Formation of polycyclic hydrocarbons containing a spiropentane or methylenecyclobutane moiety upon thermal decomposition of cyclopropane-containing 1-pyrazolines

1-Pyrazolines1 and2 obtained by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of diazocyclopropane to norbornene or deltacyclene undergo dediazotization at 410–450°C to give a mixture of strained hydrocarbons, namely, spirocyclopropane-1,3'-tricyclo[3.2.1.0^2,4]octane (4) or spiro{cyclopropane-1,4'-pentacyclo[4.4.0.0^2,8.0^3,5.0^7,9]decane} (6) and isomeric tricyclo[5.2.1.0^2,5]dec-5-enes (5) or pentacyclo[6.4.0.0^2,10.0^3,6.0^9,11]dec-6-enes (7) in a 30–70% overall yield. An increase in temperature favors the isomerization of spiro hydrocarbons4 and6 to the respective unsaturated hydrocarbons5 and7. The latter undergo cyclopropanation with diazomethane in the presence of Pd(acac)₂ or (PhO)₃P · CuCl to afford polycyclanes9a,b or10a,b containing a spiro[2.3]hexane moiety condensed at thecis-1,4 position. Unsaturated 1-pyrazoline3 obtained from diazocyclopropane and norbornadiene decomposes at 330–370°C with elimination of cyclopentadiene to give 3(5)-vinylpyrazole in a yield up to 75%.Some of the results reported in this paper have been presented at the VIIIth European Symposium on organic chemistry (Barcelona, August–September 1993),cf. Ref. 1.Translated fromIzyestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 662–667, April, 1994.This study was financially supported by the Russian Fund for Fundamental Research (grant 94-03-08902).     

Cs(DNDZ)的合成、晶体结构和热行为研究

合成了一种新型高能有机铯盐2-(二硝基亚甲基)-1,3-二氮杂环戊烷铯盐[Cs(DNDZ)],并培养出单晶。该晶体属单斜晶系,空间群P21/c,晶胞参数为:a=0.933 6(2)nm,b=0.677 42(14)nm,c=1.387 4(3)nm,β=101.173(2)°,V=0.860 8(3)nm3,Z=4,μ=4.292mm-1,F(000)=576,Dc=2.361 g.cm-3,R1=0.029 1,wR2=0.077 8。用非等温DSC,TG/DTG法研究了Cs(DNDZ)的热行为,第一放热分解反应的放热焓、表观活化能和指前因子分别为-1045 J.g-1,144.2 kJ.mol-1和1013.75s-1。其热爆炸的临界温度为181.48℃。Cs(DNDZ)热稳定性低于DNDZ。     

Solvent extraction of copper(II) from sulfate medium with N -(2-hydroxybenzylidene)aniline

Solvent extraction of copper(II) from sulfate medium with N-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)aniline is studied with the following parameters: pH, concentration of the extractant, nature of diluent, and temperature. The extraction of copper(II) proceeds by a cation exchange mechanism and the extracted species are CuL₂ in cyclohexane and toluene and CuL₂ with some CuL₂HL in chloroform. The equilibrium constants have been calculated as well as thermodynamic parameters ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG°. The temperature effect on the solvent extraction of copper(II) with N-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)aniline in cyclohexane is discussed.     

A Synthetic and Stereochemical Study of 2,6-Diaroyl-3,5-Diaryl-4-Ethyltetrahydro-1,4-Thiazine-1,1-Dioxides

Double aza-Michael addition of ethylamine over 2,2'-sulfonylbis(1,3-diarylprop-2-en-1-ones) gave the previously unknown title compounds in moderate yields. The decreased yields of the title compounds compared to 2,6-diaroyl-3,5-diaryltetrahydro-1,4-thiazine-1,1-dioxides or the corresponding 4-methyl derivatives is explained on the basis of steric size of the nucleophile. The structure and stereochemistry of the thianes have been deduced from elemental analyses and spectroscopic data.     

Reactions of 2H-3,4-dihydro-1,4-benzoxazin-6(8aH)-ones with 2,4,6-trimethylbenzonitrile oxide,III

Summary Regio-, stereo- and siteselectivity of the cycloadditions of trimethylbenzonitrile oxide with 2H-3,4-Dihydro-1,4-benzoxazin-6(8aH)-ones have been investigated. The structures of the obtained products were elucidated by means of homonuclear NOE difference spectroscopy and HMQC and HMBC spectra. The structure of 6-Benzyl-9a-methoxy-3-mesityl-9b-methyl-7,8,9a,9b-tetrahydro-3aH-1,2-oxazolo-[4,5-h]1,4-benzoxazin-4(6H)-on5 was elucidated from a single crystal X-ray structure analysis at ambient temperature: C₂₇H₃₀N₂O₄, M=446.55g/mol, monoclinic, P2₁/c,a=10.372 (34) Å,b=11.908 (21) Å,c=20.040 (34) Å, =97.16 (17)°,V=2455.8 (1.9)ų,Z=4,d _c=1.208g/cm³, =0.08mm^–1,R=0.0546.Dedicated to Prof. Ott with best wishes for his 70^th birthday     

Thermal Behaviors of 2‐(Dinitromethylene)‐1,3‐diazacycloheptane (DNDH)

2‐(Dinitromethylene)‐1,3‐diazacycloheptane (DNDH) was prepared by the reaction of 1,1‐diamino‐2,2‐dinitroethylene (FOX‐7) with 1,4‐diaminoethane in NMP. Thermal decomposition behavior of DNDH was studied under the non‐isothermal conditions with DSC method, and presents only one intensely exothermic decomposition process. The kinetic equation of the decomposition reaction is dα/dT=10^33.88×3α^2/3exp(−3.353×10⁵/RT)/β. The critical temperature of thermal explosion is 215.97°C. Specific heat capacity of DNDH was studied with micro‐DSC method and theoretical calculation method, and the molar heat capacity is 215.40 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ at 298.15 K. Adiabatic time‐to‐explosion was calculated to be 92.07 s. DNDH has same thermal stability to FOX‐7.     

Studies of 4H-3,1-benzoxazines. 14. Structure and some properties of 2-[2-hydroxyphenyl(naphthyl)]-1,2-dihydro-4H-3,1-benzoxazines

It has been shown that the condensation of tertiary aminophenylcarbinols with 2-hydroxybenz(naphth)aldehydes gives the corresponding 1,2-dihydrobenzoxazines and their structural Schiff base isomers. The reaction of 2-[2-hydroxyphenyl(naphthyl)]-1,2-dihydro-4H-3,1-benzoxazines with aliphatic aldehydes gives substituted 3,1-benzoxazino[1,2-c][1,3]benz(naphth)oxazines. __________ Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 8, pp. 1230–1241, August, 2006.     

Solvent effect of ionic liquids on the distribution constant of 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone and its nickel(II) and copper(II) chelates and the evaluation of the solvent properties based on the regular solution theory

Distribution constants of 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (Htta) and its Ni(II)and Cu(II) chelates between 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (C_nmimTf₂N; n = 4, 6, and 8) as ionic liquid (IL) and an aqueous phase were determined. The enol fraction of Htta in ILs was spectrophotometrically measured to calculate the distribution constant of the enol form (K_D,HE) of Htta. The K_D,HE values in ILs were evaluated by comparing those in various molecular solvents such as alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorohydrocarbons, ethers, ketones, and esters previously reported on the basis of the regular solution theory (RST). It was elucidated that the IL solutions of Htta (enol) can be taken as apparently regular solutions as expected in the organic solvents. On the other hand, the effect of ILs on the distribution constant of metal(II) chelates (K_D,M) was fairly complicated. The Cu(tta)₂-IL solutions behaved like the alkane and aromatic hydrocarbon solutions but the Ni(tta)₂-IL (C₄mimTf₂N) like ether and ketone solutions. In the Ni(II) case, some specific interactions between the Ni(II) chelate and IL was suggested. Finally, the solubility parameters of ILs were calculated using K_D,HE by RST and were in good agreement with the literature values obtained by the enthalpy of vaporization.     

Diamine incorporated compounds derived from polymeric nickel(II) fumarates and oxalates: Crystal structure, spectral and thermal properties of [Ni(en)3](O2CCHCHCO2)·3H2O and [Ni(en)3](O2CCO2)

Lewis-base mediated fragmentation of polymeric nickel(II) fumarate and oxalate are attempted using chelating σ-donor diamines like ethylenediamine (en) and 1,3-diaminopropane (dap) in various conditions which yielded [Ni(en)₃](fum)·3H₂O (1), [Ni(en)₃](ox) (2), [Ni(dap)₂(fum)] (3) and [Ni(dap)(ox)]·2H₂O (4). While 1 and 2 are molecular products each containing octahedral [Ni(en)₃]²⁺ moieties and the anionic dicarboxylate species, 3 and 4 are dap-incorporated polymeric products. The fumarate derivative 1 containing [Ni(en)₃]²⁺ moieties crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 17.899(4) Å, b = 11.747(2) Å, c = 10.748(2) Å, β = 125.59(3)°, V = 1837.7(6) ų, Z = 4, while the oxalate analogue 2 is seen to be in the trigonal space group P−31c with a = 8.8770(13) Å, b = 8.8770(13) Å, c = 10.482(2) Å, γ = 120°, V = 715.3(2) ų, Z = 2. The octahedral [Ni(en)₃] units in both 1 and 2 are seen to be strongly H-bonded to the dicarboxylate moieties through the coordinated en units leading to a three-dimensional network. However, in 1 the water molecules also take part in the H-bonding and contribute to the overall 3D structure. In both 1 and 2 the crystal packing is done with the [Ni(en)₃]²⁺ units with absolute configuration Λ(δδδ) and its mirror conformer with Δ configuration in exactly equal numbers. Spectral (IR and UV–Visible) and magnetic measurements were carried out and some of the ligand-field parameters like D_q, B and β were evaluated for all the four compounds. These values suggest the presence of octahedrally coordinated nickel(II) in all the four complexes. Spectral data suggest that 3 has the two chelating dap moieties and the fumarate coordinated in η¹ form through both its carboxylate moieties while 4 has one chelating dap and the oxalate moiety coordinated in η⁴-bis-chelating form. Though both 1 and 2 are made of the same type of [Ni(en)₃]²⁺ units their thermograms give entirely different thermal features; 1 showing three clearly successive and step-wise dissociation of each en unit while 2 having a combined loss of two en units in the first thermal step. The relevant thermodynamic and kinetic parameters like E_a and ΔS also could be evaluated for various thermal steps for the compounds 1–4 using Coats–Redfern equation.     

Unexpected transformation of 1,1"-methylenebis(2-naphthol) into 1,2,1",2"-tetrahydrospiro(naphthalene-1,3"-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran)-2-one, a spirodimer of 1,2-naphthoquinone 1-methide, in the presence of boric acid and paraformaldehyde

When heated in benzene with paraformaldehyde and boric acid, 1,1"-methylenebis(2-naphthol) easily decomposes to 1,2-naphthoquinone 1-methide, which dimerizes into a spirodimer. The by-product of the reaction is 14Í-dibenzo[a,j]xanthene.     

Use of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate room temperature ionic liquids as chelate extraction solvent with 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butanedione

Possible use of room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) as chelate extraction solvent was evaluated by using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF₆]), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([hmim][PF₆]) and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([omim][PF₆]). These RTILs showed high extraction performance for divalent metal cations with 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butanedione (Htta). The extracted metals were back-extracted into 1 mol dm⁻³ nitric acid quantitatively. Furthermore, the extracted species were estimated as neutral hydrated complexes M(tta)₂(H₂O)_n (n= 1 or 2) for M = Ni, Cu and Pb and anionic complexes M(tta)₃⁻ for M = Mn, Co, Zn and Cd.     

The Use of 4-(Bromomethylene)-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one as “Masked” α-Bromo-α'-Hydroxy Ketone in the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Systems

4-(Bromomethylene)-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one was obtained on the basis of the readily obtainable 4-methylene-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one. It forms 2-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl-2-propanol with 2-aminopyridine, 11a-hydroxy-1,1-dimethyl-3-oxo-1,5,11,11a-tetrahydro[1,3]oxazolo[3,4-a]pyrido[1,2-d]-10-pyrazinium bromide with 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine, and the corresponding derivative of 4-hydroxyoxazolidin-2-one with 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine. The last product was converted by intramolecular amidoalkylation without isolation into 10b-(bromomethyl)-8,9-dimethoxy-1,1-dimethyl-1,5,6,10b-tetrahydro[1,3]oxazolo[3,4-a]isoquinolin-3-one.     

Synthesis and study of new 2-aryl-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,1a-dihydroazireno[1,2-a]quinoxaline derivatives

New derivatives of photochromic 2-aryl-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,1a-dihydroazireno[1,2-a]quinoxalines were synthesized by condensation of 4-methyl-and 4,5-dimethyl-1,2-phenylenediamine with 1,3-diaryl-2,3-dibromopropan-1-ones. The reactions of 4-methyl-1,2-phenylenediamine produce mixtures of regioisomers. The chemical properties of the reaction products were studied. The structure of one of the latter was established by X-ray diffraction. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 350–356, February, 2006.     

Synthesis of new derivatives of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,6-naphthyridines and their pharmacological properties

1,5-Dicarbonyl derivatives of piperidine and tropane were studied in the heterocyclization with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. All the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,6-naphthyridines obtained exhibit a pronounced analgesic effect.__________Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 251–253, January, 2005.     

Reactions of (E)-1,2-di(3-guaiazulenyl)ethylene and 2-(3-guaiazulenyl)-1,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylene with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) in benzene: comparative studies on the products and their spectroscopic properties

Reactions of the title ethylene derivatives, (E)-1,2-di(3-guaiazulenyl)ethylene (1) and 2-(3-guaiazulenyl)-1,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylene (2), with a 2 M amount of TCNE in benzene at 25 °C for 24 h under argon give new cycloaddition compounds, 1,1,2,2,11,11,12,12-octacyano-3-(3-guaiazulenyl)-8-isopropyl-5,10-dimethyl-1,2,3,6,9,10a-hexahydro-6,9-ethanobenz[a]azulene (3) from 1 and 1,1,2,2,11,11,12,12-octacyano-8-isopropyl-3,3-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-5,10-dimethyl-1,2,3,6,9,10a-hexahydro-6,9-ethanobenz[a]-azulene (4) from 2, respectively, in 66 and 87% isolated yields. Comparative studies on the above reactions as well as the spectroscopic properties of the unique products 3 and 4, possessing interesting molecular structures, are reported and, further, a plausible reaction pathway for the formation of these products is described.     

Assembly of ZnII and CdII coordination polymers based on a flexible multicarboxylate ligand and nitrogen‐containing auxiliary ligands through a mixed‐ligand synthetic strategy: syntheses,structures and fluorescence properties

The structures of coordination polymers are strongly influenced by the organic ligands and metal ions used for their construction, so it is important to choose suitable ligands and metal ions and appropriate synthetic processes. Two novel d¹⁰ coordination polymers, namely poly[[diaquabis(2,2′‐bipyridine)[μ₄‐4,4′‐(1,4‐phenylenedioxy)bis(benzene‐1,2‐dicarboxylato)]dizinc(II)] dihydrate], {[Zn₂(C₂₂H₁₀O₁₀)(C₁₀H₈N₂)₂(H₂O)₂]·2H₂O}_n, (1), and poly[[diaquabis(1,10‐phenanthroline)[μ₄‐4,4′‐(1,4‐phenylenedioxy)bis(benzene‐1,2‐dicarboxylato)]dicadmium(II)] dimethylformamide disolvate], {[Cd₂(C₂₂H₁₀O₁₀)(C₁₂H₈N₂)₂(H₂O)₂]·2C₃H₇NO}_n, (2), have been synthesized from 4,4′‐(1,4‐phenylenedioxy)bis(benzene‐1,2‐dicarboxylic acid) (H₄L) and two different N‐containing auxiliary ligands through a mixed‐ligand synthetic strategy under a solvothermal environment. The structures were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, powder X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy. Compounds (1) and (2) both present one‐dimensional chain structures and two‐dimensional supramolecular layer structures constructed by weak hydrogen bonds. It is interesting to note that the carboxylate ligands reveal stable trans configurations in both compounds. The fluorescence properties of (1) and (2) in the solid state were also investigated.     

A selective electromembrane extraction of uranium (VI) prior to its fluorometric determination in water

A novel method for the selective electromembrane extraction (EME) of U⁶⁺ prior to fluorometric determination has been proposed. The effect of extraction conditions including supported liquid membrane (SLM) composition, extraction time and extraction voltage were investigated. An SLM composition of 1% di-2-ethyl hexyl phosphonic acid in nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) showed good selectivity, recovery and enrichment factor. The best performance was achieved at an extraction potential of 80 volts and an extraction time of 14 minutes Under the optimized conditions, a linear range from 1 to 1000 ng mL⁻¹ and LOD of 0.1 ng mL⁻¹ were obtained for the determination of U⁶⁺. The EME method showed good performance in sample cleanup and the reduction of the interfering effects of Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Ni²⁺, Fe³⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cl⁻ and PO₄³⁻ ions during fluorometric determination of uranium in real water samples. The recoveries above 54% and enrichment factors above 64.7 were obtained by the proposed method for real sample analysis.     

Optimized water‐based ATRP of an anionic monomer: Comprehension and properties characterization

The effect of pH and the ligand nature over the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of the anionic monomer sodium 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonate (AMPSNa) was investigated in aqueous medium by using ω‐halogenated poly(ethylene oxide) and CuBr, as macroinitiator and catalyst, respectively. The stability of both catalytic complexes and macroinitiator was investigated in function of pH, that is, fixed between 7.5 and 12. UV‐VIS spectroscopy confirmed a good catalytic complex stability in the studied conditions. Hydrolysis of the macroinitiator ester group at pH higher than 7.5 was detected by ¹H NMR and GPC, yielding ill‐defined polymer samples when ATRP is performed in alkaline conditions. 2,2′‐Bipyridyl (Bpy), 1,1,4,7,10,10‐hexamethyltriethylenetetramine (HMTETA), and tris(2‐methylaminoethyl)amine (Me₆‐TREN)‐based complexes were compared at the optimal pH (pH 7.5). When polymerization was carried out in the presence of CuBr · 2Me₆‐TREN complex block copolymers with narrow molecular weight distribution (1.1 ≤ M _W/M _n ≤ 1.3), and good agreement between theoretical and experimental molar masses was obtained. Moreover, increasing the PAMPSNa polymerization degrees (n) did not affect the control over the polymerization. Preliminary characterization of the diblock copolymers behavior in aqueous medium revealed a strong polyelectrolyte effect independently of n. Interestingly, occurrence of interactions between the PEO and PAMPSNa‐blocks was also evidenced by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analyses. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 1108–1119, 2009