Graphene-based semiconductor photocatalysts

Graphene, a single layer of graphite, possesses a unique two-dimensional structure, high conductivity, superior electron mobility and extremely high specific surface area, and can be produced on a large scale at low cost. Thus, it has been regarded as an important component for making various functional composite materials. Especially, graphene-based semiconductor photocatalysts have attracted extensive attention because of their usefulness in environmental and energy applications. This critical review summarizes the recent progress in the design and fabrication of graphene-based semiconductor photocatalysts via various strategies including in situ growth, solution mixing, hydrothermal and/or solvothermal methods. Furthermore, the photocatalytic properties of the resulting graphene-based composite systems are also discussed in relation to the environmental and energy applications such as photocatalytic degradation of pollutants, photocatalytic hydrogen generation and photocatalytic disinfection. This critical review ends with a summary and some perspectives on the challenges and new directions in this emerging area of research (158 references).     

石墨烯基无机纳米复合材料*

石墨烯(graphene)是近年被发现和合成的一种新型二维平面纳米碳质材料。由于其新奇的物理和化学性质,石墨烯已经成为了备受瞩目的科学新星,是纳米材料领域的一大研究热点。在石墨烯的研究中,基于石墨烯的无机纳米复合材料是石墨烯迈向实际应用的一个重要方向。本文在简要介绍石墨烯的结构、性质和制备方法的基础上,重点就近年来以石墨烯为基体的无机物（主要包括金属和半导体）纳米复合材料的合成和应用作一述评,并对石墨烯基无机纳米复合材料的研究和发展方向作了展望。     

Graphene-based hemostatic sponge

Graphene-based sponge is a novel hemostatic material prepared by chemical cross-link of graphene oxide. It has a fast fluid absorption capacity to quickly absorb blood from wounds, activate clotting pathways, and achieve rapid hemostasis. In addition, graphene-based sponge is also a good platform carrier.It can be prepared by organic cross-linking, compounding with inorganic clay, and adding bioactive factors to enhance coagulation stimulation. By these methods, the hemostatic performance of the...     

Graphene-based electrochemical supercapacitors

Graphenes prepared by three different methods have been investigated as electrode materials in electrochemical supercapacitors. The samples prepared by exfoliation of graphitic oxide and by the transformation of nanodiamond exhibit high specific capacitance in aq. H₂SO₄, the value reaching up to 117 F/g. By using an ionic liquid, the operating voltage has been extended to 3·5 V (instead of 1 V in the case of aq. H₂SO₄), the specific capacitance and energy density being 75 F/g and 31·9 Wh kg⁻¹ respectively. This value of the energy density is one of the highest values reported to date. The performance characteristics of the graphenes which are directly related to the quality, in terms of the number of layers and the surface area, are superior to that of single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes.     

仿鲍鱼壳石墨烯多功能纳米复合材料

石墨烯具有力学性能高、电导率优异等特点,然而单层石墨烯纳米片在组装成为宏观纳米复合材料的过程中,往往会出现片层团聚、界面作用弱、无规取向等问题,导致宏观石墨烯纳米复合材料性能远低于单片石墨烯。因此,如何将微观石墨烯纳米片层的高性能在宏观纳米复合材料中体现出来,是目前研究的热点和难点。本专论结合目前石墨烯纳米复合材料的研究现状,简要讨论了受天然鲍鱼壳的“砖-泥”结构的启发,仿生构筑高性能石墨烯纳米复合材料的最新研究进展。并对本课题组在仿鲍鱼壳石墨烯多功能纳米复合材料领域近年来的工作进行介绍,包括石墨烯纤维、薄膜和块材等多种宏观石墨烯纳米复合材料,系统总结构筑仿鲍鱼壳结构和反鲍鱼壳结构两种策略,在一定程度上解决了石墨烯在组装过程中的科学问题。同时,详细阐述了仿鲍鱼壳石墨烯多功能纳米复合材料的增强增韧机制和功能化策略,分析了今后研究工作中可能遇到的问题,并展望了未来的发展趋势。     

基于石墨烯的光学生物传感器的研究进展

近年来,随着石墨烯研究热潮的兴起,将石墨烯用于生物及化学检测的工作也日益增多.本文着重介绍了基于石墨烯及氧化石墨烯(GO)的光学生物传感器,特别是基于石墨烯的荧光共振能量转移(FRET)传感器以及比色法传感器的设计思想和传感特性.     

石墨烯基催化剂的设计合成与电催化应用

为了解决能源匮乏和环境污染的问题,研究人员正致力于寻找清洁可持续的新能源。 其中,氧气还原、氧气析出、析氢反应等是紧密联系新型清洁能源获取和存贮的重要电化学反应。 为了提高其能量转化效率,电催化剂(如碳载铂Pt/C)被广泛地用于降低其反应活化能、提高能量转化效率。 近年来,石墨烯作为一种具有高比表面积和优异导电性的二维碳材料受到了广泛关注。 通过表面杂原子掺杂、缺陷调控和引入催化活性组分等方式,获得了催化性能与贵金属催化剂相媲美,且低价格和高稳定性的非贵金属石墨烯基催化材料。 针对氧气还原、氧气析出和析氢反应在燃料电池、金属-空气电池和电催化水分解中的应用,本文概括综述了通过表/界面结构性质调控提高石墨烯电催化性能和稳定性,获得具有双功能或复合催化性能的石墨烯基催化剂的最新研究进展。 最后总结和展望了亟待解决的问题及未来的发展趋势。     

石墨烯基海绵在止血领域的研究进展

石墨烯基海绵是一类新型的外伤止血材料, 由二维纳米片层构筑形成, 具有多级孔道结构、 快速液体吸收能力及易于表面功能化等特性, 可作为平台式载体实现多功能复合, 在外伤止血领域表现出良好的应用前景. 本文对石墨烯基海绵的外伤止血应用与机制研究进行了综述, 并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

Graphene-based materials for polymer solar cells

Due to the remarkable electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties, graphene-based materials have shown great potential in a wide range of technique applications. Particularly, the high transparency, conductivity, flexibility, and abundance make graphene materials highly attractive for polymer solar cells (PSCs). Graphene-based materials have been regarded as one promising candidate used in various parts in PSCs not only as electrodes, but also as interfacial layers and active layers with an aim to boost the power conversion efficiency of the devices. In this review, we summarize the recent progress about the design and synthesis of graphene-based materials for efficient PSCs along with the related challenges and future perspectives.     

Graphene-based field effect transistors as biosensors

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Graphene-based Disposable Electrochemical Sensor for Chlorhexidine Determination

In this work, simple, reliable, eco-friendly, and quantitative electrochemical sensors were developed to detect chlorhexidine Digluconate (CHX) in a variety of dosage forms, including mouthwashes and intimate douches, as well as chlorhexidine in spiked human saliva. Without any sample pre-treatment or extraction processes, CHX was measured in colored aqueous formulations. Based on carbon screen-printed electrodes, two potentiometric sensors (sensors I and II), utilizing graphene nanocomposites (Gr-NC), were designed (SPEs). An ionophore, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, was doped into the Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) polymeric membrane to improve sensor selectivity.     

锂硫电池用石墨烯基材料的研究进展

锂硫电池因其理论能量密度高、资源丰富和环境友好等优势,被认为是最有发展前景的下一代电化学储能系统之一。然而,硫的绝缘性、充放电中间产物多硫化物的溶解和扩散、硫的体积膨胀以及锂负极安全性等问题,严重制约着锂硫电池的商业应用。石墨烯因其具有高导电、高柔性等诸多优异特性而被广泛研究,将其用于锂硫电池的正极载体、隔膜涂层和集流体中,以期实现高比能、高稳定性的锂硫电池。本文综述了石墨烯基材料,包括石墨烯、功能化石墨烯、掺杂石墨烯和石墨烯复合物,在锂硫电池中应用的研究进展,并展望了锂硫电池用石墨烯基材料的未来发展方向。     

石墨烯基纳米材料在抗菌涂层中的研究进展

抗菌涂料广泛应用于医疗保健、食品保鲜和医院消毒等多个行业领域。石墨烯是目前最受欢迎的纳米材料之一,在抗菌方面细菌表现出低耐药性,同时对哺乳动物细胞有较小的细胞毒性。石墨烯从物理和化学两个层面协同发挥抑菌效果,物理方面其尖锐边缘与细菌细胞膜的直接接触从而对脂质分子进行破坏性提取,而化学方面通过氧化应激所产生的活性氧以及电荷转移破坏细菌细胞膜。此外,石墨烯用于作为分散和稳定各种纳米材料的载体,且得益于材料之间的协同作用,其复合材料具有较高的抗菌效率和良好的生物相容性,目前已在抗菌包装、伤口敷料和器械表面清洁等方面投入使用。本文首先概述了石墨烯的结构、安全性以及抗菌机理,对石墨烯复合涂层所取得的重要成果进行简要总结,最后综述了石墨烯材料在支架表面改性中的研究进展,展望了石墨烯抗菌涂层的未来发展趋势。     

石墨烯分散液及其组装膜的性能

通过对比表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和聚乙烯醇(PVA)对石墨烯的分散能力,发现SDS可有效避免石墨烯片层之间的团聚,使得石墨烯在水溶液中分散得更加均匀.将浓度分别为0.39和0.30 mg/m L的石墨烯(G)和石墨烯片(GF)的SDS分散液旋涂在ITO电极表面制备出G膜和GF膜.透射电子显微镜和原子力显微镜观测结果表明,两类石墨烯膜均呈现出纱状透明的片状结构,同时具有石墨烯特有的褶皱.在石墨烯膜上继续进行钌配合物分子膜的自组装实验,得到G/Ru复合膜和GF/Ru复合膜.采用循环伏安法及紫外-可见吸收光谱法对石墨烯复合膜进行光电化学分析,结果表明石墨烯膜与钌配合物分子膜的复合可有效加强薄膜对太阳光的吸收.     

石墨烯基材料在毛细管电泳中的应用进展

石墨烯基材料(石墨烯、氧化石墨烯、还原氧化石墨烯和石墨烯量子点)是一种新型的单层片状结构碳纳米材料,具有巨大的比表面积、良好的热稳定性和化学稳定性、较强的π-π电子共轭作用、疏水作用及氢键作用等,在分离科学领域展现了非常理想的应用前景。该文主要综述了石墨烯基材料近年来在毛细管电泳(CE)中的研究进展,包括作为背景电解质的添加剂、毛细管电色谱柱的固定相、CE-电化学检测电极的修饰材料和CE样品前处理的新型吸附剂材料等,并对其在CE领域未来的发展和应用进行了展望。     

Graphene-based multifunctional iron oxide nanosheets with tunable properties

We report the synthesis of graphenes with tunable properties due to the growth of needlelike iron oxide (IO) nanoparticles on their surfaces. The electrical conductivity, flexibility, and magnetic properties of graphene nanosheets (GNSs) could be tuned on demand by fine controlling both the surface coverage and the length of the IO nanoneedles. The degree of coverage of the IO nanoparticles on the surface of the GNSs made it possible to control the resulting properties of the IO/GNSs on demand. As examples of their utility, paperlike materials were generated by simple filtration, and the resulting IO/GNS nanocomposites showed extraordinary removal capacity and fast adsorption rates for As(V) and Cr(VI) ions in water. Another possible application is the preparation of multifunctional films equipped with conductivity, flexibility, and magnetic properties. The fabrication process is easy to scale up at a low cost. In addition, both the colloidal solution and film forms of the resulting IO/GNSs were effective for removal of heavy metal ions, meaning this material could be utilized for actual industrial applications.     

Graphene-based field effect transistor in two-dimensional paper networks

We demonstrate the fabrication of a graphene-based field effect transistor (GFET) incorporated in a two-dimensional paper network format (2DPNs). Paper serves as both a gate dielectric and an easy-to-fabricate vessel for holding the solution with the target molecules in question. The choice of paper enables a simpler alternative approach to the construction of a GFET device. The fabricated device is shown to behave similarly to a solution-gated GFET device with electron and hole mobilities of ∼1256 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ and ∼2298 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ respectively and a Dirac point around ∼1 V. When using solutions of ssDNA and glucose it was found that the added molecules induce negative electrolytic gating effects shifting the conductance minimum to the right, concurrent with increasing carrier concentrations which results to an observed increase in current response correlated to the concentration of the solution used.     

石墨烯基光子晶体纤维的制备及性能调控

利用无皂乳液聚合法合成了单分散聚苯乙烯(PS)微球,以通过湿法纺丝自制的石墨烯纤维为基材,利用电泳沉积法在纤维表面沉积PS微球形成光子晶体纤维,通过改变微球粒径来控制纤维的颜色,并利用扫描电子显微镜、光学显微镜、紫外反射光谱和色度分析对光子晶体纤维进行了表征.结果表明,制备得到的PS微球表面光滑,形状规整并以六方密堆积形式在石墨烯纤维表面紧密有序排列,呈现壳芯结构.粒径为198、233和287 nm的PS微球分别得到了蓝、绿、紫红3种颜色的结构色纤维,所得光子晶体纤维的光子禁带分别位于471、547 nm,以及670和398 nm,与其颜色相吻合.采用CIE xy Y色彩空间辨别所得光子晶体纤维颜色,蓝、绿、紫红3种颜色的明度因数分别为:15.96、29.72、3.85,其对应于纯蓝色、纯绿色、纯紫色明度值的44%、63%和32%,说明其具有较高的明度.计算得到蓝色、绿色、紫红色纤维饱和度分别为63%、59%、60%,由此可知3种不同颜色的纤维均具有较高饱和度.