Some problems of nonisothermal steady flow of a viscous fluid

The paper presents solutions to the problems of plane Couette flow, axial flow in an annulus between two infinite cylinders, and flow between two rotating cylinders. Taking into account energy dissipation and the temperature dependence of viscosity, as given by Reynolds's relation =₀ exp (–T) (₀, =const). Two types of boundary conditions are considered: a) the two surfaces are held at constant (but in general not equal) temperatures; b) one surface is held at a constant temperature, the other surface is insulated.Nonisothermal steady flow in simple conduits with dissipation of energy and temperature-dependent viscosity has been studied by several authors [1–11]. In most of these papers [1–6] viscosity was assumed to be a hyperbolic function of temperature, viz. =_m 1/1+²(T–T_m.Under this assumption the energy equation is linear in temperature and can he easily integrated. Couette flow with an exponential viscosity-temperature relation. =₀ e ^–T (₀, =const), (0.1) was studied in [7, 8]. Couette flow with a general (T) relation was studied in (9).Forced flow in a plane conduit and in a circular tube with a general (T) relation was studied in [10]. In particular, it has been shown in [10] that in the case of sufficiently strong dependence of viscosity on temperature there can exist a critical value of the pressure gradient, such that a steady flow is possible only for pressure gradients below this critical value.In a previous work [11] the authors studied Polseuille flow in a circular tube with an exponential (T) relation. This thermohydrodynamic problem was reduced to the problem of a thermal explosion in a cylindrical domain, which led to the existence of a critical regime. The critical conditions for the hydrodynamic thermal explosion and the temperature and velocity profiles were calculated.In this paper we treat the problems of Couette flow, pressureless axial flow in an annulus, and flow between two rotating cylinders taking into account dissipation and the variation of viscosity with temperature according to Reynolds's law (0.1). The treatment of the Couette flow problem differs from that given in [8] in that the constants of integration are found by elementary methods, whereas in [8] this step involved considerable difficulties. The solution to the two other problems is then based on the Couette problem.     

On natural convection from a vertical plate with a prescribed surface heat flux in porous media

This paper presents a theoretical and numerical investigation of the natural convection boundary-layer along a vertical surface, which is embedded in a porous medium, when the surface heat flux varies as (1 +x ²)), where is a constant andx is the distance along the surface. It is shown that for > -1/2 the solution develops from a similarity solution which is valid for small values ofx to one which is valid for large values ofx. However, when -1/2 no similarity solutions exist for large values ofx and it is found that there are two cases to consider, namely < -1/2 and = -1/2. The wall temperature and the velocity at large distances along the plate are determined for a range of values of .Notation g Gravitational acceleration - k Thermal conductivity of the saturated porous medium - K Permeability of the porous medium - l Typical streamwise length - q _w Uniform heat flux on the wall - Ra Rayleigh number, =gK(q _w /k)l/(v) - T Temperature - Too Temperature far from the plate - u, v Components of seepage velocity in the x and y directions - x, y Cartesian coordinates - Thermal diffusivity of the fluid saturated porous medium - The coefficient of thermal expansion - An undetermined constant - Porosity of the porous medium - Similarity variable, =y(1+x ) ^/3/x ^1/3 - A preassigned constant - Kinematic viscosity - Nondimensional temperature, =(T – T )Ra^1/3 k/qw - Similarity variable, = =y(log_e x)^1/3/x ^2/3 - Similarity variable, =y/x ^2/3 - Stream function     

Singular solutions of some quasilinear elliptic equations

We study isolated singularities of the quasilinear equation in an open set of ^N , where 1 < p N, p -1 q < N(p — 1)/ (N -p). We prove that, for any positive solution, if a singularity at the origin is not removable then either or u(x)/(x) any positive constant as x 0 where is the fundamental solution of the p-harmonic equation: . Global positive solutions are also classified.     

The effect of background particulates on the delayed transition of a heated 9:1 ellipsoid

An experimental study was done to quantify the effects of a variety of background particulates on the delayed laminar-turbulent transition of a thermally stabilized boundary layer in water. A Laser-Doppler Velocimeter system was used to measure the location of boundary layer transition on a 50 mm diameter, 9:1 fineness ratio ellipsoid. The ellipsoid had a 0.15 m RMS surface finish. Boundary layer transition locations were determined for length Reynolds numbers ranging from 3.0 × 10⁶ to 7.5 × 106. The ellipsoid was tested in three different heating conditions in water seeded with particles of four distinct size ranges. For each level of boundary layer heating, measurements of transition were made for clean water and subsequently, water seeded with 12.5 m, 38.9 m, 85.5 m and 123.2 m particles, alternately. The three surface heating conditions tested were no heating, T = 10°C and T = 15°C where T is the difference between the inlet model heating water temperature, T _i, and free stream water temperature, T . The effects of particle concentration were studied for 85.5 m and 123.2 m particulates.The results of the study can be summarized as follows. The 12.5 m and 38.9 m particles has no measurable effect on transition for any of the test conditions. However, transition was significantly affected by the 85.5 m and 123.2 m particles. Above a length Reynolds number of 4 × 10⁶ the boundary layer transition location moved forward on the body due to the effect of the 85.5 m particles for all heating conditions. The largest percentage changes in transition location from clean water, were observed for 85.5 m particles seeded water.Transition measurements made with varied concentrations of background particulates indicated that the effect of the 85.5 m particles on the transition of the model reached a plateau between 2.65 particulates/ml concentration and 4.2 particles/ml. Measurements made with 123.3 m particles at concentrations up to 0.3 part/ml indicated no similar plateau.     

Bifurcations and complex instability in a 4-dimensional symplectic mapping

Summary We study the main periodic solutions of a 4-dimensional symplectic mapping composed of two coupled 2-dimensional mappings. Their bifurcations were calculated numerically and also theoretically for small values of the coupling parameter . Most bifurcating families of period 2ⁿ (n0) have complex unstable regions that extend from =0 to the maximum allowed value of for each family. These complex unstable regions do not allow the transmisssion of the stability of the corresponding families to families of higher order. We found only one family with a complex unstable region not extending to the maximum , but in this case also the transmission of the stability is stopped at an inverse bifurcation. Thus although there are infinite sequences of bifurcations (of the Feigenbaum type) in the limiting 2-dimensional case =0, all such sequences are interrupted when the system is 4-dimensional (i.e. for 0). The appearance of complex instability for =0 can be predicted by studying the cases =0 and applying the Krein-Moser theorem.

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Sommario Si svolge uuno studio dettagliato delle soluzioni periodiche principali di due mappe simplettiche bidimensionali accoppiate, calcolandone sia analiticamente che numericamente le biforcazioni per piccoli valori del parametro di accoppiamento . Quasi tutte le famiglie di periodo 2ⁿ (n0) prodotte dalle biforcazioni presentano regioni di instabilità complessa che si estendono da =0 fino al massimo valore di considerato. Queste regioni di instabilità complessa impediscono il trasferimento della stabilità di una famiglia a famiglie di ordine più elevato. In un solo caso si osserva una famiglia la cui regione di instabilità complessa non arriva ad estendersi fino al valore massimo di ; in questo caso però il trasferimento della stabilità viene interrotto da una biforcazione inversa. Se ne conclude che, nonostante I'esistenza di una famiglia di infinite biforcazioni di tipo Feigenbaum nel caso limite bidimensionale (=0), tutte le sequenze si interrompono se il sistema è a quattro dimensioni. Il formarsi di regioni di instabilità complessa per 0 può essere previsto studiando il caso =0 ed appplicando il teorema di Krein-Moser.

     

Eine analytische Näherungslösung für die eingefrorene laminare Grenzschichtströmung eines binären Gemisches

Zusammenfassung Für die eingefrorene laminare Grenzschichtströmung eines teilweise dissoziierten binären Gemisches entlang einer stark gekühlten ebenen Platte wird eine analytische Näherungslösung angegeben. Danach läßt sich die Wandkonzentration als universelle Funktion der Damköhler-Zahl der Oberflächenreaktion angeben. Für das analytisch darstellbare Konzentrationsprofil stellt die Damköhler-Zahl den Formparameter dar. Die Wärmestromdichte an der Wand bestehend aus einem Wärmeleitungs- und einem Diffusionsanteil wird angegeben und diskutiert. Das Verhältnis beider Anteile läßt sich bei gegebenen Randbedingungen als Funktion der Damköhler-Zahl ausdrücken.

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An analytical approximation for the frozen laminar boundary layer flow of a binary mixture

An analytical approximation is derived for the frozen laminar boundary layer flow of a partially dissociated binary mixture along a strongly cooled flat plate. The concentration at the wall is shown to be a universal function of the Damkohler-number for the wall reaction. The Damkohlernumber also serves as a parameter of shape for the concentration profile which is presented in analytical form. The heat transfer at the wall depending on a conduction and a diffusion flux is derived and discussed. The ratio of these fluxes is expressed as a function of the Damkohler-number if the boundary conditions are known.

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Formelzeichen A Atom - A₂ Molekül - C Konstante in Gl. (20) - c₁=1/(2C) Konstante in Gl. (35) - c_p spezifische Wärme bei konstantem Druck - D binärer Diffusionskoeffizient - Ec=u ² /(2h_f) Eckert-Zahl - h spezifische Enthalpie - h_t=h+u²/2 totale spezifische Enthalpie - h _A ⁰ spezifische Dissoziationsenthalpie - K_w Reaktionsgeschwindigkeitskonstante der heterogenen Wandreaktion - 1= /( ) Champman-Rubesin-Parameter - Le=Pr/Sc Lewis-Zahl - M Molmasse - p statischer Druck - Pr= c_pf/ Prandtl-Zahl - q_w Wärmestromdichte an der Wand - q_cw, q_dw Wärmeleitungsbzw. Diffusionsanteil der Wärmestromdichte an der Wand - universelle Gaskonstante - R=/(2M_a) individuelle Gaskonstante der molekularen Komponente - Re_x= u x/ Reynolds-Zahl - Sc=/( D) Schmidt-Zahl - T absolute Temperatur - T_d=h _A ⁰ /R charakteristische Dissoziationstemperatur - u, v x- und y-Komponenten der Geschwindigkeit - U=u/u normierte x-Komponente der Geschwindigkeit - x, y Koordinaten parallel und senkrecht zur Platte Griechische Symbole - =A/ Dissoziationsgrad - Grenzschichtdicke - ₂ Impulsverlustdicke - Damköhler-Zahl der Oberflächenreaktion - =T/T normierte Temperatur - =y/ normierter Wandabstand - Wärmeleitfähigkeit - dynamische Viskosität - , ^* Ähnlichkeitskoordinaten - Dichte - Schubspannung Indizes A auf ein Atom bezogen - M auf ein Molekül bezogen - f auf den eingefrorenen Zustand bezogen - w auf die Wand bezogen - auf den Außenrand der Grenzschicht bezogen     

Asymmetric snap-buckling of a column restrained by a stiff wire

Summary A relatively simple example of asymmetric snap-through buckling in a continuous structure is the nonlinear problem of a cantilevered column restrained at its tip by a stiff wire, which is inclined at an acute angle to the column centerline, and loaded at its tip by a force perpendicular to the centerline. A parameter called , which is the nondimensional ratio of the flexural rigidity of the column to the combined extensional stiffness of the wire and the column centerline, determines the essential features of the buckling. If is zero, or is small compared to unity, the bending of the column is small enough to justify the use of linear bending theory for the column. Hence, even though the constraint is nonlinear, the solution to this problem is obtained in closed form. The critical point for the structure is found to be an asymmetric branching point for =0, while for positive, the critical point is a snap-through type. The effect of is similar to that induced by initial imperfections in more complex structures. For very small , the critical load is markedly decreased from the value for =0. Moreover, the graph of the load vs. tip deflection has the appearance of having an acute discontinuity in slope at the critical point for very small, although it is actually found that the graph has a horizontal tangent there.

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Sommario Un esempio relativamente semplice di collasso asimmetrico per carico di punta in una struttura continua è il problema non lineare di una colonna incastrata ad una estremità e vincolata all'altra estremità da un filo rigido che forma un angolo acuto con l'asse della colonna e caricata a quella estremità con una forza perpendicolare allo stesso asse. Un parametro chiamato , che è il rapporto adimensionale fra la rigidità flessionale della colonna e la rigidezza longitudinale del filo e dell'asse della colonna, determina le caratteristiche essenziali del cedimento. Se è zero o è piccolo rispetto all'unità, l'inflessione della colonna è sufficientemente piccola per giustificare l'uso della teoria lineare di inflessione per la colonna. Di conseguenza anche se il vincolo non è lineare la soluzione del problema è ottenuta in forma compatta. Il punto critico della struttura si trova nel punto di biforcazione asimmetrica per =0, mentre per positivo, il punto critico rappresenta un punto di collasso. L'effetto di è simile a quello prodotto da imperfezioni iniziali in strutture più complesse. Per molto piccolo il carico critico è notevolmente ridotto rispetto al valore per =0. Inoltre il grafico del carico in funzione della curvatura all'estremità sembra avere una netta discontinuità nella pendenza dal punto di biforcazione per molto piccolo benchè, in realtà si trovi che il grafico ha lì una tangente orizzontale.

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This research was supported by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (Project DEFENDER) and was monitored by the U.S. Army Research Office, Durham, under Contract DA-31-124-ARO-D-257.     

An extended numerical method of calculating twodimensional or axisymmetric heated flows allowing for dissipation

Summary The analysis of [1] is extended to cover viscous flow for both plane twodimensional and axisymmetric flow. The equations used are the Navier-Stokes equations in streamwise coordinates, except that for simplicity terms of order are neglected, where is a coefficient of viscosity and the flow direction. The supersonic combustion chamber of [1] is used as an example, but the technique of specifying the streamlines in advance has to be modified for a boundary layer with pressure gradient. Thermal conductivity is included but does not have a very important effect. Flow separation is indicated in some circumstances.

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Übersicht Das Rechenverfahren von [1] wird erweitert auf Strömungen mit Reibung und zwar für zweidimensionale ebene und rotationssymmetrische Strömungen. Benutzt werden die Navier-Stokesschen Gleichungen in Stromlinienkoordinaten; zur Vereinfachung werden Glieder der Größenordnung vernachlässigt, wobei der Reibungskoeffizient und die Richtung der Strömung sind. Als Beispiel dient die Überschallbrennkammer von [1]. Das Verfahren, im voraus Stromlinien festzulegen, muß bei Grenzschichten mit Druckgradient abgeändert werden. Wärmeleitfähigkeit wird berücksichtigt, aber ihr Einfluß ist gering. In einigen Fällen wird Strömungsablösung vorausgesagt.

     

A Wollaston prism interferometer implemented with a digitizer

Objective of this work was to implement a Wollaston prism interferometer with a digitizer so as to perform the evaluation procedure of interferograms automatically by means of a microcomputer. The adopted opto-electronic sensing device is a linear array of 1,024 bar-shaped (15 m × 26 m) silicon photodiodes with center-to-center spacing 25 m. A stepping motor can move the array board in order to investigate the whole interferometric image. Scanning time is about 10 ms/line. Application of the system to measurements of concentration profiles in some mass diffusion processes of a binary gas mixture proves the ability of the digitizer to accurately measure gas densities. The performance and the potentiality of the sensor are analyzed and discussed.     

Kelvin states in an inhomogeneous elastic space

Summary An explicit solution to Kelvin's problem in linear elastostatics is given when the indefinite elastic medium in isotropie, but not homogeneous. As a constitutive law, it is assumed that the tangent modulus is a constant, while varies with the distance from the origin according to an exponential law.

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Sommario Viene data una soluzione formale del problema di Kelvin in elastostatica quando il mezzo elastico indefinito è isotropo, ma non omogeneo. Come legge costitutiva, si assume costante il modulo tangenziale , mentre varia con la dlstanza dall'origine secondo una legge esponenziale.

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On leave at Istituto di Scienza delle Costruzioni. Pisa (Italy).     

Non-persistence of Homoclinic Connections for Perturbed Integrable Reversible Systems

The dynamics of an analytic reversible vector field (X,) is studied in with one real parameter close to 0; X=0 is a fixed point. The differential D_x (0,0) generates an oscillatory dynamics with a frequency of order 1—due to two simple, opposite eigenvalues lying on the imaginary axis—and it also generates a slow dynamics which changes from a hyperbolic type—eigenvalues are —to an elliptic type—eigenvalues are —as passes trough 0. The existence of reversible homoclinic connections to periodic orbits is known for such vector fields. In this paper we study a particular subclass of such vector fields, obtained by small reversible perturbations of the normal form. We give an explicit condition on the perturbation, generically satisfied, which prevents the existence of a homoclinic connections to 0 for the perturbed system. The normal form system of any order admits a reversible homoclinic connection to 0, which then does not survive under perturbation of higher order. It will be seen that normal form essentially decouples the hyperbolic and elliptic part of the linearization to any chosen algebraic order. However, this decoupling does not persist arbitrary reversible perturbation, which finally causes the appearance of small amplitude oscillations.     

Measurements of the intensity of high pulsed magnetic fields by the faradayeffect in flintglass

Summary In this paper we discuss a method of measuring high pulsed magnetic fields by means of the Faraday method i.e. we measure the rotation of the plane of polarization caused by a magnetic field in an optical medium, in our experiment flintglass F.D. For the production of the intense transient magnetic fields (450,000 Oersted) we use energy obtained from a bank of charged condensors (1000 F).The value of the Verdet constant is determined by comparing the results of the induction method with those of magneto-optical Faraday method. A new design for the construction of coils of rectangular cross-section is also given.Stagair research fellow of the Belgisch Nationaal fonds voor Wetenschappelijk onderzoek.     

States of classical statistical mechanical systems of infinitely many particles. I

We study a general mathematical model of a classical system of infinitely many point particles. The space X of infinite particle configurations is equipped with a natural topology as well as a measurable structure related to it. It is also connected with a family {X _A } of local spaces of finite configurations indexed by bounded open sets A in the one-particle space E. A theorem analogous to Kolmogoroff's fundamental theorem for stochastic processes is proved, according to which a consistent family { _A } of local probability measures _A defined on the X _A gives rise to a unique probability measure on X. We also study the problem of integral representation for positive linear forms defined over some linear space of real functions on X. We prove that a positive linear form F(f), defined for functions f in the class C+P, admits a uniquely determined integral representation F(f)= f () d, where is a probability measure over X.     

Unique Periodic Orbits for Delayed Positive Feedback and the Global Attractor

The delay differential equation, (t)=–x(t)+f(x(t–1)), with >0 and a real function f satisfying f(0)=0 and f>0 models a system governed by delayed positive feedback and instantaneous damping. Recently the geometric, topological, and dynamical properties of a three-dimensional compact invariant set were described in the phase space C=C([–1, 0], ) of initial data for solutions of the equation. In this paper, for a set of and f which include examples from neural network theory, we show that this three-dimensional set is the global attractor, i.e., the compact invariant set which attracts all bounded subsets of C. The proof involves, among others, results on uniqueness and absence of periodic orbits.     

Shock velocity measurements using microwave Doppler shift

A commercially available 10.587 GHz microwave Doppler module is used for the measurement of shock velocity in a conventional shock tube. With proper electronic circuits the Doppler frequency obtained is found to be quite noisefree and consistent for shock velocities in the range of 1.8 mm/sec to 2.0 mm/sec.     

Laminar assisting mixed convection heat transfer from a vertical isothermal plate to water with variable physical properties

The steady laminar boundary layer flow, with an external force, along a vertical isothermal plate is studied in this paper. The external force may be produced either by the motion of the plate or by a free stream. The fluid is water whose density-temperature relationship is non-linear at low temperatures and viscosity and thermal conductivity are functions of temperature. The results are obtained with the numerical solution of the boundary layer equations with , k and variable across the boundary layer. Both upward and downward flow is considered. It was found that the variation of , k and with temperature has a strong influence on mixed convection characteristics.Nomenclature c_p water specific heat - f dimensionless stream function - g gravitational acceleration - Gr_x local Grashof number - k thermal conductivity - Nu_x local Nusselt number - Pr Prandtl number - Pr_a ambient Prandtl number - Re_x local Reynolds number - s salinity - T water temperature - T_a ambient water temperature - T_o plate temperature - u vertical velocity - u_a free stream velocity - u_o plate velocity - v horizontal velocity - x vertical coordinate - y horizontal coordinate - pseudo-similarity variable - nondimensional temperature - dynamic viscosity - _f film dynamic viscosity - _o dynamic viscosity at plate surface - kinematic viscosity - buoyancy parameter - water density - _a ambient water density - _f film water density - _o water density at plate surface - physical stream function     

Parameter determination for thermodynamical models of the pseudoelastic behaviour of shape memory alloy by resistivity measurements and infrared thermography

Two thermodynamical models of pseudoelastic behaviour of shape memory alloys have been formulated. The first corresponds to the ideal reversible case. The second takes into account the hysteresis loop characteristic of this shape memory alloys.Two totally independent techniques are used during a loading-unloading tensile test to determine the whole set of model parameters, namely resistivity and infrared thermography measurements. In the ideal case, there is no difficulty in identifying parameters.Infrared thermography measurements are well adapted for observing the phase transformation thermal effects.Notations 1 austenite 2 martensite - ₍₎ Macroscopic infinitesimal strain tensor of phase - ₍₂₎ ^f Traceless strain tensor associated with the formation of martensite phase - Macroscopic infiniesimal strain tensor - Macroscopic infinitesimal strain tensor deviator - _f Trace - Equivalent strain - ^pe Macroscopic pseudoelastic strain tensor - x Distortion due to parent (austenite =1)product (martensite =2) phase transformation (traceless symmetric second order tensor) - M Total mass of a system - M() Total mass of phase - V Total volume of a system - V() Total volume of phase - z=M(2)/M Weight fraction of martensite - 1-z=M(1)/M Weight fraction of austenite - u ₀ ^* () Specific internal energy of phase (=1,2) - s ₀ ^* () Specific internal entropy of phase - Specific configurational energy - Specific configurational entropy - ₀ ^f (T) Driving force for temperature-induced martensitic transformation at stress free state ( ₀ ^f T) = T ^*–Ts ^*) - Kirchhoff stress tensor - Kirchhoff stress tensor deviator - Equivalent stress - Cauchy stress tensor - Mass density - K Bulk moduli (K ₀=K) - L Elastic moduli tensor (order 4) - E Young modulus - Energetic shear (₀ = ) - Poisson coefficient - M _s ^o (M _F ^o ) Martensite start (finish) temperature at stress free state - A _s ^o (A _F ^o ) Austenite start (finish) temperature at stress free state - C _v Specific heat at constant volume - k Conductivity - Pseudoelastic strain obtained in tensile test after complete phase transformation (AM) (unidimensional test) - ₀ Thermal expansion tensor - r Resistivity - 1MPa 10⁶ N/m ² - ⁽⁾ Specific free energy of phase - _n Specific free energy at non equilibrium (R model) - _n ^eq Specific free energy at equilibrium (R model) - _n ^v Volumic part of ^eq - Specific free energy at non equilibrium (R _L model) - _conf Specific coherency energy (R _L model) - _c Specific free energy at constrained equilibria (R _L model) - _it (T) Coherency term (R _L model)     

Turbulent dispersion of droplets for air flow in a pipe

An optical technique was used to study the dispersion of 50 m, 90 m and 150 m droplets downstream of a source located in the center of a vertical pipe through which turbulent air is flowing. A turbulent dispersion coefficient, _P, and a mean-square of the fluctuations in the turbulent velocity, v _p ² , are determined from the change of the measured mean-square displacement of the droplets over the pipe cross section with time. The interesting aspect of the experiments is that they explored conditions where the inertia of the particles is believed to be a much more important effect than that of the crossing of trajectories associated with the inequality of the average velocities of the particles and the fluid.     

Remarks on the bifurcation of solutions of a nonlinear eigenvalue problem

Conclusions We have investigated solutions of equation (3) when ² is an eigenvalue of the linearized operator (13) and when it is not. In Section 4 we have shown that for 0 and ² = _i ² we have exactly two nontrivial solutions which bifurcate to the right of _i ² ; these solutions are shown to exist in an interval ( _i ² , _i ² + ₀). The method of Section 3 may then be used to extend these two solutions to the right of _i ² + ₀ providing that ²= _i ² + ₀ is not an eigenvalue of the linear operator (13) evaluated at = ± ₁. Either a solution can be uniquely extended, or there exists a value of ²where the bifurcation method must be applied again³.While the method used here gives the exact number of solutions bifurcating from _i ² , other problems remain open; for example, it is still not proven that the two bifurcating branches have i zeros, as is the case for Hammerstein operators with oscillation kernels [4]. The conjecture of Odeh and Tadjbakhsh that there are exactly 2(i+1) nontrivial solutions in the interval _i ² < _i ^+1/2 remains un-answered, although it would be proven if one could show that there is no secondary bifurcation as in the cases of Kolodner [7] and Coffman [8].     

Asymptotics of the homogenized moduli for the elastic chess-board composite

We find the asymptotic behavior of the homogenized coefficients of elasticity for the chess-board structure. In the chess board white and black cells are isotropic and have Lamé constants (, ,) and (, ) respectively. We assume that the black cells are soft, so 0. It turns out that the Poisson ratio for this composite tends to zero with .