Hamiltonian for diabatic molecular states

Hyperradial-adiabatic potential curves for (dt )⁺ molecular ions calculated for states with total three-body angular momentumJ=1 and total parityp=1, i.e. for the abnormal parity ground set, are demonstrated to be exactly diabatic-hyperradial potential curves for (J=1,p=–1) symmetry adiabatic curves. This could be thought of as a formal manifestation of the -doubling effect. The projection operator method of constructing a diabatic Hamiltonian that was suggested earlier can be naturally used in our case, too.     

Ionic structure effects on the optical response of lithium clusters

The optical response of alkali metal clusters is shown to be sensitive to a proper treatment of the electronion interaction and to the ionic spatial structure. A spherical symmetry model based on a combination of a geometrical optimization of the ionic structure and the random phase approximation (RPA) with exact exchange is applied to calculate the optical response of Li ₁₃₉ ⁺ . The optical response obtained within this model is in good agreement with the measured giant dipole resonance.     

Nonlocal ion potential effects on the optical response of lithium clusters

We present a spherical symmetry model, containing explicitly nonlocal effects in the electron-ion interaction, to describe the electronic properties of lithium clusters. We assume either an optimized discrete ionic structure or a jellium structure. The model provides the nonlocal potential from which the random phase approximation with exact exchange is applied to calculate the optical response of Li clusters. The optical response of Li ₁₃₉ ⁺ obtained within this model is in good agreement with the measured giant dipole resonance. The same model is used to predict alkali-metal effective masses; the agreement with band structure calculations is emphasized.     

Spin Symmetry Requirements in Density Functional Theory: The Proper Way to Predict Magnetic Coupling Constants in Molecules and Solids

In this paper it is argued that the use of density functional theory (DFT) to solve the exact, non-relativistic, many-electron problem, for magnetic systems requires imposing space and spin symmetry constraints exactly in the same way as it is currently done in ab initio wave function theory. This strong statement is supported on pertinent calculations for selected systems representative of organic diradicals, molecular magnets and antiferromagnetic solids. These calculations include several wave function methods of increasing accuracy and different forms of the exchange- correlation functional. The comparisons of numerical results carried out always within the same standard Gaussian Type Orbital atomic basis set show that imposing or not the spin and space constraints (restricted or unrestricted formalisms) leads to contradictory results. Therefore, it appears that, in the case of the Heisenberg magnetic constant, the present exchange-correlation functionals may provide reasonable numerical results although for the wrong physical reasons thus evidencing the failure of the current DFT methods to properly describe magnetic systems.     

Charge monotonicity of atomic systems and radial expectation values

A functionf(r) is monotone of orderp if itspth-derivativef ^(p)(r) fulfils that (–1) ^p f ^(p)(r)0. So, e.g. the monotonicity properties of orderp=0, 1, 2 describe the non-negativity (p=0), the monotonic decreasing from the origin (p=1) and the convexity (p=2) of the function, respectively. Here, the monotonicity properties of the electron functiong _n (r; )=(–1) ^{n (n)} (r)r ^– , 0, of the ground state of atomic systems are analysed both analytically and numerically. The symbol (r) denotes the spherically averaged electron density. First of all, the condition which specifies, if exists, a value _np such thatg _n (r; _np ) be monotone of orderp is obtained. In particular, it is found that ₀₁=max {r(r)/(r)}, ₀₂=max {q ₀(r)}, ₁₁=max {r(r)/(r)} and ₁₂=max {q ₁(r)}, whereq ₀(r) andq ₁(r) are simple combinations of the first few derivatives of (r). Secondly, numerical calculations of the first few values _np in a Hartree-Fock framework for all ground-state atoms with nuclear chargeZ54 are performed. In doing so, the pioneering work of Weinstein, Politzer and Srebrenik about the monotonically decreasing behavior of (r) is considerably extended. Also, it is found that Hydrogen and Helium are the only two atoms having the functions (r), –(r) and (r) with the property of convexity. Thirdly, it is analytically shown that the charge functionr ^– (r) with [(1+4Z ²/I)^1/2–1]/2, I being the first ionization potential, is convex everywhere. Finally, the above mentioned monotonicity properties are used to obtain rigorous, simple and universal inequalities involving three radial expectation values which generalize all the similar ones known up to now. These inequalities allow to correlate various statical and dynamical quantities of the atomic system under study, due to the physical meaning of the radial expectation values. It is worth to remember that some of these expectation values may be experimentally measured in experiments of (e, 2e)-type.     

Nuclear reactivity indices in the context of spin polarized density functional theory

In this work, the nuclear reactivity indices of density functional theory have been generalized to the spin polarized case and their relationship to electron spin polarized indices has been established. In particular, the spin polarized version of the nuclear Fukui function has been proposed and a finite difference approximation has been used to evaluate it. Applications to a series of triatomic molecules demonstrate the ability of the new functions to predict the geometrical changes due to a change in the spin multiplicity. The main equations in the different ensembles have also been presented.     

Intrinsic dynamism in chemically reacting systems

The geometrical cell structure of the chemically reacting system is discussed. The boundary of the cell uniquely defines the dividing surface between the initial reactant side and the final product side. Introducing the concept of the intrinsic reaction time (IRT) and the accumulation time (AT) of reaction along the meta-IRC (intrinsic reaction coordinate), the intrinsic dynamism in the cell is discussed. Then, the stable limit theorems with respect to the intrinsic nature of the normal vibrations are derived. The theory is elucidated by using a model potential surface.     

A theoretical investigation of electronic reorganizations accompanying core and valence ionization in simple hydrogen bonded systems

Non-empirical LCAO MO SCF calculations have been carried out on the ground state and core ionized states of some hydrogen bonded dimers, and in the particular case of H₂O the trimer has also been investigated. Comparison of absolute and relative binding energies and relaxation energies with respect to the corresponding monomers reveals that substantial changes occur in going to the associated species. The relaxation energies for a given core hole are shown to increase on going from monomer to dimer indicating that intermolecular contributions to relaxation energies are of the same sign irrespective of the sign for the shift in core binding energy. Creation of a core hole in the dimer species is shown to give rise to substantial changes in hydrogen bond energies compared with the neutral species. In the particular case of valence holes dominantly of 2s and 2p character it is shown that trends in shifts and relaxation energies parallel those for the core hole states.     

Quantum chemical methods for the investigation of photoinitiated processes in biological systems: theory and applications.

With the advent of modern computers and advances in the development of efficient quantum chemical computer codes, the meaningful computation of large molecular systems at a quantum mechanical level became feasible. Recent experimental effort to understand photoinitiated processes in biological systems, for instance photosynthesis or vision, at a molecular level also triggered theoretical investigations in this field. In this Minireview, standard quantum chemical methods are presented that are applicable and recently used for the calculation of excited states of photoinitiated processes in biological molecular systems. These methods comprise configuration interaction singles, the complete active space self-consistent field method, and time-dependent density functional theory and its variants. Semiempirical approaches are also covered. Their basic theoretical concepts and mathematical equations are briefly outlined, and their properties and limitations are discussed. Recent successful applications of the methods to photoinitiated processes in biological systems are described and theoretical tools for the analysis of excited states are presented.     

Chain conformation in polyretropeptides. II. Quantum mechanical and empirical force field calculations on 2,5,9,11-Tetraoxo-3,6,8,12-tetraza-tridecane,a model compound for the terpolymer of glycine and its retropeptides

A conformational study of the terpolymer of glycine and its retropeptides monomethylen-diamine (gGly) and malonyl (mGly) with sequence: (-Gly-gGly-mGly-), is presented. First, we investigated the conformational preferences of the model molecule 2,5,9,11-tetraoxo-3,6,8,12-tetraza-tridecane using quantum mechanical calculations. The results indicated that the compound has a strong tendency to fold, giving intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Interestingly, the C₁₃ (intramolecular 13-membered ring hydrogen-bonded system) conformation, which is the pattern of an α-helix conformation, was characterized as a minimum. Force-field calculations in an infinite chain model showed that there are two preferred conformations to this regular polyretropeptide. These correspond to an α-helix and a 6-fold helix stabilized by intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, respectively. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Application of the Bjerrum Association Model to Electrolyte Solutions. II. Enthalpies of Dilution in Water and Nonaqueous Solvents

The association theory based on the Bjerrum model, which had been developed for the treatment of apparent and partial molar volumes of electrolyte solutions, is extended to apparent molar relative enthalpies L _2,. Experimental enthalpies of dilution for tetrabutylammonium bromide in acetonitrile, propylene carbonate, and -butyrolactone and for lithium perchlorate and sodium thiocyanate in acetonitrile were obtained and analyzed with this model. Literature data for various electrolytes in water, acetonitrile, and n-propanol were also reanalyzed. Through the Bjerrum equations, enthalpies of dilution can be extrapolated to infinite dilution and reliable L _2, obtained for associated electrolytes. The model can be used to estimate the association constant K _A of the electrolyte and these K _A are compared with literature values (generally obtained from conductivity). Considering the difference in the concentration ranges investigated in L _2, and measurements, K _A extracted from L _2, generally fall within an expected range of deviation from the ones obtained by conductivity, provided that no specific interactions are present in solution.