Growth,optical, mechanical,dielectric and theoretical properties of picolinium maleate NLO single crystal

Nonlinear optical single crystals of picolinium maleate (PM) were grown by slow evaporation method. The grown crystal was subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to confirm that the crystal belongs to the monoclinic crystal structure with space group P2₁/c. The optical transmission range of the grown crystal was measured by UV–Vis–NIR region with the lower cut-off wavelength as 330 nm. The optical bandgap is found to be 3.75 eV. Mechanical strength of the grown crystal was analyzed using Vickers microhardness tester. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss of picolinium maleate are measured in the frequency range from 50 Hz to 5 MHz at different temperatures. Further, electronic properties, such as valence electron plasma energy, Penn gap, Fermi energy and electronic polarizability of the grown crystal have been estimated.     

Growth,structural, spectral and optical studies on 2,4-dinitrophenol organic single crystal

Single crystals of 2,4-dinitrophenol were grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique in room temperature. Crystallinity of the grown crystal was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction technique. UV transmission study shows the good optical transmission in the entire visible region. The dielectric loss is very low at high frequency which shows that the crystal contains low level defects. Photoconductivity reveals the positive nature of the photocurrent in these crystals. The powder second harmonic generation test was also carried out using Q-switched Nd:YAG laser.     

Studies on optical,mechanical, dielectric properties of bisthiourea nickel bromide NLO single crystal

Bisthiourea nickel bromide (BTNB) single crystal has been grown by solution growth technique at room temperature. The crystal structure and lattice parameters were determined for the grown crystal by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Optical constants like band gap, refractive index, reflectance, extinction coefficient and electric susceptibility were determined from UV–vis-NIR spectrum. Nonlinear optical property was discussed to confirm the SHG efficiency of the grown crystal. The mechanical strength of the grown crystal was analyzed using Vickers microhardness tester. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of bisthiourea nickel bromide are measured in the frequency range of 50 Hz to 5 MHz at different temperatures. The ac conductivity studies were carried out on bisthiourea nickel bromide crystals. In order to investigate the growth mechanism and surface features, etching studies are carried out for the crystal. Photoconductivity studies were carried out on bisthiourea nickel bromide crystals.     

Growth,thermal, spectral optical and dielectric characterization of semiorganic material: Dihydroxylammonium tetrachlorostrontium(II) dihydrate

Single crystals of dihydroxylammonium tetrachlorostrontium(II) dihydrate were grown by slow evaporation solution growth method at ambient temperature. The suitability of this material for optical application was studied by UV–visible absorption and optical transmittance spectroscopic techniques. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) method was used to confirm the crystalline nature of the compound and it is observed that the compound crystallized in orthorhombic system. The thermal stability of the title compound was studied by thermogravimetry and differential thermal (TG–DTA) analyses. The thermal anomalies observed in the low temperature differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study indicate the occurrence of the first order structural phase transitions in the compound. The FTIR spectrum characterizes the various chemical bonding and water molecules in the compound. The nonlinear optical property of the material was analyzed by modified Kurtz–Perry powder technique. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the compound decreases with increase in frequency.     

Growth structural,spectral, optical and mechanical studies of gamma bis glycinium oxalate (GBGOx) new NLO single crystal by SEST method

Gamma bis glycinium oxalate (GBGOx) crystal was synthesized and grown by slow evaporation solution technique. The structure of pure GBGOx crystal has been examined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The confirmation with single crystal XRD reveals that the crystal belongs to monoclinic system with space group C₂. The FTIR spectrum was recorded to identify the expected functional groups. UV–vis-spectrum shows the lower cut off wavelength and 80% of transmittance in the UV–vis region. The photoluminescence measurement shows that the material is suitable for photonic devices. Preliminary measurement of green light emission using Kurtz powder technique indicates that their second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency. The microhardness analysis revealed that the grown crystal belongs to soft material category. The encouraging results show that the GBGOx crystals have great potential applications in optical devices.     

Studies on the optical and dielectric properties of a zinc thiourea chloride NLO single crystal

Single crystals of a nonlinear optical material, zinc thiourea chloride were grown by the slow evaporation technique. The crystal structure and lattice parameters of the grown crystal were determined by the single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The single crystal XRD revealed that the material crystallized in a orthorhombic crystal system. Optical studies were carried out and it was found that the tendency of transmission observed from the specimen, with respect to the wavelength of light, is practically more suitable for opto-electronic applications. The optical band gap is found to be 4.30 eV. Optical constants such as the band gap, refractive index, reflectance, extinction coefficient and real (?_r) and imaginary (?_i) components of the dielectric constant and electric susceptibility were determined from the UV–vis–NIR spectrum. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of zinc thiourea chloride were measured in the different frequency range from 50 Hz to 5 MHz at different temperatures. Further, electronic properties, such as valence electron plasma energy, Penn gap, Fermi energy and electronic polarizability of the grown crystal have been estimated.     

Structural, optical and dielectric studies of glycinium trifluoroacetate single crystal

An organic material glycinium trifluoroacetate (GTFA) has been re-synthesized and large single crystals have been grown by solution technique. Complete structure of GTFA has been redetermined from single crystal XRD data. FTIR confirmed the presence of various functional groups. Melting point (152.44 °C), thermal stability and specific heat were studied from TG/ DTA and DSC. In UV absorption spectra, a lower cutoff value as 220 nm and a wide band gap as 4.86 eV for GTFA were observed. The dielectric studies, dielectric constant and loss were measured at different temperatures (30-90 °C) in the frequency range 100 Hz-2 MHz.     

Growth, optical, mechanical and dielectric studies on NLO active pure and metal ion doped single crystals of bis-thiourea zinc chloride

Good quality single crystals of pure and metal ion (Ni²⁺) doped bis-thiourea zinc chloride (BTZC) possessing excellent nonlinear optical properties have been grown from aqueous solution by the slow solvent evaporation technique. The lattice parameters of the grown crystals are determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. The well defined sharp peaks in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern reveals the crystalline perfection and the EDAX spectrum confirms the presence of dopant in the lattice of the parent crystal. The DRS UV-visible spectral study reveals improved transparency for the doped crystal, ascertaining the inclusion of metal ion in the lattice. The optical band gap of the pure and doped crystals was calculated to be 4.8 and 5.2 eV respectively from the UV transmission spectrum. The vickers hardness test brings forth higher hardness value for Ni²⁺doped BTZC as compared to pure BTZC crystal. The dielectric measurement exhibits very low dielectric constant and dielectric loss at higher frequencies for both the pure and Ni²⁺doped BTZC. The existence of second harmonic generation signals in the crystal also has been confirmed by performing the Kurtz powder test.     

Synthesis,growth and characterization of a novel semiorganic nonlinear optical single crystal: l-Asparagine cadmium chloride monohydrate

The semiorganic single crystal of l-asparagine cadmium chloride monohydrate was grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature. The presence of various functional groups has been identified by using FT IR spectral analysis ranging between 4000 and 400 cm^?1. Chemical composition of the synthesized material was confirmed by elemental analysis. The crystalline nature of new crystal was confirmed by powder XRD pattern. The UV–vis–NIR spectroscopic study revealed that the grown crystal has good optical transmittance. The dielectric constant has been carried out over a frequency range from 100 Hz to 1 MHz. The mechanical strength was studied using Vicker's microhardness tester.     

Growth, optical, dielectric and ESR studies on tetrathiourea mercury(II) tetrathiocyanato manganate(II): An organometallic complex NLO crystal

Single crystals of tetrathiourea mercury(II) tetrathiocyanato manganate(II); Hg(N₂H₄CS)₄Mn(SCN)₄, (TMTM) were grown by slow solvent evaporation technique. The grown crystals were confirmed by single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction analysis. The optical absorption spectrum of TMTM in a mixed solvent of acetone and water shows the near ultra-violet cut-off wavelength corresponding to the absorption maximum as 335 nm. FT-IR spectrum identifies the characteristic absorption bands of thiourea and thiocyanate in both middle and far infrared regions, which further confirm the incorporation of both the ligands in the resulting compound. The electron spin resonance spectrum of TMTM was recorded both at room temperature and −196 °C, which reveals that the Mn environment is symmetrical with respect to the NCS ligand distribution. It is also interesting to note that there is no hyperfine coupling between Mn nucleus and its free electrons at both room temperature and −196 °C. The dielectric constant as well as dielectric loss of the sample were calculated for varying frequencies under different temperatures.     

Optical studies on glycine sodium nitrate: A semiorganic nonlinear optical crystal

A semiorganic non-linear optical single crystal of glycine sodium nitrate has been grown from aqueous solution by unidirectional crystal growth method. The phase of the grown crystal was identified using single crystal X-ray analysis. The functional groups present in the crystal were identified using FTIR analysis. Optical absorption studies have confirmed that the grown crystal possess less absorption in the entire visible region. A stable broad peak in the violet region was observed in the emission spectrum. Thermal stability and melting temperature of the as grown crystal was identified from TG-DTA analysis. The mechanical strength and the work hardening co-efficient were determined from Vicker's microhardness measurements for different loads. Dielectric behaviour of the grown crystal was studied and the results are discussed in detail.     

Studies on a novel organic NLO single crystal: L-asparaginium oxalate

A new organic nonlinear optical (NLO) material, L-asparaginium Oxalate (ASOX) was synthesized and single crystals of ASOX with dimension (10*5*5) mm³ was grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation solution growth technique. Single crystal XRD data reveals that ASOX belongs to triclinic crystallographic system with non-centrosymmetric space group P1. The grown organic NLO crystal was subjected to various characterizations like PXRD, FT-IR analysis, thermal studies, micro hardness test and optical studies for identifying the transparency range and the emission spectrum. The laser damage threshold value was found to be 2.04 GW/cm². The second harmonic efficiency of the grown crystal was examined using Kurtz Perry powder technique and it was found to be 68% that of KDP. Hence it can be effectively employed for various optoelectronic and photonic applications.     

Growth, thermal, optical and birefringence studies of semiorganic nonlinear optical thiosemicarbazide cadmium chloride monohydrate (TCCM) single crystals

A semiorganic nonlinear optical material (thiosemicarbazide cadmium chloride monohydrate) (TCCM) was synthesized and single crystals was grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation method at ambient temperature. Crystal of average size up to 5×4×3 mm³ were harvested and characterized by powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR) technique to confirm the identity of the compound formed. The thermal stability was analyzed by TG/DTA. The birefringence values (Δ_n) were determined in the wavelength region 540-6500 Å. The second harmonic generation (SHG) from the materials was confirmed using Nd:YAG laser.     

Third order nonlinear optical,spectral, dielectric,laser damage threshold,and photo luminescence characteristics of an efficacious semiorganic acentric crystal: L-Ornithine monohydrochloride

The efficient acentric L-ornithine monohydrochloride (LOMHCl), which belongs to the trait of semiorganic category and depicts nonlinear optical characteristics, was grown-up by the process of slow evaporation. The crystal structure and crystallinity of LOMHCl was established by the process of single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction. Single XRD affirm that LOMHCl crystallizes in the system of monoclinic with P2₁ as acentric space group. The examination of FTIR was done to ascertain the existence of various functional groups in LOMHCl. UV–Vis spectral analysis substantiates its optical quality and the optical constants were also assessed. Photoluminescence process elucidates its emission characteristics and its lifetime is also determined. LOMHCl discloses exquisite resistance to laser radiation having threshold up to 2.69 GW/cm². The SEM analysis highlights its surface topography. The mechanical stability has been attested by the analysis of microhardness and several mechanical parameters are also estimated. The investigation of dielectric characteristics of LOMHCl was also accomplished. The studies on second and third order nonlinearity were established by the method of Kurtz–Perry and Z-scan which facilitates its utility in the field of nonlinear optics.     

Synthesis,growth and characterization of a semiorganic nonlinear optical single crystal: L-Valine cadmium bromide

A semiorganic nonlinear optical material L-valine cadmium bromide was synthesized and single crystal grown from an aqueous solution by the method of slow evaporation technique at room temperature. The grown crystal was characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction and FT IR studies. The LVCB crystallizes in monoclinic system with cell parameters a = 10.144(2) Å, b = 5.54(1) Å, c = 12.07(2) Å, β = 109.115(2)° with space group P₂₁. Thermal behavior and stability of crystal were studied using thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques. The suitability of this material for NLO application was studied by optical absorption studies and second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency measurement by Kurtz–Perry powder method.     

Unidirectional growth,optical, mechanical and dielectric studies on a novel NLO crystal: l-Arginine 4-nitrophenolate 4-nitrophenol dihydrate

The bulk single crystal of l-arginine 4-nitrophenolate 4-nitrophenol dihydrate (LAPP), an efficient organic NLO material of size 74 mm in length, 18 mm in diameter, was grown successfully by Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy (SR) method. Single crystal X-ray diffraction study reveals that LAPP crystallizes into monoclinic system with the space group P2₁. The unidirectional growth along the plane (1 1 0) was confirmed from the powder XRD pattern with the sharp peak having maximum intensity. Optical absorption spectrum shows that LAPP has highly transparent in the entire visible and IR region with a wide band gap of 3.9 eV for large photon absorption. Vickers micro hardness measurement was performed to know the mechanical strength of the crystal. Dielectric profile of LAPP at room temperature brings forth low value of dielectric loss and dielectric constant at higher frequencies. Photoluminescence study reveals that LAPP exhibit green emission in the wavelength region 538 nm. The SHG efficiency of the crystal is measured by Kurtz's powder test using Nd:YAG Laser.     

Growth,optical and dielectric studies of tyrosine-doped glycine

Single crystals of tyrosine-doped glycine (TRG) were successfully grown by slow evaporation technique at room temperature. Crystals of TRG were obtained in a period of 30 days. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals that the crystal belongs to monoclinic system with non-centrosymmetric space group of p21. The presence of functional groups was estimated by Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) analysis. The optical cut-off wavelength for this crystal was observed by UV–vis absorbance spectra. Electrical measurements (dielectric, AC conductivity) were carried out at temperatures 40, 80, and 120 °C. The results indicate that the values of dielectric constant and dielectric loss are less at higher frequencies.     

Synthesis,growth and characterization of l-asparagine cadmium bromide: A novel semiorganic nonlinear optical single crystal

Single crystal of l-asparagine cadmium bromide (LACB), a semiorganic nonlinear optical material was grown by solution growth method at the room temperature. The grown crystals were characterized by single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction analysis and it was found to be the structure of the crystal was belongs to orthorhombic system. The UV–vis–NIR spectroscopic study revealed that the crystal has good optical transparency and lower cut off wavelength was found to be 230 nm. The presence of functional group was identified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The chemical composition was confirmed by elemental analysis. The mechanical strength was studied and found to be 100 g by using Vicker's micro hardness tester. The thermal stability was found to be 218 °C by using TGA and DTA analysis. The second harmonic generation efficiency was carried out by using Kurtz–Perry powder technique and it was found to be 3.4 times higher than KDP crystal.     

Synthesis,crystal growth and characterization of novel semiorganic nonlinear optical crystal: Dichloro(beta-alanine)cadmium(II)

Semiorganic nonlinear optical material of dichloro(beta-alanine)cadmium(II) (DCBAC) have been synthesized and single crystals were grown by solvent evaporation method at room temperature. The lattice parameters of the grown crystals are determined by single crystal XRD. The modes of vibration of different molecular groups present in the sample were identified by the FTIR spectral analysis. Thermal stability of the crystal was investigated using thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The dielectric constants of the crystal were studied as a function of frequency and the results are discussed. The grown crystals are subjected to microhardness studies and the variation of the microhardness with the applied load is studied. The optical transmission spectra and second harmonic generation (SHG) were investigated to study its linear and nonlinear optical properties. The nonlinear optical (NLO) property of the crystal was confirmed by powder second harmonic generation (SHG) test. SHG efficiency is comparable to that of KDP.