Measurement and kinetics of elemental and atomic potassium release from a burning biomass pellet

Combining polarizing-filtered planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) with simultaneous laser absorption, quantitative laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and two-color pyrometry, the potassium release during the combustion of biomass fuels (corn straw and poplar) has been investigated. The temporal release profiles of volatile atomic potassium and potassium compounds from a corn straw show a single peak. The woody biomass, poplar, produces a dual-maxima distribution for potassium and potassium compounds. For both biomass samples, the highest concentrations of released atomic potassium and potassium compounds occur in the devolatilization stage. The mass ratios between volatile atomic potassium and potassium compounds in the corn straw and poplar cases are 0.77% and 0.79%, respectively. These values agree well with chemical equilibrium predictions that 0.68% of total potassium will be in atomic form. A two-step kinetic model of potassium release has been developed, which gives better predictions during the devolatilization stage than the existing single-step model. Finally, a map of potassium transformation processes during combustion is developed. Starting with inorganic and organic potassium, there are eight proposed transformation pathways including five proposed release pathways that occur during the combustion. The pathways describe the transformation of potassium between the fuel volatile matter, char, and ash. Potassium release during the devolatilization stage is due to pyrolysis and evaporation; during the char burnout stage, potassium release is due to char oxidation and decomposition; and during the ash cooking stage, potassium release is caused by reactions between the ash and H₂O in the co-flow.     

激发态Na和K原子间的碰撞能量合并

置于同一池中的Ｎａ原子和Ｋ原子，分别被连续染料激光器和Ｋ光谱灯激发型Ｎａ（３Ｐ），Ｋ（４Ｐ），Ｎａ（３Ｐ）原子密度由吸收等效宽度技术测定。利用调制技术，分离出了由异核碰撞产生的荧光光谱，观察到了Ｎａ（３Ｐ）和Ｋ（４Ｐ）间的磁能量合并现象，并测定了其碰撞截面。     

原子吸收和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定某些重要的埃及植物

本文讨论了用原子吸收和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ）测定经高压釜溶解的营养性埃及植物，如胡芦巴、甘草和莲座丛，并讨论了该法用于被消解植物样品中多元素日常分析的优点。这些样品具有较宽的元素含量范围，准确地测定这些营养性样品的主量和微量元素特别是有毒元素，对埃及人民的健康非常重要。ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ法同时也用于被视为尼罗河净化剂的水生风信子的分析。分析结果表明，该植物能够有效地吸收有毒元素。被研究的植物经高压釜溶解，其溶液经原子吸收和ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ法测定。作者对分析结果进行了对比，并阐明了二者之间的关系。     

利用正电子湮没技术研究钾掺杂钨合金中的缺陷

钨合金中钾的掺杂会引入大量的缺陷,如尺寸几十纳米的钾泡、高密度的位错以及微米量级的晶粒带来的晶界等,这些缺陷的浓度和分布直接影响合金的服役性能.本文运用正电子湮没谱学方法研究钾掺杂钨合金中的缺陷信息,首先模拟计算了合金中各种缺陷的正电子湮没寿命,发现钾的嵌入对空位团、位错、晶界等缺陷的寿命影响很小;然后测量了不同钾含量掺杂钨合金样品的正电子湮没寿命谱,建立三态捕获模型,发现样品中有高的位错密度和低的空位团簇浓度,验证了钾对位错的钉扎作用,阐述了在钾泡形成初期是钾元素与空位团簇结合并逐渐长大的过程;最后使用慢正电子多普勒展宽谱技术表征了样品中缺陷随深度的均匀分布和大量存在,通过扩散长度的比较肯定了钾泡、晶界等缺陷的存在.     

Influence of Al-doping on the structure and optical properties of ZnO films

Al-doped ZnO (ZnO:Al) thin films with c-axis preferred orientation were deposited on glass substrates using the radio frequency reactive magnetron sputtering technique. The effect of Al concentrations on the microstructure and the luminescence properties of the ZnO:Al thin films were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and fluorescence spectrophotometer. The results showed that the crystallization of the films was promoted by appropriate Al concentrations; the photoluminescence spectra (PL) of the samples were measured at room temperature. Strong blue peak located at 437 nm (2.84 eV) and two weak green peaks located at about 492 nm (2.53 eV) and 524 nm (2.37 eV) were observed from the PL spectra of the four samples. The origin of these emissions was discussed. In addition, absorption and transmittance properties of the samples were researched by UV spectrophotometer; the UV absorption edge shifted to a shorter wavelength first as Al was incorporated, and then to a longer wavelength with the increasing Al concentrations. The optical band gaps calculated based on the quantum confinement model are in good agreement with the experimental values.     

A spectroscopic study of water-soluble pyronin B and pyronin Y in Langmuir-Blodgett films mixed with stearic acid

Mono and multilayer of water-soluble pyronin B (PyB) and pyronin Y (PyY) mixed with stearic acid (SA) have been incorporated in Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films. The surface pressure-area (π-A) isotherm studies pointed out that pure PyB and PyY are incapable of forming stable films at air-water interface and collapsed readily at low surface pressures. However, mixture of PyB or PyY with SA easily formed stable films at the air-water interface and they were easily transferred onto solid substrates. The average area per molecule of mixed films of PyB and PyY at the air-water interface was observed to decrease with increasing concentrations of PyB and PyY. The spectroscopic characteristics of PyB and PyY in chloroform, in SA containing chloroform and in LB films have also been investigated by using absorption and steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. The morphology of the LB film surfaces has been characterized by using atomic force microscopy (AFM).     

Untersuchungen an dünnen Alkalimetallschichten V

At 10^?8 mm Hg thin potassium films are evaporated on a quartz target by means of a potassium atomic beam in a reproducible manner. The big change of the optical absorption and of the electrical conductivity of such films on targets which are either “unbekernt” or “bekernt” is measured as a function of target temperature and film thickness.     

Cross-interference correction and simultaneous multi-gas analysis based on infrared absorption

In this paper, we present simultaneous multiple pollutant gases (CO 2 , CO, and NO) measurements by using the non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) technique. A cross-correlation correction method is proposed and used to correct the cross-interferences among the target gases. The calculation of calibration curves is based on least-square fittings with third-order polynomials, and the interference functions are approximated by linear curves. The pure absorbance of each gas is obtained by solving three simultaneous equations using the fitted interference functions. Through the interference correction, the signal created at each filter channel only depends on the absorption of the intended gas. Gas mixture samples with different concentrations of CO 2 , CO, and NO are pumped into the sample cell for analysis. The results show that the measurement error of each gas is less than 4.5%.     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定 北美自然铜矿中的铅

采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法对北美多个自然铜矿区的55个样品进行了铅含量分析,在制作校准曲线时加入高纯铜溶液以消除基体效应影响,高纯铜及样品加标回收率分别为104.0%和111.0%,表明该方法具有较高的可信度.分析结果表明,北美自然铜中铅含量极低,多数含量低于1μg/g,少数介于1-10μg/g之间.     

一种新型双共轭链分子非线性光学性质的理论研究

对实验室合成的双共轭链分子1,4-二(4-二乙胺基苯乙烯基)-2-［4-(N-甲基-N-羟乙基)氨基-4′-硝基偶氮苯］-5-己烷氧基苯(BSBAB)及合成它的单共轭链分子的单光子和双光子吸收特性在从头计算的基础上利用密度泛函理论进行了研究.分子BSBAB的优化结构显示，组成该分子的横链和纵链除了保持各自的共轭面外，几近相互垂直.因此，分子BSBAB较好地继承了两个单共轭链分子的光学特性.计算结果表明，在低能量范围内，分子BSBAB具有三个双光子吸收峰，分别来自于两个单共轭链分子以及两者的耦合作用.从理论上证明了双共轭链分子BSBAB是一种具有宽带强双光子吸收的分子材料.理论结果和实验结果符合得较好.在HF水平上的响应函数方法进一步证实了有限态求和方法计算结果的可靠性.还给出了电荷转移态的电荷迁移过程. 关键词： 双光子吸收 双共轭链有机分子 非线性光学     

Growth and characterization of pulsed laser deposited ZnO thin films

One of the most important and promising materials from metal oxides is ZnO with specific properties for near UV emission and absorption optical devices. The properties of ZnO thin films strongly depend on the deposition method. Among them, pulsed laser deposition (PLD) plays an important role for preparing various kinds of ZnO films, e.g. doped, undoped, monocrystalline, and polycrystalline. Different approaches — ablation of sintered ZnO pellets or pure metallic Zn as target material are described. This contribution is comparing properties of ZnO thin films deposited from pure Zn target in oxygen atmosphere and those deposited from sintered ZnO target. There is a close connection between final thin film properties and PLD conditions. The surface properties of differently grown ZnO thin films are measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, different approaches — ablation of sintered ZnO pellet or pure metallic Zn as target materials are described. The main results characterize typical properties of ZnO films versus technological parameters are presented. Presented at 5-th International Conference Solid State Surfaces and Interfaces, November 19–24, 2006, Smolenice Castle, Slovakia     

Growth, structural, spectral, mechanical and dielectric characterization of RbCl-doped l-alanine hydrogen chloride monohydrate single crystals

Pure (undoped) and RbCl-doped LAHC single crystals were grown successfully by the solution method with the slow evaporation technique at room temperature. The grown crystals were colourless and transparent. The solubility of the grown samples were found out at various temperatures. The lattice parameters of the grown crystals were determined by the single crystal X-ray diffraction technique and the diffracting planes were indentified by recording the powder X-ray diffraction pattern. UV-visible transmittance studies were carried out for the grown samples. Chemical analysis and atomic absorption studies indicate the presence of rubidium in the doped LAHC crystals. Nonlinear optical studies reveal that the SHG efficiency increases when the LAHC crystal is doped with rubidium chloride (RbCl). From microhardness studies, it is observed that the RbCl-doped LAHC crystal is harder than the pure sample. It is observed that the dielectric properties of the LAHC crystal are altered when it is doped with rubidium chloride.     

Molecular contrast in optical coherence tomography by use of a pump-probe technique

We describe a novel technique for contrast enhancement in optical coherence tomography (OCT) that makes possible molecular-specific imaging for what is believed to be the first time. A pump-probe technique is employed in which a pulsed pump laser is tuned to ground-state absorption in a molecule of interest. The location of the target molecule population is derived from the resulting transient absorption of OCT sample-arm light acting as probe light. A signal processing technique for three-dimensional localization of the transient absorption signal is described, and preliminary results exhibiting OCT contrast from methylene blue dye in multilayer and scattering phantoms are presented.     

Atomic structures of silicon and metal surfaces; pulsed-laser tof atom-probe and field ion microscopy

The atomic structure of a solid surface can be imaged with the field ion microscope and the chemical species of surface atoms can be identified by the time-of-flight atom-probe. By combining a pulsed-laser technique to field ion microscopy, atomic processes in surface reconstruction and growth of thin films can be studied with a resolution of 2.5 Å, and in time steps of a few nanoseconds. The mass resolution and material applicability of a pulsed-laser time-of-flight atom-probe are greatly improved. Thus materials of poor conductivity such as high purity silicon can be analyzed with excellent mass resolution. It is also ionion energy analyzer with an accuracy and resolution of 2 parts per 100 000 and an ion reaction and dissociation time analyzer of 20 fs time resolution. Some recent studies with these techniques such as (1) surface reconstruction of Pt and Ir(001) and (110) surfaces, (2) observation of well ordered and atomically resolved images of pure silicon surfaces and surface reconstruction of many surfaces of silicon, and (3) formation of multiple charge cluster ions and dissociation of compound ions by atomic tunneling in an electric field etc., will be briefly described. We want to emphasize that recent studies of Si and metal surfaces are concerned with atomic structures of thermally equilibrated surfaces, and not with field evaporated surfaces as in earlier studies.     

薯类中营养元素锌、钾的FAAS测定研究

研究了用火焰原子吸收光分光度法测定甘薯中的微量元素锌、钾的方法，采用高温温灰化法对样品进行处理，并对40多种不同品种和不同种植地区的甘薯进行了实样测定和含量差异比较。测定回收率在91．9％－108．0％之间。取得了令人满意的结果。     

Synthesis,growth and studies of undoped and sodium chloride-doped Zinc Tris-thiourea Sulphate (ZTS) single crystals

Single crystals of undoped (pure) and sodium chloride (NaCl)-doped Zinc Tris-thiourea Sulphate (ZTS) were grown from aqueous solutions by slow evaporation technique. Morphological alterations have been observed when NaCl is doped into ZTS crystals. Density of the grown crystals was measured by floatation method. The values of unit cell parameters from single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies show that pure and sodium chloride-doped ZTS crystals are in orthorhombic structure. Impurity concentration in the doped crystals was estimated by using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) test for the undoped and NaCl-doped ZTS crystals was performed by the powder technique of Kurtz and Perry using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Microhardness studies show that hardness number (H_v) increases with load for all the grown crystals of this work. From the values of work hardening coefficients, it is concluded that pure and sodium chloride-doped ZTS crystals belong to the category of soft materials. UV–vis–NIR spectra show that the grown crystals have wide optical transparency in the entire visible region. Birefringence studies of the grown samples have been performed by channelled spectrum method. The thermal stability of the materials is found to be increasing with the doping concentration of sodium chloride (NaCl) in the lattice of ZTS crystals.     

Electrical conductivity studies of mixed phthalocyanine thin films

Thin films of mixed of Copper Phthalocyanine (CuPc) and Nickel Phthalocyanine (NiPc) are deposited onto a pure glass substrate by a simultaneous thermal evaporation technique at room temperature. The material D.C. electrical conductivity of films at room temperature and also films annealed at 523 K has been investigated. The optical absorption and band gaps of the films are also measured. The results show that the electrical resistance is lower for the mixed films compared with the pure samples and also the optical band gap decreases for the mixed samples compared to the pure samples.     

Element-selective trace detection of toxic species in environmental samples using chromatographic techniques and derivative diode laser absorption spectrometry

-7 absorption per square root of detection bandwidth are obtained if sufficient laser power is available and if the absorption is also subject to additional modulation. The analytical versatility of these techniques is demonstrated by quantitative analysis of very low concentrations of (i) Cr(VI) species in tap water and (ii) chlorinated poly-aromatics (chlorophenols) in plant extracts, both after chromatographic separation. The atomic absorption measurements were performed in an air–acetylene flame (Cr) and in a low-pressure microwave-induced plasma (chlorophenols). Received: 2 April 1998     

Some Medical Applications of Radioisotopic Induced X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis

The X-ray fluorescence, induced by radioactive sources, provides a very sensitive technique for the analysis of trace elements in biological samples.

Liquid samples are deposited on filter paper disks, thus increasing the solids concentration, and are successively analyzed for single-element analysis by means of a very simple equipment which consists of a proportional gascounter,an amplification chain, a single channel analyzer and a timer-scaler. For multielement analysis a high resolution Si(Li) detector and a pulsehigh analyzer are employed. The sensitivity of the technique ranges from a tenth of part per million to some parts per million. The X-ray fluorescence analysis has been applied to trace elements determination in blood and hair samples. Further applications of the technique to the analysis of elements introduced into blood are discussed. Finally, applications of X-ray analysis to the study of kinetic processes are shown.     

冷原子吸收光谱法测定磷酸二氢钾中的汞

用冷原子吸收光谱法测定磷酸二氢钾中的汞含量,研究了测定介质及其浓度、重铬酸钾用量、还原剂用量、共存元素干扰等因素对测定的影响,在本试验条件下方法的回收率为97%-104%,相对标准偏差＜10%.