THE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF HIGH SEAS FISHERY RESOURCES UNDER THE NEW LAW OF THE SEA

The Agreement, arising from the recently concluded U.N. Conference on Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, calls for the management of these transboundary resources to be undertaken through regional fisheries management organizations. This paper represents a first attempt to analyze the optimal economic management of straddling/highly migratory stocks under the to-be-established regional organizations. Dynamic game theory, commonly used in analyzing the management of “shared” fishery resources, is brought to bear. An obvious question to be raised is whether the analysis applied to “shared” fish stocks management is sufficient for the purpose of examining the management of straddling/highly migratory fish stocks. The analysis is not sufficient for the purpose of examining the cooperative management of straddling/highly migratory fish stocks, because, in contrast to “shared” fish stock management, there is no guarantee that the number and nature of joint exploiters of the resource, in the aforementioned regional organization, will be constant through time. It is the existence of what is termed the “New Member Problem” which most clearly distinguishes the management of straddling/highly migratory fish stocks from the management of “shared” fish stocks. The paper discusses several approaches to addressing the “New Member Problem.”     

PAST AND FUTURE MANAGEMENT OF A COLLAPSED FISHERY: THE BAY OF BISCAY ANCHOVY

Abstract We analyze the efficiency of the international management of the Bay of Biscay anchovy. While a sharing agreement between France and Spain has been in place since 1992, the fish stock collapsed in 2005 and the fishery closed from 2005 to spring 2010. We consider differences in production technologies between both countries and calibrate our model using data from 1987 to 2009. Our results suggest two sources of rent dissipation under the existing sharing agreement: inefficient quota allocation and production inefficiencies due to inflexible national regulations. We discuss several alternatives to improve management.     

BENEFITS AND RISKS OF INCREASED SPATIAL RESOLUTION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF FISHERY METAPOPULATIONS UNDER UNCERTAINTY

Abstract Stock assessments and harvest guidelines are typically based on the concept of a “fish stock,” which may encompass a very large area. The presence of discrete subpopulations within managed fish stocks presents risks and opportunities for fishery management. Failure to manage catch at the same scale as the true population structure can lead to extirpation of discrete subpopulations and to declines in the productivity of the larger metapopulation. However, it may be difficult and costly to assess and manage stocks at a finer spatial scale, and there is likely greater uncertainty about the size of substocks than about the aggregate stock. We use a two‐area simulation model to compare the performance of fishery management at different spatial resolutions when there is uncertainty about growth, the size of the total population, and the relative size of the subpopulations. We show that relative benefits of finer scale management, in terms of profits and risks of depleting subpopulations, depend on a number of biological, technical, and economic factors. In some cases it may be both less risky and more profitable to manage the fishery with a single total allowable catch, even when there are biologically separate fish populations in the two areas.     

期权理论在商业银行预期违约率测量和信用风险管理中的应用

基于期权理论,本文研究了商业银行的客户企业贷款预期违约概率,并在此基础上分析了银行违约率最小的贷款额度.     

NONCOOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF THE NORTHEAST ATLANTIC COD FISHERY: A FIRST MOVER ADVANTAGE

The point of departure for this analysis is Bjørndal and Lindroos [2012], who developed an empirical bioeconomic model to analyze cooperative and noncooperative management of Northeast Atlantic cod. In their analysis, only constant strategies were analyzed for noncooperative games. In this paper, nonconstant strategies are considered. Moreover, the fishery in question is characterized by cooperative management. What may happen in the real world is that one nation breaks the cooperative agreement by fishing in excess of its quota. Often, it takes time for the other agent to detect this and respond. In this paper, we allow this kind of delayed response into a two‐agent noncooperative game so that, if country 2 exceeds its quota, there will be a time lag before this is detected by country 1; moreover, there may also be a delay until country 1 is able to respond. Results show that the outcome critically depends on the length of these two lags as well as initial conditions.     

FEATURES OF BIOECONOMICS MODELS FOR THE OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT OF A FISHERY EXPLOITED BY TWO DIFFERENT FLEETS

ABSTRACT. After the extension of the Exclusive Economic Zone, in 1977, to 200 miles, most fish stocks came under jurisdiction of the adjacent coastal states. This development opened prospects of effective management of the open sea fisheries. Coastal states have the right to plan out the operation of so-called by Clarke and Munro “distant water fishing nations” from their Exclusive Economic Zone. Under some arrangements, a foreign fleet is allowed to harvest the resource in the Exclusive Economic Zone area. Clarke and Munro, in [1987] and [1991], focus on the issue of optimum terms and conditions of access and, in doing so, built a multiobjective model. The main goal of the present work is the development of a more general model including more variables and parameters related to the presence of a domestic fleet as well as a distant water fishing nation. The main difficulty resides in sharing the harvesting between the two fleets. The study responds to the realistic problemof coastal states who own enough resource stocks to allow harvesting by several kinds of fleets. Two optimal scenarios are developed, in each of them a solution is given.     

耗散对两个守恒律系统的影响

其中 A≥0,p'(v)<0,常出现于各种各样的应用数学问题中.例如一维不定常等熵流,非线性粘弹流中定常剪流的稳定性等问题.我们的问题是:方程(1.1)的柯西问题是否有大范围光滑解.Nishida 对这一问题进行了研究,他的结果表明,当初值条件     

THE EFFECT OF INFORMATION ON A STOCHASTIC,SPATIALLY DISTRIBUTED FISHERY

ABSTRACT. Survival rates and carrying capacities in a fishery may be strongly affected by variations in climatic factors. When the stock is under the control of a single manager, information about the stochastic growth parameters leads to improved economic returns. However, when the stock is transboundary, additional information concerning the stochastic parameters can lead to over harvesting and in turn to lower economic returns. When the harvests are taken sequentially by more than one fleet, additional information will benefit the first harvester while harming those who follow.     

ON THE MANAGEMENT OF INTERCONNECTED WILDLIFE POPULATIONS

Abstract Economic interdependency of wildlife or fish stocks is usually attributed to ecological interdependency, such as predator–prey and competitive relationships, or to density‐dependent migration of species between different areas. This paper provides another channel for economic interdependency of wildlife where density‐independent migration and market price interaction affect the management strategies among different landowners. Management is studied under three market conditions for selling hunting licenses: price taking behavior, monopoly market, and duopoly market. Harvesting of the Scandinavian moose is used as an example. The paper provides several results on how economic interdependency works through the migration pattern. When a duopoly market is introduced, hunting license price interaction among the landowners plays an additional role in determining the optimal harvesting strategy.     

INTEGRATING MARINE PROTECTED AREAS INTO MODELS FOR FISHERY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT

ABSTRACT. Marine protected areas (MPAs) have been proposed as an insurance policy against fishery management failures and as an integral part of an optimal management system for some fisheries. However, an incorrectly designed MPA can increase the risk of depletion of some species, and can reduce the value of the system of fisheries it impacts. MPAs may alter structural processes that relate fishery outcomes to management variables and thereby compromise the models that are used to guide decisions. New models and data gathering programs are needed to use MPAs effectively. This paper discusses the motivations and methods for incorporating explicitly spatial dynamics of both fish and fishermen into fishery models so that they can be used to assess spatial policies such as MPAs. Some important characteristics and capabilities which these models should have are outlined, and a topical review of some relevant modeling methodologies is provided.     

MODELING AND THE MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATORY BIRDS

Mathematical modeling of migratory bird populations is reviewed in the context of migratory bird management. We focus on dynamic models of waterfowl, since most management-oriented migratory bird models concern waterfowl species. We describe the management context for these modeling efforts, with a focus on large-scale operational data collection programs and on processes by which waterfowl harvest is regulated and waterfowl habitats are protected and managed. Through their impacts on key population parameters such as recruitment and survival rate, these activities can influence population dynamics, thereby providing managers some measure of control over the status of populations. Recent applications of the modeling of waterfowl are described in terms of objectives, mathematical structures, and contributions to management. Finally, we discuss research needs and data limitations in migratory bird modeling, and offer suggestions to increase the value to managers of future modeling efforts.     

日资企业人事管理思想探析

基于对六家在华日资公司人事管理的调查，本文探析了蕴含在某些人事管理制度和做法中的思想文化渊源，以期得到有益的启示。     

FISHERY SHARE SYSTEMS,ITQ MARKETS,AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF RENTS

Although, in most commercial fisheries, fishing crews are remunerated under a share system, the implications of share systems for individual transferable quotas markets have received relatively little attention. In this paper, we model the impact of extending crew shares of vessel operating costs to include payments for quota. Allocative efficiency is maintained as long as any share system is adopted consistently across the entire fleet. Making crews bear a share of quota costs, however, simply inflates the quota price: at market equilibrium the vessel owner's profit share is unaffected. Crews lose out if the vessel is leasing quota in, but gain if the vessel owner is a net seller of quota. We also consider the outcome if only net purchasers of quota involve crews in the cost of quota. Here, all vessel owners benefit, while all crews see a reduction in their earnings. These results are illustrated with a simple numerical example.     

MODELING THE DEPLETION OF A RENEWABLE RESOURCE BY POPULATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION: EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON ITS CONSERVATION

Abstract In this paper, a nonlinear mathematical model is proposed and analyzed to study the depletion of a renewable resource by population and industrialization with resource‐dependent migration. The effect of technology on resource conservation is also considered. In the modeling process, four variables are considered, namely, density of a renewable resource, population density, density of industrialization, and technological effort. Both the growth rate and carrying capacity of resource biomass, which follows logistic model, are assumed to be simultaneously depleted by densities of population and industrialization but it is conserved by technological effort. It is further assumed that densities of population and industrialization increase due to increase in the density of renewable resource. The growth rate of technological effort is assumed to be proportional to the difference of carrying capacity of resource biomass and its current density. The model is analyzed by using the stability theory of differential equations and computer simulation. The model analysis shows that the biomass density decreases due to increase in densities of population and industrialization. It decreases further as the resource‐dependent industrial migration increases. But the resource may never become extinct due to population and industrialization, if technological effort is applied appropriately for its conservation.     

ALMOST CONSERVATION LAWS AND GLOBAL ROUGH SOLUTIONS OF THE DEFOCUSING NONLINEAR WAVE EQUATION ON R~2

In this article, we investigate the initial value problem(IVP) associated with the defocusing nonlinear wave equation on R~2 as follows:{?_(ttu)-△u =-u~3,u(0, x) = u_0(x), ?_(tu)(0, x) = u_1(x),where the initial data(u_0, u_1) ∈ H~s(R~2) × H~(s-1)(R~2). It is shown that the IVP is global well-posedness in H~s(R~2) × H~(s-1)(R~2) for any 1 s 2/5. The proof relies upon the almost conserved quantity in using multilinear correction term. The main difficulty is to control the growth of the variation of the almost conserved quantity. Finally, we utilize linear-nonlinear decomposition benefited from the ideas of Roy [1].     

奇异联络的残数和奇异截影的指数

本文主要分析了内蒙古河套灌区土壤盐碱化的特点;探讨了盐碱地治理的主要措施;指出在气候干燥,蒸发量大,灌溉水盐份高,用量多,排水少,地下水具有地质矿化源和水位浅以及土壤质地较砂等因素的影响下,河套灌区的土壤盐份具有积累快,年中变化大,含量高等特点。由于盐害最严重的时期是从春小麦播种到5月中旬,本文提出河套灌区盐碱地的治理应首先搞好合理灌水和完善排水;同时改进传统耕作方法,采用先进耕作技术和其他措施综合治理。但任何经济有效的措施的设计与实施都需通过对当地盐碱化过程的深入研究,建立关键时期(秋浇、结冻到化冻、春播)的土壤水盐运动模型,进行田间主体工程的定点试验。