰基化合物和α,β-烯酮类化合物, 乙酰乙酸乙酯在溶液中以多结构存在. 在本文中, 我们利用飞秒中红外泵浦探测光谱技术, 研究了该化合物在重水和环己烷溶液中不同互变异构体的出现在波长6 μm(频率范围1600～1800 cm^-1)区域的C=O和C=C伸缩振动的振动动力学; 并结合稳态红外实验和量子化学计算, 分析了这些吸收峰的线型特征. 结果表明: 在重水中, 乙酰乙酸乙酯以酮式存在; 而在环己烷中以烯醇式和两种酮式共存. 分析稳态红外光谱可以看到, 烯醇式结构刚性, 其红外光谱线型主要表现为均匀增宽; 而酮式的线型则兼具均匀增宽和非均匀增宽. 而且, 即使在同一种溶剂中, 酮式和烯醇式的表观红外光谱线型也有不同. 通过泵浦探测实验获得了C=O和C=C伸缩振动衰减动力学和各向异性动力学. 重水中酮式的C=O的振动能量弛豫过程比其在环己烷中要快, 这可归因于乙酰乙酸乙酯与溶剂发生的分子间氢键作用. 此外, 烯醇式的C=O伸缩振动和一些振动模式(如COH面内弯曲)之间存在费米共振, 直接影响其快速衰减过程, 这也是造成其振动衰减动力学不同于酮式的原因. 各向异性动力学过程表明, 乙酰乙酸乙酯在重水中的转动速度比其在环己烷中要慢一些, 与它们不同的溶剂化情况有关. 此外, 各向异性动力学过程表现出量子拍频现象, 在酮式中尤为明显, 意味着相关振动模式存在相干激发.     

An S=1 Iron(IV) Intermediate Revealed in a Non-Heme Iron Enzyme-Catalyzed Oxidative C−S Bond Formation

Ergothioneine (ESH) and ovothiol A (OSHA) are two natural thiol-histidine derivatives. ESH has been implicated as a longevity vitamin and OSHA inhibits the proliferation of hepatocarcinoma. The key biosynthetic step of ESH and OSHA in the aerobic pathways is the O₂-dependent C−S bond formation catalyzed by non-heme iron enzymes (e.g., OvoA in ovothiol biosynthesis), but due to the lack of identification of key reactive intermediate the mechanism of this novel reaction is unresolved. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of a kinetically competent S=1 iron(IV) intermediate supported by a four-histidine ligand environment (three from the protein residues and one from the substrate) in enabling C−S bond formation in OvoA from Methyloversatilis thermotoleran, which represents the first experimentally observed intermediate spin iron(IV) species in non-heme iron enzymes. Results reported in this study thus set the stage to further dissect the mechanism of enzymatic oxidative C−S bond formation in the OSHA biosynthesis pathway. They also afford new opportunities to study the structure-function relationship of high-valent iron intermediates supported by a histidine rich ligand environment.     

单层分散型Pt/Ni双金属催化剂的制备及其C=C和C=O催化加氢性能

 利用金属置换反应制备了表面单层分散型Pt/Ni双金属催化剂,并测定了该催化剂对环己烯、苯乙烯、丙酮和丁醛气相加氢反应的催化性能. 结果发现,这种催化剂具有比传统浸渍法制备的相同Pt含量的Pt/Ni和Pt/Al2O3催化剂更高的催化活性.     

Homolytic S?S Bond Dissociation of 11 Bis(thiocarbonyl)disulfides R‐C(S)?S?S?C(S)R and Prediction of A Novel Rubber Vulcanization Accelerator

The structures and energetics of eight substituted bis(thiocarbonyl)disulfides (RCS₂)₂, their associated radicals RCS₂^., and their coordination compounds with a lithium cation have been studied at the G3X(MP2) level of theory for R=H, Me, F, Cl, OMe, SMe, NMe₂, and PMe₂. The effects of substituents on the dissociation of (RCS₂)₂ to RCS₂^. were analyzed using isodesmic stabilization reactions. Electron‐donating groups with an unshared pair of electrons have a pronounced stabilization effect on both (RCS₂)₂ and RCS₂^.. The S? S bond dissociation enthalpy of tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD, R=NMe₂) is the lowest in the above series (155 kJ mol^?1), attributed to the particular stability of the formed Me₂NCS₂^. radical. Both (RCS₂)₂ and the fragmented radicals RCS₂^. form stable chelate complexes with a Li⁺ cation. The S? S homolytic bond cleavage in (RCS₂)₂ is facilitated by the reaction [Li(RCS₂)₂]⁺+Li⁺→2 [Li(RCS₂)]^.+. Three other substituted bis(thiocarbonyl) disulfides with the unconventional substituents R=OSF₅, Gu¹, and Gu² have been explored to find suitable alternative rubber vulcanization accelerators. Bis(thiocarbonyl)disulfide with a guanidine‐type substituent, (Gu¹CS₂)₂, is predicted to be an effective accelerator in sulfur vulcanization of rubber. Compared to TMTD, (Gu¹CS₂)₂ is calculated to have a lower bond dissociation enthalpy and smaller associated barrier for the S? S homolysis.     

金属复分解闭环反应合成C=C键的研究进展

金属复分解反应是合成C=C键的有效方法,被广泛地用于合成各种类型的化合物,特别是碳环、杂环化合物以及天然产物的合成。本文综述了近年来金属复分解反应合成C=C键的最新研究进展。参考文献31篇。     

钌-膦-二胺配合物的电子效应对选择氢化C=C和C=O键的影响

本文合成了一系列新的钌-膦-二胺配合物,并通过核磁和元素分析表征确定了配合物的组分和结构。文中进一步考察了这些配合物用于苄叉丙酮以及苯乙酮和苯乙烯组成的混合物的选择催化加氢,发现随着膦和二胺配体中配位原子碱性的增强,羰基加氢的活性和选择性大幅提高;反之,配位原子碱性减弱不仅降低反应活性,羰基加氢的选择性也大幅降低。基于这些配合物的电子效应对催化氢化性质的影响,我们提出了在钌-膦-二胺体系中的氢活化机理。     

Ruthenium Catalyzed Intramolecular C−X (X=C,N, O,S) Bond Formation via C−H Functionalization: An Overview

Ruthenium catalyzed C−H activation is well known for its high tolerance towards the functional group and broad applicability in organic synthesis and molecular sciences, with significant applications in pharmaceutical industries, material sciences, and polymer industry. In the last few decades, enormous progress has been observed with ruthenium-catalyzed C−H activation chemistry. Notably, the vast majority of the C−H functionalization known in the literature are intermolecular, although the intramolecular variant provides fascinating new structural facet starting from the simple molecular scaffolds. Intramolecular C−H functionalization is atom economical and step efficient, results in less formation of undesired products which is easy to purify. This has created a lot of interest in organic chemistry in developing new synthetic strategies for such functionalization. The focus of this review is to present the relatively unexplored intramolecular functionalization of C−H bonds into C−X (X=C, N, O, S) bonds utilizing versatile ruthenium catalysts, their scope, and brief mechanistic discussion.     

Spin Transitions S= 5/2 ⇄ S= 1/2 in Iron(III) Chelates with Azomethin Ligands

Results of S= 5/2 S= 1/2 spin transition studies in Fe(III) chelates with azomethin ligands showing different dentate numbers are generalized. The current state of the problem is considered and the criteria for optimization of the synthesis of Fe(III) complexes with different spin states are discussed.     

Anharmonic C?H and C=O Interactions in Peptide and Sugar

C?H and C=O stretching modes are two among many structural and dynamic probes of proteins and peptides in condensed phases. Anharmonic properties of these two modes in peptide and sugar have been examined using a second-order perturbative vibrational approach. High order force constants were obtained and examined to ˉnd how crucial they are in determining the degree of mode localization and the nature of mode anharmonicity of the two stretching modes. It is found that the C?H mode is highly localized,and its diagonal anharmonicity is mainly determined by the mode itself. However, the C=O mode is largely delocalized, and the diagonal anharmonicity involves contributions from other modes. The o?-diagonal anharmonicity between C?D and C=O modes is found to be negative in deuterated species, di?ering from those of the non-deuterated ones. It is also found that inter-mode interaction between each of the two modes with low-frequency modes contribute signiˉcantly to the o?-diagonal anharmonicity. These low-frequency modes give rise to a network of energy relaxation or intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution pathways which can be used to examine temporal behavior of intramolecular vibration energy °ow, provided a femtosecond broadband two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy is available.     

Structures and Aromaticity of Three-membered BeXP （X = C,Si, Ge） and CYP （Y = O,S, Se） Rings

Three-membered BeXP （X = C, Si, Ge） and CYP （Y = O, S, Se） rings are theoretically investigated using density functional theory （DFT） methods at the B3LYP/6-311＋G^＊ and B3PW91/6-311＋G^＊ levels of theory. The research results show that the size of atoms has a great influence on the structural stability of these species. The wiberg bond indexs （WBIs） suggest the existence of delocalization in these structures. Negative nucleus-independent chemical shift （NICS） values for these species indicate that a strong ring current exists in these three-membered structures （Cs symmetry）. A detailed molecular orbital （MO） analysis further reveals that a delocalized π MO strengthens the structural stability and makes these species show strong aromatic characters.     

Synthesis and Structure of Tetraphenylantimony Oximates Ph4SbON=CRR′ (CRR′ = C6H9−C6H9-2 and R = Ph,R′ = C(O)Ph)

The reaction of pentaphenylantimony and the oxime HON=CRR taken in 1 : 1 molar ratio in toluene gave tetraphenylantimony oximates Ph₄SbON=CRR (CRR = C₆H₉–C₆H₉-2 (I) and R = Ph, R = C(O)Ph (II)). According to X-ray diffraction data, the Sb atoms in I and II have a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal coordination with oximate ligands in the axial positions. The C_axSbO angles are 177.6(1)° in I and 176.58(6)° in II. The Sb–C bond lengths lie in the ranges of 2.120(4)–2.203(4) Å for I and 2.122(2)–2.181(2) Å for II. The Sb–O bond lengths are 2.120(2) Å (I) and 2.166(1) Å (II). The lengths of the intramolecular Sb···N contacts are 2.806(3) and 2.918(2) Å in I and II, respectively.     

C—S键构筑的研究进展

C—S键的构筑是有机合成的基础,对于天然产物、重要生物分子的合成和功能性材料的开发等具有重要作用,因此受到了广泛的关注.对近年来C—S键的构筑方面取得的进展进行了归纳,根据C—S键的成键方式不同,分别从C—H键活化、脱羧偶联反应、Ullmann反应这三个方面进行了总结,并从配体类型对Ullmann C—S成键展开论述.     

丁二烯—b—甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物中C=C的选择性催化加氢

以氯化三苯基膦铑为催化剂，对丁二烯－ｂ－甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物的催化加氢反应进行了研究，用ＮＭＲ，ＦＴＩＲ，动态粘弹谱和化学分析对加氢产物进行了表征，证明ＲｈＣｌ［Ｐ（Ｃ６Ｈ５）３］３可有效地使共聚物中的Ｃ＝Ｃ加氢，且具有很高的选择性，未加氢的双键含量小于０．７１％。     

溴与不同取代C=C双键反应的机理和立体选择性

溴与C=C双键的反应是有机化学中一类常见的基元反应。溴与烯烃的C=C双键发生亲电加成反应,脂肪烯烃经过三元环正离子中间体再亲核开环机理,形成立体专一的反式加成产物;而芳基烯烃形成的三元环中间体,由于芳基对碳正离子的稳定作用,其苯甲位C―Br键容易断裂,会得到顺式和反式加成产物的混合物。溴与酮和酰氯形成的烯醇或烯醇负离子发生亲电取代,反应中溴不会与其C=C双键形成三元环正离子中间体。类似地,溴与烯醇醚和烯胺的反应也不经过三元环正离子中间体,分别生成非立体专一的加成和取代产物。本文通过参与该步基元反应的分子轨道合理地解释了溴与这两类底物反应的机理和立体选择性的区别,并总结了溴与不同C=C双键反应机理的判断方法,便于教师讲授和学生理解。     

C=C修饰的胆酸功能单体的非等温固化动力学研究

采用非等温DSC法分别对3,7,12–三甲基丙烯酰基胆酸甲酯(CAME3MA)和2-甲基丙烯酰氧基-3,7,12-三甲基丙烯酰基胆酸乙酯(CAGE4MA)的固化反应进行了研究,并与2-甲基丙烯酰氧基-3-甲基丙烯酰基胆酸乙酯(CAGE2MA)固化体系进行了比较。结果显示,3个体系有相似的非等温固化曲线,但是相同升温速率的峰顶温度不同,C=C数量越多,放热峰温度越高。用Kissinger法处理非等温DSC数据,3个体系的Ea和lnA值有差别,变化趋势均为CAGE2MA>CAGE4MA>CAME3MA。由于CAGE2MA容易形成分子间氢键,因此它反应所需的活化能也比后两者大;CAME3MA的分子间作用力稍小于CAGE4MA,因此前者的固化反应活化能也比后者略低。     

REDUCTION OF C=C DOUBLE BOND WITH BOROHYDRIDE EXCHANGE RESIN-TRANSITION METAL COMPOUND SYSTEMS

Borohydride exchange resin-transition metal(Co,Ni,Cu,)compoundsystems reduced C=C double to C-C single bond in ethanol.