TiCl3水热合成纯金红相和锐钛相TiO2纳米晶体

本文采用水热法,以TiCl3为前驱物,在180℃反应24h,合成了金红相纳米TiO2棒状晶体,晶体直径为50~100nm,长度为100~200nm。当添加10mol/L NaCl作矿化剂时,晶体长度达到600~800nm。当溶液中添加KF浓度为0.05mol/L时,生成物仍为金红相,晶体直径约为50nm,长度约为100nm。当溶液中添加KF浓度为0.7mol/L时,生成纯锐钛相纳米TiO2,晶体颗粒均匀,呈四方形,边长100nm左右。当KF浓度为1mol/L时,生成物仍为锐钛相,但晶体边长降为50nm左右。实验结果表明氟离子对锐钛相的形成有很强的诱导作用。     

水热盐溶液水解法制备ZrO2纳米晶的取向连生与配向附生

本文报道了采用水热盐溶液水解法制备氧化锆粉体的研究成果.给出了ZrO2粉体的形貌和前驱物、温度的关系,发现当采用ZrO(NO3)2溶液为前驱物,温度升高到250℃时制得的ZrO2粉体的晶粒之间出现取向连生和配向附生现象.作者从负离子配位多面体理论模型角度,提出了把晶粒当作一个大生长基元来考虑,从而更合理地解释了取向连生和配向附生存在的规律性.也从亚微观角度进一步验证了负离子配位多面体理论的合理性.     

水热条件下ZnS晶体的极性生长机制与双晶的形成

本文从结晶化学角度出发,研究了ZnS晶体的极性生长的习性机理和双晶的形成,认为闪锌矿硫化锌晶体的结晶形貌主要是由正极面{111}和负极面{()}的显露程度不同所决定的,而正、负极面的显露与否与溶液的碱度密切相关.溶液碱度增加,正极面生长速率逐渐减慢,与负极面生长速率差异减小,晶粒形貌由四面体形变为以正、负极面同时显露的六四面体形和四角锥体,这主要是由于溶液中OH-在正极面上的吸附并影响了正极面生长的缘故;ZnS双晶的形成是由于溶液中存在正离子配位多面体[S-Zn4]6+和负离子配位多面体[Zn-S4]6-两种生长基元并相互结合构成双晶核所致,溶液中正、负配位四面体生长基元的多少与Zn2+、S2-的含量有关.由此合理地解释了晶体的极性生长和双晶的形成机制.     

On the Morphological Changes and Twinning of ZnS (Sphalerite) Crystallites under Hydrothermal Conditions

Morphological characteristics and twinning mechanism of ZnS crystals under hydrothermal conditions have been investigated in this paper. It was shown that under hydrothermal conditions the morphology of ZnS crystallites changes along the four‐fold axis directions, and the crystals are observed in a positive or negative tetrahedron, or in a combination of positive and negative tetrahedra depending on the growth conditions. The positive tetrahedral areas on the crystallites get larger with increase of the concentrations of OH^‐ and S^2‐ in solutions, whereas the twinned crystallites of ZnS taking an elliptic shape with (111) as composition plane are easily formed in weak basic solutions. It can be found that the morphologies of ZnS crystals are in accordance with the crystallization orientations of positive or negative coordination tetrahedra ([S‐Zn₄]⁶⁺, [Zn‐S₄]^6‐) in the crystal although, in some cases, the practical morphology could be greatly affected by growth conditions, and the twinning mechansim can be suggested based on the linkage of growth units of positive and negative coordination tetrahedra, which were formed in the solution. The present investigations further indicated that the crystal chemistry approach based on the linkage/incorporation of growth units previously proposed by us can be sucessfully applied to interpret the growth mechanisms of the crystals and to control a desirable morphology.     

水热条件下不同形貌和晶相碳酸钙的形成和转化

利用碳酸氢钙水热分解制备了具有不同形貌和晶相的碳酸钙.在水热情况下,得到了多种形貌的方解石和霰石碳酸钙,研究了碳酸氢钙浓度、添加剂氯化镁浓度、反应时间和温度等对碳酸钙形貌和晶相的影响.以X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对制备的碳酸钙进行了表征.研究发现,水热条件对碳酸钙形貌和晶相的形成以及演化过程有重要影响.水热条件下发现了稳定的碳酸钙晶相向亚稳定相转化的反常相变,对相关的形成及转化机理进行了相应的阐述.     

水热条件下氧化物枝蔓晶的形成

本文在采用水热盐溶液卸压技术制备氧化物粉体时发现制得的氧化物颗粒之间按一定的规律连生在一起,形成类似于枝蔓晶的生长形态.通过对其连生方式的分析发现,在过饱和度较低的条件下连生也存在各向异性.即晶粒生长速度快的晶面易连生在一起.     

Growth of Gallium Orthophosphate Single Crystals under Hydrothermal Conditions

Gallium orthophosphate (GaPO₄) single crystals have been grown from phosphoric acid solutions under hydrothermal conditions. The crystals have been studied in terms of twinning because of the strong effect of this structural defect on the piezoelectric properties. The growth rates of individual faces have been compared to each other by considering the dipyramidal habit of the grown crystals.     

纤蛇纹石的水热生长机制研究

以氧化镁和二氧化硅为原料,采用水热法在不同反应时间下合成了一系列纤蛇纹石纳米管.利用X-射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、高分辨透射电镜(TEM)等手段研究了纤蛇纹石晶体生长和晶体结构随反应时间的变化过程.X-射线衍射和红外光谱分析表明:随着反应时间的增加所得到的纤蛇纹石样品结晶逐渐完善、卷曲程度逐渐增大;电镜分析表明:获得的纳米管的外径和内径分别为15～40 nm和6～9 nm,长度为50～300 nm,出现了双层管式结构.根据实验结果,结合负离子多面体配位生长理论对纤蛇纹石的生长机理研究表明,纤蛇纹石是由片状逐渐卷曲成管状的.     

水热法生长纯相磷酸铁锂单晶

以碳包覆磷酸铁锂为前驱体,磷酸二氢锂为矿化剂,采用水热法制备出纯相磷酸铁锂体单晶,单晶宏观呈类六棱柱形态.晶体由三个主要生长面(010)、(101)、(100)构成.对单晶结构进行分析,获得晶胞结构为D2h16,Pbnm空间群,其中a=1.03217 nm,b=0.60042 nm,c=0.46889 nm,α=β=γ=90°.LiFePO4晶体的拉曼图谱显示的三个强峰分别是949 cm-1,996 cm-1和1068 cm-1,可以作为区分磷酸铁的特征峰.     

Twinning Morphologies and Mechanisms of ZnO Crystallites under Hydrothermal Conditions

Two kinds of twinning morphologies of ZnO crystallites prepared under hydrothermal conditions were obtained. The twin relations of the crystallites could be influenced by additives. The twinned crystallites in the pure H₂O or weak basic solutions (1 N KOH) are bipyramidal and take (0001-) as the twin and composition plane, whereas the twinning morphology of the crystallites obtained from 4 N KBr or 3 N NaNO₂ solutions is dumbbell-like and takes (0001) as the composition plane. Various twinning mechanisms based on the linkage of the growth units are suggested. The formation of twin morphologies of ZnO crystallites clearly demonstrate that twinning of crystals is either a result of differences between symmetrical and energetic most favourable structure arrangements or due to the consequence of oriented intergrowths.     

Understanding and Controlling the Morphology of ZnO Crystallites under Hydrothermal Conditions

The morphological features of ZnO crystallites influenced by solution basicity under hydrothermal conditions have been studied from the standpoint of the incorporation of the growth units. A crystal chemistry approach is developed to understand and thus to control a desirable morphology of the crystallites. The effects of the additive OH⁻ on the crystal morphology of ZnO crystallites are qualitatively but satisfactorily explained by a mechanism considering two aspects: (1) solution structures and the structural forms of growth units under a certain growth condition, i.e. the interactions between the solvent molecules and the growth units; and (2) the influence of the solvent molecules or additives on growth interfaces, particularly on two polar faces of ZnO crystallites in terms of the inhibition or promotion of the incorporation of various growth units depending on the solution basicity. Since the incorporation rates of the growth units are different on positive and negative polar faces, the relative growth rates of these faces are different and thus lead to the habit modifications. The approach clearly demonstrates that the hindrance of crystal growth is a consequence of surface adsorption processes.     

水热条件下黄磷炉渣废料制备碳酸钙晶须

本文采用黄磷炉渣制备白炭黑后的残留废液为原料,尿素作为沉淀剂制备碳酸钙晶须,系统研究了晶型控制剂(MgCl2)的浓度、反应温度、反应时间、尿素和残留废液的体积比等因素对碳酸钙晶须形貌和物相组成的影响,所得产品通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜进行了分析与表征.研究结果表明,反应温度140℃,反应时间3 h,(NH2)2CO:CaCl2体积比为1:3,晶型控制剂为0.3 mol/L的条件之下,可获得平均长度在50 p.m,长径比为10左右的碳酸钙晶须.     

CdS纳米棒的水热法制备及形成机理研究

采用水热法以Na2S· 9H2O为硫源,Cd3O12S3·8H2O为镉源,PVP为表面活性剂,成功制备了CdS纳米棒.并利用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和相应选区电子衍射(SAED)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、X射线能量色散分析谱仪(XEDS)和紫外可见(UV-vis)分光光度计等测试手段对样品的晶体结构、形貌、微观结构和光学特性等特征进行了表征分析,实验结果表明本方法所制备的CdS纳米棒为纤锌矿结构,沿[001]方向择优生长,平均直径大约为50 nm,棒宽均匀、分散性好,带隙为2.43 eV.同时也对CdS纳米棒的形成机理进行了初步探讨,提出了CdS纳米棒的生长模型,其形貌从三角形到阶梯形棒晶,最后再到完整的棒状晶体的一个定向团聚的自组装过程.     

水热法合成硒化锡纳米盘及其形成机理探讨

本制备方法以二氧化硒(SeO2)为硒源,以氯化亚锡(SnCl2·2H2O)为锡源,以水合肼(N2H4·H2O)为还原剂在180 ℃ 的条件下利用水热法合成了硒化锡纳米盘.产物分别用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)表征手段进行了表征,探索了硒化锡纳米盘的形成机理.通过一系列反应物中不同硒元素与锡元素的摩尔比的条件实验,讨论了其对反应所得产物的影响;另外,通过不同反应温度的条件实验,研究了反应体系温度对所得反应产物的影响,讨论了相关的规律.     

水热条件对溶胶-水热法合成PZT陶瓷粉体的影响

采用溶胶-水热法,合成了具有单一钙钛矿结构的PbZr1-xTixO3反铁电陶瓷粉体,探讨了水热反应温度和反应时间对PZT粉体的结晶过程、晶体结构、微观形貌等的影响.实验发现,随着水热反应温度的升高或者水热反应时间的延长,溶胶-水热反应的产物由非晶态向晶态逐步过渡.当水热反应温度达到180 ℃,反应时间高于18 h时,合成了立方形貌、结晶良好且具有钙钛矿结构的PZT陶瓷粉体.继续升高水热反应温度或者延长水热反应时间,PZT陶瓷粉体XRD衍射峰的峰强增强,峰位不变.但进一步升高水热反应温度时,PZT粉体的粒径尺寸增加明显.而进一步延长水热反应时间,PZT陶瓷粉体的粒径尺寸略有增加.由此,实验确定,本研究中溶胶-水热法合成PZT反铁电陶瓷粉的最佳水热条件为:水热反应温度为180 ℃,反应时间为18 h.     

水热合成Zn_(0.9)Ni_(0.1)O稀磁半导体粉体

采用水热法,以3 mol/L的KOH作为矿化剂,在260℃下,保温24 h左右,进行Ni掺杂(x=0.1 mol),合成Zn1-xNixO稀磁半导体晶体。XRD测试表征以KOH作为矿化剂能够制备出发育良好的Zn0.9Ni0.1O稀磁半导体晶体,没有其它杂质相的产生。通过UV/Vis测试进一步说明掺杂的效果,掺杂使ZnO的禁带宽度降低至3.18 eV。FE-SEM测试显示所制备的晶体呈现长柱状。VSM测试表明,所制备的样品Zn0.9Ni0.1O在室温下表现出铁磁性。文章采用水热法制备出了具有铁磁性能的稀磁半导体粉体。     

The Structure and Characterization of [1,11-Bis(2-Hydroxybenzyl)-1,4,8,11-Tetraazaundecane]Iron(III) Perchlorate

Abstract  The structure of an Fe(III) complex of reduced Schiff base is reported. The title compound, C₂₁H₃₀ClFeN₄O₆ (I), crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2₁/n with cell constants: a = 9.988(2) ?, b = 20.430(5) ?, c = 11.415(3) ?, β = 105.480(4)°. It contains a six-coordinate FeN₄O₂ cation where the ligand is a reduced Schiff base resulting from the NaBH₄ reduction of the condensation product between salicylaldehyde and 1,4,8,11-tetraazaundecane. Due to the increased flexibility of the saturated backbone of the ligand compared to the Schiff base from which it was synthesized, the complex adopts a trans-FeN₄O₂ conformation. There is extensive hydrogen bonding between the amine H atoms and the anion O atoms. Index Abstract  The structure of an Fe(III) complex of reduced Schiff base is reported which adopts a trans-FeN₄O₂ conformation where the ligand is a reduced hexadentate Schiff base resulting from the NaBH₄ reduction of the condensation product between salicylaldehyde and 1,4,8,11-tetraazaundecane.      

水热LSS法制备La(OH)3 纳米晶

采用基于在水热合成的过程中发生于液相、固相和溶液相界面处的相扩散和分离机制的液相(Liquid)-固相(Solid)-溶液相(Solution)(LSS)法成功地制备出具有规则形状的La(OH)3纳米晶,主要研究了水热反应釜填充比、水热反应温度等工艺因素对La(OH)3纳米晶的晶粒尺寸及相组成的影响.采用X射线衍射仪、纳米粒度分析仪和透射电子显微镜对所制备的La(OH)3纳米晶进行表征.结果表明:所制备的La(OH)3由直径约为10～40nm的纳米晶组成,晶粒尺寸分布均匀;随着水热反应温度从120℃增加到220℃,La(OH)3纳米晶结晶程度提高,晶粒的平均尺寸从14nm增加到40nm;在60～80;范围内,水热反应釜填充比对La(OH)3纳米晶的粒度影响不大.     

Formation of Metastable Phase Si(III) in Silicon Exposed to Femtosecond Laser Radiation

Crystallography Reports - Silicon crystals exposed to near-IR femtosecond laser pulses have been investigated by X-ray diffraction. It is shown that a high-power laser impact on silicon with a...     

水热合成硅酸锌纳米粉体及其形成机理的研究

以醋酸锌为锌源、正硅酸乙酯为硅源水热合成硅酸锌(Zn2 SiO4)晶体.研究了反应时间、温度、pH以及不同的反应溶剂对Zn2 SiO4晶体生长的影响.采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析样品物相,扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)对样品晶粒聚集成球的过程在结构和形貌上进行表征.利用Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA)方程对Zn2 SiO4晶体进行生长动力学分析.结果表明:随着温度升高与反应时间的延长,球状Zn2SiO4不断长大,结晶性能逐渐增强.水热合成的Zn2 SiO4晶体Avrami指数n145℃=0.55、n165℃=0.60、n205℃=0.71、n185℃=0.85,表明晶体的形成有从扩散机制向成核机制转变的趋势.