依托化学教学 开发乡土课程

针对农村中学校内化学课程资源相对薄弱,校外乡土课程资源丰厚的特点,探索了依托化学教学,开发乡土课程资源并与之进行科学整合的有效途径。     

中学化学课程资源包的设计和开发

课程资源包是课程资源的集合体,它具有容量大、活动性、适用性强和应用范围广等特点,在有效教学过程中被广泛应用。积极开发、利用和更新课程资源,不仅对于有效教学本身是一种促进,更是学生能力培养和教师专业发展的必要途径。在已有研究基础上,对化学课程资源的定义与类型、课程资源包的设计开发的途径和步骤等进行了探讨,并以人教版高中《有机化学基础》中“羧酸酯”为例就如何开发和利用化学课程资源包作了案例分析。     

民间乡土化学教学资源的开发与渗透探究

农村中学尽管教育条件薄弱,但蕴藏着丰富的乡土课程资源。调查了农村化学教学中学生对课堂的需要、教师的备课资源、教学模式等现状,探讨了如何开发和渗透学生身边的乡土化学课程资源。     

高中化学课程资源开发与利用状况调查

高中进入新课程,课程资源开发与利用问题被提升到历史的高度。通过对师生的化学课程资源的调查显示,在传统课程目标下,广大师生在化学课程资源的观念方面有严重缺失,学校在化学课程资源构建方面仍有诸多问题。     

化学史课程资源的开发特点及途径

在素质教育全面实施的过程中,课程资源的短缺是一个不可忽视的问题,而化学史又是多年来在化学教学中经常被忽略的内容。本文结合化学史课程资源开发的5个特点,提出了化学史课程资源开发的一些具体途径：研究化学发展历史;了解化学家的生平及研究成果;挖掘化学史故事;探寻化学史图片;筛选古代文献资料中的化学部分;分析古代科学技术成果中化学的作用。     

挖掘与利用新闻中的化学课程资源

探讨挖掘与利用新闻中化学课程资源的必要性、可行性及主要途径等问题。     

化学社会课程资源开发及教学范例——水的净化与水资源保护

课程资源逐步走向开放化、共享化和社会化，社会已成为实施教育教学活动的重要场所。以"水的净化与水资源保护"主题内容为教学范例，提出了化学社会课程资源开发的思路和教学实施流程：在"前置学习"中通过社会课程资源的亲身实践，把化学的课堂延伸到社会领域；在"展示分享"中将获取的有效资源与课堂学习关联，实现知识与生活的有效链接；在"整理评价"中完成知识建构和巩固过程，让学生感受真实、有用的化学。     

九年级化学STS课程资源开发与利用的调查研究

作为当前国际理科教育改革的潮流和热点,STS教育是科学教育与人文教育相融合的一种产物,也是我国中学化学教育改革的重要课题和方向。结合九年义务教育化学课程特点对STS课程资源的开发利用进行了调查研究和实践研究,目的是为化学教师在教学中开发和利用STS课程资源提供参考。     

校本课程“食品中的化学”开发与实施

以校本课程“食品中的化学”的开发与实施为例,从课程资源选择、课题确立、教学活动的开展和教学效果反馈这4个方面对该校本课程进行介绍。该门课程趣味性强,体现西北特色,能够帮助学生消除对食品中的化学的一些偏见,提升学生科学素养,并增强学生对家乡饮食的了解,可以为同类型校本课程的开发提供借鉴。     

以“我与化学”为基础的校本课程开发

以本校学生"我与化学"实践活动为基础,从课程性质、理念、目标、内容、实施和资源开发与利用等方面开展研究,利用"我与化学"活动的永恒性、开放性、多样性、实用性、综合性和无限生成性等特点,实现了"我与化学"活动校本课程化,力图形成具有实际操作和推广价值的动态开放式校本课程体系.     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。