Reductimetric determination of peroxydisulphate, hydrogen peroxide, sodium perborate, nitrate and nitrite in concentrated phosphoric acid medium with iron(II)

A direct reductimetric method for the determination of peroxydisulphate, hydrogen peroxide, sodium perborate, nitrate and nitrite in fairly concentrated phosphoric acid medium with iron(II) has been developed, with both potentiometric and visual end-point detection. Cacotheline, Methylene Blue, thionine, Azure A, Azure B, Azure C, Toluidine Blue, new Methylene Blue, ferroin, N-phenylanthranilic acid, p-ethoxychrysoidine and barium diphenylaminesulphonate are used as indicators. The method is useful in the analysis of binary mixtures of peroxydisulphate and peroxide or perborate and in the estimation of the nitrate content of fertilizers.     

THE PHOTOKILLING OF BLADDER CARCINOMA CELLS in vitro BY PHENOTHIAZINE DYES

The potential photodynamic therapy photosensitizers Methylene Blue, Azure C, Methylene Violet, Thionine, Methylene Green, Haematoporphyrin, Nile Blue A, chloroaluminium phthalocyanine and bis-aluminium phthalocyanine were examined for their photoeffects and dark toxicity against a human superficial bladder carcinoma cell-line. By examination of [3H]thymidine uptake into dye-treated cells after irradiation with a copper-vapour pumped dye laser, it was found that Methylene Blue was the most phototoxic and dark toxic of all the dyes tested, suggesting that the dye might be of some use as a topically applied photodrug for use in photodynamic therapy of superficial or early-recurring carcinomas.     

Thionin derivatives in the extraction and direct photometric determination of boron

Thionin and nine commercially available thionin derivatives were studied for their applicability in the analytical solvent extraction and direct photometric determination of boron, Azure A, Azure B, Azure C, Methylene Blue, New Mcthylene Blue N, Méthyléne Green, Toluidine Blue O, Thionin and the cosinates of Azure A and B were investigated. Over thirty organic solvents, mostly chlorinated or brominated were tried with these dyes. 1,2-Dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, dichloromethane, I,I,2-trichlorocthane, cis-dichloroethylene, o-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobutane and mixtures of these solvents proved applicable. Many good dye-solvent combinations were found which were very attractive for the separation and determination of various amounts of boron. Only thionin itself proved unsatisfactory.     

Vanadium compounds in reductimetric titrations-II Standardisation of vanadium(II) sulphate with common oxidising agents and determination of binary mixtures

Methods for the standardisation of vanadium(II) sulphate are described. With weak oxidising agents, e.g., Fe(III)/Fe(II) in phosphoric acid, vanadium(II) undergoes a one-electron change, which is satisfactorily indicated by Neutral Red, Phenosafranine or Safranine T, or by potentiometry. Stronger oxidising agents oxidise vanadium(II) to vanadium(IV); Variamine Blue, Methylene Blue, o-dianisidine, cacotheline, ferroin, bis(alpha,alpha'-bipyridyl)iron(II) and ammonium molybdate are satisfactory indicators. Binary mixtures of oxidising agents can be determined.     

Fluorimetric determination of phenothiazine derivatives by photooxidation in a flow-injection system

Flow-injection analysis (FIA) was combined with photochemically induced fluorescence (PF) detection for the determination of four phenothiazine derivatives, including unsubstituted phenothiazine, thionine, Azure A and Methylene Blue. The working analytical parameters (flow-rate, injected volume, photoreactor length) were optimized. Linear calibration graphs were obtained over about two orders of magnitude, with relative standard deviation within the range 1-2.3%. Limits of detection were between 13 and 35 ng/ml, according to the compound. The FIA-PF method was applied to the determination of phenothiazines in urine samples. Mean recoveries ranged from 94 to 117%.     

Titration of methylene blue with chloromolybdate(III)

The reaction of Methylene Blue with aquomolybdenum(III) chloride and chloromolyb-date(III) in hydrochloric acid media has been investigated. Chloromolybdate(III) can be satisfactorily used as a reductometric titrant for Methylene Blue in 6-8M hydrochloric acid medium. The end-point can be detected either potentiometrically or visually. Aquomolybdenum(III) chloride is not useful as a titrant for this estimation.     

High-performance liquid chromatography of gentian violet, its demethylated metabolites, leucogentian violet and methylene blue with electrochemical detection

High-performance liquid chromatographic conditions are reported for the electrochemical detection (ED) of Gentian Violet, its demethylated metabolites, Leucogentian Violet and Methylene Blue. Gentian Violet, its demethylated metabolites and Leucogentian Violet were separated within 14 min on a cyano column eluted isocratically with methanol-buffer (60:40) as the mobile phase. ED responses for Gentian Violet, Leucogentian Violet and Methylene Blue were linear over the ranges 0.54-6.75, 0.50-25.2, and 5.7-285 ng, respectively. Under these conditions, the compounds were eluted in the following order: Leucogentian Violet, N"-2-tetra-methylparaosaniline chloride, N'-1-tetramethylpararosaniline chloride, pentamethylpararosaniline chloride and Gentian Violet. Methylene Blue and Gentian Violet had essentially the same retention time under these parameters. The detection limit for Gentian Violet, its demethylated metabolites and Leucogentian Violet was determined to be 0.1 pmol. A detection limit of 3 pmol was established for Methylene Blue. Detector response, elution, separation, linearity and sensitivity of detection are discussed.     

A highly sensitive spectrophotometric determination of gallium with Pontachrome Azure Blue B and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride

A new spectrophotometric method for the determination of gallium with Pontachrome Azure Blue B and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride is described. The sensitivity of the colour reaction between gallium and Pontachrome Azure Blue B is greatly increased in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride. The gallium complex has maximal absorbance at 680 nm and pH 6.0-6.6. Beer's law is obeyed over the range 0.08-0.6 ppm of gallium; the molar absorptivity is 1.39 x 10(5) 1.mole(-1). cm(-1) and sensitivity 4.9 x 10(-4) mu/cm(2). The mole ratio of the complex, the formation constant and effect of interfering ions are described.     

Reduction of organic dyes in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and desorption/ionization on porous silicon

Reduction of analytes in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) often obscures the actual determination of molecular structure. To address the redox reactions in laser desorption/ionization processes, the organic dyes Methylene Blue, Janus Green B, Crystal Violet and Rhodamine B were analyzed by MALDI or by desorption/ionization on porous silicon (DIOS). Susceptibility to reduction in MALDI was dependent on both the reduction potentials of analytes and the molar ratio of analyte to matrix molecules. Addition of Cu(II) ions as an electron scavenger suppressed the reduction of Methylene Blue in MALDI. The results suggested that electron transfer to analytes from the sample target and/or from the matrix contributed to the reduction. In DIOS, the reductions of organic dyes were more prominent than in MALDI, and were not prevented by Cu(II) ion doping, probably due to direct contact of the analytes with silicon which had little electric resistance.     

Synthesis of 3D porous ferromagnetic NiFe2O4 and using as novel adsorbent to treat wastewater

Three dimensions (3D) porous NiFe(2)O(4) is synthesized by a sol-gel method using egg white. The obtained NiFe(2)O(4) shows both good ferromagnetic properties and high adsorption capacity. The porous NiFe(2)O(4) shows good adsorption properties for organic dyes (Methylene Blue (138.50 mg/g), Fuchsine Red (14.61 mg/g), Methyl Violet (19.06 mg/g)) and heavy metal ions (Cu (II) (55.83 mg/g), Cr (VI) (36.95 mg/g) and Ni (II) (37.02 mg/g)) due to its 3D interconnected porous structure. The maximum adsorption of Methylene Blue (MB) fit the pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir isotherm equation well. More interestingly, the ferromagnetic NiFe(2)O(4) can be separated under a magnetic field conveniently and keeps high removal efficiency (>97%) during seven reusable cycles. These results suggest that the porous NiFe(2)O(4) is a promising favorable and reusable adsorbent.     

Indirect thermo-optical detection for capillary electrophoresis

Indirect thermo-optical detection for capillary electrophoresis is described first. A 20 mW helium-neon laser (632.8 nm) was used to provide the pumping beam and a 2 mW helium-neon laser (632.8 nm) supplied as the probe beam; Methylene Blue dye was used as a background absorber. The addition of ethanol to the background electrolyte solution can be performed to reduce adsorption of Methylene Blue onto the capillary wall. The detection method was applied to the detection of amino acids separated by capillary electrophoresis. The detection limit for lysine was 5 × 10⁻⁶ mol l⁻¹ (signal-to-noise ratio, 2).     

Tin(II) sulphate as a new reductimetric titrant--direct titration of thallium(III) with use of ion-pair and redox indicators

The use of tin(II) sulphate as a direct reductimetric titrant for thallium(III) has been investigated, with potentiometric and visual detection of the end-point. Some azure dyes are used as redox indicators and Methylene Blue is used as both a redox and an ion-pair indicator.     

Titania nanowires as substrates for sensing and photocatalysis of common textile industry effluents

Sensing and photocatalysis of textile industry effluents such as dyes using mesoporous anatase titania nanowires are discussed here. Spectroscopic investigations show that the titania nanowires preferentially sense cationic (e.g. Methylene Blue, Rhodamine B) over anionic (e.g. Orange G, Remazol Brilliant Blue R) dyes. The adsorbed dye concentration on titania nanowires increased with increase in nanowire dimensions and dye solution pH. Electrochemical sensing directly corroborated spectroscopic findings. Electrochemical detection sensitivity for Methylene Blue increased by more than two times in magnitude with tripling of nanowire average length. Photodegradation of Methylene Blue using titania nanowires is also more efficient than the commercial P25-TiO₂ nanopowders. Keeping illumination protocol and observation times constant, the Methylene Blue concentration in solution decreased by only 50% in case of P25-TiO₂ nanoparticles compared to a 100% decrease for titania nanowires. Photodegradation was also found to be function of exposure times and dye solution pH. Excellent sensing ability and photocatalytic activity of the titania nanowires is attributed to increased effective reaction area of the controlled nanostructured morphology.     

Ion-selective electrode with a film membrane based on trioctylhydroxybenzenesulfonic acid for determining Methylene Blue

It is shown that Methylene Blue can be determined in solutions using an ion-selective electrode (ISE) based on trioctylhydroxybenzenesulfonic acid. The data are presented on the application of the ISE to the analysis of reagents for hematologic studies that contain Methylene Blue and other thiazine dyes.Translated from Zhurnal Analiticheskoi Khimii, Vol. 60, No. 1, 2005, pp. 69–73.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Nizhnikova, Podterob.     

Simultaneous determination of sulphate and sulphonate type anionic surfactants

A method is described for the simultaneous determination of organic sulphates and sulphonates, based on hydrolysis of the sulphates in 3M hydrochloric acid. The total concentration of anionic surfactants is determined by the Methylene Blue method, then the sulphates are hydrolysed by boiling with 3M hydrochloric acid for 2 hr, and the sulphonates are determined by the Methylene Blue method. The concentration of the alkyl sulphates is obtained by difference. The large amounts of sodium chloride introduced during the procedure do not affect the Methylene Blue method.     

A spectrophotometric determination of europium in lanthanide and other mixtures by use of Methylene Blue

A spectrophotometric determination of 0.1-1 mg of europium in a lanthanide(III) mixture is described. Europium(III) is selectively reduced in a Jones reductor and the europium(II) allowed to react with a measured excess of Methylene Blue (MB) solution. The dye is reduced to the colourless leuco form according to the equation, MB + 2 Eu(II)-->leuco MB + 2 Eu(III) and the excess of MB is determined spectrophotometrically at 664 nm. Optimum conditions are discussed and various applications presented.     

Mapping of surrogate markers of cellular components and structures using laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry

Laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) has been used to assess the potential of using surrogate markers, bound to cellular structures containing nucleic acids, to image or map the position of these structures within biological samples. In this study, organic dyes were used as markers because of their established use in the histochemical marking of nucleic acids, and also because they are amenable to LDI-MS. Eight cationic dyes were tested and all could be desorbed from nucleic acid samples without additional matrix after specifically binding to these molecules. Methylene Blue was the best of these based on its sensitivity to detection by LDI-MS and the fact that it can be washed from the tissue in areas where it was not specifically bound to provide low-intensity background signals. Experiments are reported which characterize the M(+) ion signal obtained from Methylene Blue with regard to sensitivity, reproducibility and possible use for quantitation. This dye was used to map (with a lateral resolution of 25 microm) several nucleic acid-containing samples spotted on prepared surfaces, and to image the location of nucleic acids in two model tissues, retinal vertical sections and thyroid whole mount sections.     

Nile blue and brilliant cresyl blue as redox indicators in iron(II) titrations

Nile Blue and Brilliant Cresyl Blue, two compounds related to diaminophenoxazine, have been studied as indicators in titrations of iron(II) with cerium(IV)(in hydrochloric, sulphuric and perchloric acid media), dichromate, vanadate and permanganate. They are particularly suited for titrations in a fairly concentrated sulphuric acid medium and for titrations with dilute solutions. A probable indicator mechanism is suggested.     

Spectrophotometric investigation of the hetero-association of caffeine and thiazine dye in aqueous solution

The self-association of thiazine dye, Methylene Blue (MB), and its hetero-association with Caffeine (CAF), were studied in aqueous solution by means of spectrophotometry in the visible range of spectrum. Concentration and temperature dependences of molar absorption of the interacting molecules were used to analyse dynamic equilibrium in solution in terms of two-component model of molecular hetero-association. The magnitudes of equilibrium dimerization and hetero-association constants as well as thermodynamic parameters, enthalpy and entropy, were determined. The calculation of the fraction of different types of associates in the mixed solution, containing Methylene Blue and Caffeine, was done. It was concluded that the hetero-association of Methylene Blue and Caffeine molecules results in lower effective concentration of the dye in solution, which may account for the alteration of its biological activity.     

Some spectrophotometric methods for determination of certain antipyretic and antirheumatic drugs

Heating paracetamol in strongly alkaline medium with 4-nitrosoantipyrine gives a red colour with maximum absorption at 515 nm. Mefenamic and flufenamic acids can be determined colorimetrically after extraction as ion-pairs with Methylene Blue.