原子力显微镜与透射电镜对比研究嵌段共聚物微相分离形态

嵌段共聚物微观相分离形态结构由于其理论与应用中的重要性一直是人们研究的热点 [1] .本文研究的聚苯乙烯 -聚乙烯 /聚丁烯 -聚苯乙烯三嵌段共聚物 (SEBS)为聚苯乙烯 -聚丁二烯 -聚苯乙烯 (SBS)饱和加氢后的产物 .由于中间嵌段中的双键大多已加氢饱和 ,过去一直没有合适的染色剂进行染色 ,所以在 2 0世纪 80年代中期以前 ,SEBS形态结构未见文献报道 [1] .近年来 ,由于新型染色剂 Ru O4 的应用 ,使得用透射电镜 (TEM)观察其微相分离形态成为可能 .　　随着对嵌段共聚物形态结构认识程度深入 ,人们迫切希望能有新的手段提供更加丰富的…     

聚苯乙烯-丙烯酸嵌段共聚物在不同pH值和Ca2+浓度下的胶束行为

近年来, 对具有纳米尺寸的聚合物自组装结构的研究日益增多. 其中, 嵌段共聚物在选择性溶剂中的胶束行为研究得最为广泛和深入[1~5]. 纳米胶束表现出诸多常规尺寸材料所不具备的特殊性能, 在材料化学、生物医学以及环境科学等领域有广阔的应用前景. Webber等[6]对聚丙烯酸和聚苯乙烯接枝共聚物的研究发现, 聚合物的接枝率和聚合物浓度以及溶液离子强度对胶束结构有影响; Eisenberg等[1,7]对不同嵌段比例的苯乙烯-丙烯酸嵌段共聚物的自组装行为进行研究发现, 不同嵌段比例所对应的胶束结构不同. 胶束形成的环境对胶束的形成与稳定性的影响是人们研究的重点. 本文报道了聚苯乙烯-丙烯酸嵌段共聚物在水中的胶束行为, 着重讨论了溶液pH值和钙离子浓度对聚丙烯酸链段相互作用的影响.     

分子水平研究不同嵌段结构苯乙烯/丁二烯共聚物的表面结构

利用具有准单分子层灵敏度的和频振动光谱(SFG)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和接触角(CA)测定技术研究链结构和溶剂对苯乙烯(S)/丁二烯(B)嵌段共聚物表面准分子层化学结构形成的影响.结果表明,两嵌段共聚物SB比三嵌段共聚物SBS更有利于聚丁二烯(PB)组分在膜表面富集.利用PB的选择性溶剂环己烷做溶剂时,SB膜表面层完全由纯的PB组分组成,而SBS表面则是聚苯乙烯(PS)与PB二组分共存.利用PS的选择性溶剂甲苯做溶剂时,SB与SBS表面都是PS与PB二组分共存,其中SBS表面PS组分的含量更高.原因是由于溶剂影响嵌段共聚物分子在溶液中的构象从而影响溶剂挥发后聚合物表面结构的形成.     

ABA两亲性嵌段共聚物在双选择性溶剂中自组装行为的Monte Carlo模拟

采用Monte Carlo模拟方法研究了ABA两亲性三嵌段共聚物在两种选择性溶剂中的自组装行为.模拟结果表明,在保证溶剂总浓度一定的情况下,改变两种选择性溶剂的体积比对于ABA两亲性嵌段共聚物自组装所形成的胶束形貌结构有很大影响.随着双选择性溶剂体积比的改变,体系中胶束形貌结构将会发生由囊泡到层状,再到环状、棒状直至球...     

等规聚苯乙烯与聚(乙烯/丙烯)嵌段共聚物的研究(Ⅱ)──嵌段共聚物的分离与表征

将配位聚合法合成的等规聚苯乙烯与聚(乙烯/丙烯)嵌段共聚反应产物进行溶剂车取分离,得到嵌段共聚物[iPS-b-Poly(E-co-P)]的含量约为总重量的20％～30％,并用¹³CNMR、FTIR、WAXD、DSC和电子显微镜进行表征．该共聚物是具有等规聚苯乙烯(iPS)与乙丙无规共聚链段结构的三元两嵌段共聚物,且iPS链段有一定的结晶度．由透射电镜可以看出,嵌段共聚物存在微相分离结构,相区尺寸在100nm数量级．     

不同极性微量选择性溶剂对聚合物膜表面浸润性的控制

通过在双亲性三嵌段共聚物( PEO-PDMS-PEO)的溶液中加入不同极性的微量选择性溶剂, 分别制得胶束和反胶束微粒, 不同组分的溶液涂膜后显示出明显的浸润性差异. 采用透射电镜、原子力显微镜和X射线光电子能谱分别对胶束和反胶束微粒在溶液中和成膜后的结构以及表面化学组成进行了表征, 结果表明, 不同选择性溶剂所形成的胶束和反胶束微粒的结构差异, 导致了涂膜的表面化学组成的不同, 最终影响其表面浸润性.     

星形胶束自由能和聚集数的理论分析

ＡＢ型嵌段聚合物在选择性溶剂中将发生微相分离,形成一种球形胶束[1].所谓选择性溶剂是指此溶剂仅能溶解共聚物中某一链段,而对另一链段则为不良溶剂.对这一体系的实验研究是从80年代兴起的,主要采用现代测试技术来表征形成胶束的回转半径[2],动力学半径[3]、聚集数[4]和临界胶束浓度[5].从分子图景上看来,这种球形胶束包括两部分,内核(Ｃｏｒｅ)为密堆砌的链段Ａ;壳层(Ｃｏｒｏｎａ)为溶涨的链段.Ｈｅｌｆａｎｄ等[6]最早利用数值计算法来研究嵌段聚合物在本体中的微相分离的问题;Ｌｅｉｂｌｅｒ等[7]将此方法引入嵌段聚合物/均聚物体系.…     

多嵌段共聚物(P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP)_n的胶束化行为研究

研究了一系列具有不同链段长度和组成的聚4-乙烯基吡啶-聚苯乙烯-聚4-乙烯基吡啶多嵌段共聚物(P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP)n在其选择性溶剂甲苯和pH<3的水中的胶束化过程,主要研究了多嵌段共聚物链段长度、溶液浓度和溶剂对其胶束形态的影响.透射电镜和原子力显微镜结果表明随着P4VP段链的相对增长,多嵌段共聚物在甲苯中的胶束形态由蠕虫链状向短棒状到球状胶束变化,而其在pH<3的水溶液中均形成球形胶束.由于特殊的链结构,聚合物的浓度对(P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP)n多嵌段共聚物的胶束行为和胶束形态有着重要的影响.同时,(P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP)n多嵌段共聚物分子量分布的多分散性对其在选择性溶剂中的胶束形态也有所影响.     

Comb-coil型聚(苯乙烯-异戊二烯)共聚物在正烷烃中的自组装

借助动态光散射(DLS)和原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了具有复杂结构的comb-coil型聚苯乙烯-异戊二烯嵌段共聚物(S-graft-I)-block-S在聚异戊二烯(PI)选择性溶剂正烷烃中的自组装行为. 结果表明comb-coil型分子在庚烷中形成球形胶束. 同时, 这些胶束的尺寸显示出独特的双分布现象. 除常见的PS-PI相分离机理外, 我们还提出一种comb-coil相分离机理. 这些双分布胶束的形成可能正是两种相分离机理共存的结果. 此外, 借助透射电镜(TEM)进一步研究了选择性、接枝度和接枝链长度对自组装行为的影响. 研究发现增加溶剂选择性或增加接枝链链长以及接枝度, 有利于两种尺寸的胶束的形成以及对应分布峰的完全分离.     

聚苯乙烯-丙烯酸嵌段共聚物在Ca~(2 )或乙二胺存在下的自组装行为

近 1 0年来 ,人们对于具有纳米尺度聚合物自组装结构的研究日益增多 .其中 ,嵌段共聚物在选择性溶剂中的胶束行为的研究非常引人瞩目 [1～ 3] .其表现出诸多常规尺寸所不具备的特殊性能 ,使得纳米胶束不仅在理论上有研究价值 ,而且在材料化学、生物医学和环境科学等领域都具有广阔的应用前景 .Ma等[4 ] 对聚丙烯酸和聚苯乙烯接枝共聚物的研究发现聚合物接枝率和聚合物浓度以及溶液离子强度对胶束结构有影响 ;Zhang等 [1,5] 对不同嵌段比例的苯乙烯 -丙烯酸嵌段共聚物的自组装行为的研究 ,发现不同嵌段比例所对应的纳米结构不同 ;而胶束表面…     

Studies on molecular weight distribution of carbon fiber polymer precursors synthesized using mixed solvents

The molecular weight distributions were estimated for carbon fiber polymer precursors such as poly（acrylonitrile-co -itaconic acid） synthesized by semi batch solution polymerization in mixed solvents media with the azonitrile compounds as initiator under the different ratios of solvent and non solvent from 0.75 to 2.5 in weight.The copolymer was characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR） and nuclear magnetic resonance（¹H-NMR） analyses.The molecular weight distributions were evaluated by M_v/M_n ratios estimated from viscosity and osmotic measurements,and M_w/M_n estimated from size exclusion chromatography.The molecular weight distributions of these polymers as determined from M_v/M_n and M_w/M_n are 2.9 to 3.2 and 2.0 to 2.5 respectively.The molecular distributions were close to a narrow distribution of 2.0 when the solvent/non-solvent ratio was varied between 1.4 and 2.0.Intrinsic viscosity[?]as a function of molecular weight of poly（acrylonitrile-co-itaconic acid） was evaluated by means of low angle laser light scattering with size exclusion chromatography（SEC-LALLS） and viscometry with SEC（SEC-VISCO）.The relationship between[?]and M_w for poly（acrylonitrile-co-itaconic acid） in DMF at 50℃was[?]= 1.1×10^-5M_w^0.79,where[?]is obtained in dL/g.     

Acid-base dissociation constants of 2,2'-bipyridyl in mixed protic solvents

The acid dissociation constants (K_a), base dissociation constants (K_b) and the autoprotolysis constants (K_s) for 2,2′-bipyridyl in water and in water+alcohol(methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol) mixed solvents have been determined at 25°C and an ionic strength of 0.1 mol l⁻¹, from a direct potentiometric method based on the treatment of the data of a single pH titration. It has been shown that K_a increases, whereas K_b and K_s decrease, with increasing proportion of the alcohol in the mixed solvents. Linear relations between pK_a, pK_b, pK_s and the mole fraction of the alcohol were observed in the composition range investigated. These results are discussed in terms of the properties of solvent and the interactions of the different species existing in dissociation equilibrium with solvents. It is concluded that the higher stabilization of both 2,2′-bipyridyl and its protonated form by dispersion forces and of the proton by its interaction with solvent molecules in the mixed solvents compared with that in water are largely responsible for the observed changes of pK_a with composition. On the other hand, the low stabilization of OH⁻ in the mixed solvents relative to that in water and the electrostatic effect are the main factors in determining the solvent effect on pK_b.     

溶剂对煤液化影响的研究

用共振搅拌反应器研究了煤液化过程中溶剂的作用,结果表明,用大分子直链脂肪烃、单环苯系列化合物作溶剂,煤转化率较低。比较不同环数化合物作溶剂对应的煤转化率可得,单环苯系列< 两环萘系列<三环蒽、菲。使用芘溶剂和萘溶剂转化率相近;酚类化合物不适合作煤液化的溶剂;同系列物相比,煤转化率次序为,部分氢化芳香化合物作溶剂>带侧链的芳香化合物作溶剂>芳香化合物作溶剂>完全氢化芳香化合物(环烷烃)作溶剂。气氛对煤转化率的影响与所用溶剂的种类有关,用十氢萘和甲基萘做溶剂时,气氛的影响很小,使用四氢萘时,气氛的影响很大。     

短链药物聚电解质稀溶液行为

本文用改良型Bruss膜渗透计及动态渗透压、粘度和电导法研究了一种主链含5-氟尿嘧啶的磷酸酯缩聚物盐PPA和PPB(24000较小,溶液显示正常渗透压行为,由此得到数均分子量及第二维利系数A₂。它们在水和甲醇中的A₀变大,溶液显示一般聚电解质的性质,但是当溶液浓度相当低时,η_SP/C～C和A～C曲线均出现反常变化。     

Effect of preferential solvation of polymer chains on vapor-pressure osmometry results: Computer simulation study

Preferential solvation of polymer chains by molecules of the thermodynamically better component of the solvent mixture is a general phenomenon which affects properties of dissolved chains and has to be taken into account in the interpretation of results of methods for analysis and characterization of polymers. We have investigated (i) the effect of preferential solvation on vapor-pressure osmometry results in mixed solvents close to θ-conditions and (ii) the danger of formation of associates by coarse-grained computer simulations. The study shows that both effects are negligible and the measurements in mixed solvents can be safely performed.     

The effect of properties of water-organic solvent mixtures on the solvation enthalpy of 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, 18-crown-6 and benzo-15-crown-5 ethers at 298.15 K

Crown ethers are preferential solvated by organic solvents in the mixtures of water with formamide, N-methylformamide, acetonitrile, acetone and propan-1-ol. In these mixed solvents the energetic effect of the preferential solvation depends quantitatively on the structural and energetic properties of mixtures. The energetic properties of the mixtures of water with hydrophobic solvents (N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, hexamethylphosphortriamide) counteract the preferential solvation of the crown ether molecules. The effect of the hydrophobic and acid-base properties of the mixture of water with organic solvent on the solvation of 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, 18-crown-6 and benzo-15-crown-5 ethers was discussed. The solvation enthalpy of one -CH₂CH₂O- group in water, N,N-dimethylformamide and hexamethylphosphortriamide is equal to −24.21, −16.04 and −15.91 kJ/mol, respectively. The condensed benzene ring with 15-crown-5 ether molecule brings about an increase in the exothermic effect of solvation of the crown ether in the mixtures of water with organic solvent.     

A study of preferential solvation of N-alkyl pyridinium iodides in mixed solvents containing acetonitrile

The charge transfer (CT) band maximum of N-alkyl pyridinium iodide (NAPI) has been studied as a function of the composition of binary mixed dipolar aprotic solvents. The deviation from linearity of the energy maximum (E₁₂) and the mole fraction (of a component solvent) plot is explained as due to a preferential solvation by the more polar cosolvent in the binary mixture. The extent of preferential solvation has been observed to vary with the composition, the maximum being towards the less-polar end. The role of hydrogen bond donating ability of a solvent in preferential solvation is discussed.     

溶剂极性控制下的煤抽余物吸附甲烷能力研究

基于原煤和有机溶剂抽余物的等温吸附实验结果,对比分析溶剂极性与其煤抽余物吸附甲烷能力变化关系,探讨抽提溶剂极性差异对煤抽余物吸附甲烷能力控制的地球化学机理。结果表明,煤溶剂抽余物等温吸附甲烷曲线都遵循Langmuir方程,且二硫化碳(CS₂)和苯(C₆H₆)溶剂抽提作用增大了煤吸附甲烷量,四氢呋喃(THF)和丙酮溶剂抽提作用减小了煤吸附甲烷量。实验发现,煤抽余物吸附甲烷能力变化与抽提溶剂极性成负相关关系,该现象可用相似相容原理解释:CS₂和C₆H₆溶剂极性较弱,抽提出较多具有非极性结构(-CH₃和-CH₂-)的烷烃和芳烃,为甲烷在煤表面吸附增多了吸附位而增强了抽余物吸附甲烷能力,THF和丙酮溶剂极性较强,抽提出较多具有极性结构(-CHO、-OH、和-COOH)的非烃和沥青质,减少了吸附位而降低煤抽余物的甲烷吸附能力。     

Solvent effects on ligand-field intensities in some anionic complexes of 3d ions

Ligand-field spectra of tetrahedral CoX ₄ ^2– and octahedral Cr(NCS) ₆ ^3– were measured in a number of solvents. Care was taken to ensure complete formation of the anionic species to be investigated. Considerable variations in intensity were found for complexes with highly polarizable ligands. For Co(NCS) ₄ ^2– the oscillator strength of the⁴T₁(P) transition in aqueous solution was only about 1/5 that in a number of organic solvents, with little variation in these solvents. For Cr(NCS) ₆ ^3– the intensities are highest in aqueous solution, and some variation is observed for the nonaqueous solvents. These data for the chromium complex correlate at least qualitatively with variations of the excited state lifetimes in these solvents. Nonlinear changes of intensities in solvent mixtures can be taken as an indication of preferential solvation of the anionic complex by nonaqueous solvent molecules. The reported results are a strong indication of large differences in solvent/solute interactions between water and the nonaqueous solvents.     

Interventional Radionuclide Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma:Assessment of Intratumoral Retention of HPMA Copolymers

To develop new radiopharmaceuticals for the interventional radionuclide therapy of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma, poly(HPMA)-APMA-DTPA[HPMA=N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide; APMA=N-(3-aminopro-pyl)methacrylamide; DTPA=diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid] was synthesized by free radical precipitation polymerization in acetone/dimethylsulfoxide with N,N′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) as the initiator. The copolymers were characterized with nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography(GPC, M_n=2.2×10⁴, M_w/M_n=1.38). Subsequently, poly(HPMA)-APMA-DTPA was conjugated with ^99mTc radionuclide. Prolonged retention of poly(HPMA)-APMA-DTPA conjugate within the tumor tissues was demonstrated by single-photon emission computed tomography computed tomography(SPECT-CT) at 1, 2, 4 and 24 h following intra-tumoral injection of the conjugate to hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts in mice. DTPA-^99mTc was also synthesized and characterized for comparison. The data suggest that the poly(HPMA)-APMA-DTPA conjugates might be useful for the interventional radionuclide therapy of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma in humans.