LEGENDRE TRANSFORMATIONS AND CARTAN FORMS IN THE CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS OF MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

ABSTRACT

(PART I): A field-theoretic treatment of variational problems in n independent variables {x^j} and N dependent variables {ψ^A)} is presented that differs substantially from the standard field theories, such as those of Carathéodory [4] and Weyl [10], inasmuch as it is not stipulated ab initio that the Lagrangian be everywhere positive. This is accomplished by the systematic use of a canonical formalism. Since the latter must necessarily be prescribed by appropriate Legendre transformations, the construction of such transformations is the central theme of Part I.—The underlying manifold is M = M_n x M_N, where M_n, M_N are manifolds with local coordinates {x^j}, {ψ^A}, respectively. The basic ingredient of the theory consists of a pair of complementary distributions D_n, D_N on M that are defined respectively by the characteristic subspaces in the tangent spaces of M of two sets of smooth 1-forms {π^A:A = 1,…, N}, {π^j = 1,…, n} on M. For a given local coordinate system on M the planes of 4, have unique (adapted) basis elements B_j = (?/?_x ^j) + B^A _j (?/?ψ^A), whose coefficients B^A _j will assume the role of derivatives such as ?ψ^A/?x^j in the final analysis of Part II. The first step toward a Legendre transformation is a stipulation that prescribes B^A _j as a function of the components {π^j _h,π^j _A} of {π^j}—these components being ultimately the canonical Variables—in such a manner that B^A _j is unaffected by the action of any unimodular transformation applied to the exterior system {π^j}. A function H of the canonical variables is said to be an acceptable Hamiltonian if it satisfies a similar invariance requirement, together with a determinantal condition that involves its Hessian with respect to π^j _A. The second part of the Legendre transformation consists of the identification in terms of H and the canonical variables of a function L that depends solely on B^A _j and the coordinates on M. This identification imposes a condition on the Hessian of L with respect to B^A _j. Conversely, any function L that satisfies these requirements is an acceptable Lagrangian, whose Hamiltonian is uniquely determined by the general construction.     

Linear preservers and quantum information science

In this article, a brief survey of recent results on linear preserver problems and quantum information science is given. In addition, characterization is obtained for linear operators φ on mn?×?mn Hermitian matrices such that φ(A???B) and A???B have the same spectrum for any m?×?m Hermitian A and n?×?n Hermitian B. Such a map has the form A???B???U(?₁(A)????₂(B))U* for mn?×?mn Hermitian matrices in tensor form A???B, where U is a unitary matrix, and for j?∈?{1,?2}, ? _j is the identity map?X???X or the transposition map?X???X ^t . The structure of linear maps leaving invariant the spectral radius of matrices in tensor form A???B is also obtained. The results are connected to bipartite (quantum) systems and are extended to multipartite systems.     

Weak Hausdorff Gaps and the 𝔭 ≤ t Problem

We find topological characterizations of the pseudointersection number ?? and the tower number t of the real line and we show that ?? < t iff there exists a compact separable T₂ space X of π-weight < ?? that can be covered by < t nowhere dense sets iff there exists a weak Hausdorff gap of size K < t, i. e., a pair ({A : i ≠ k}, {B_J : j ε K}) C [W]^W X [U]W such that A = {A_i : i ε K} is a decreasing tower, B = {B_j : j ε K) is a family of pseudointersections of A, and there is no pseudointersection S of A meeting each member of B in an infinite set.     

Sharp kernel clustering algorithms and their associated Grothendieck inequalities

In the kernel clustering problem we are given a (large) n × n symmetric positive semidefinite matrix A = (a_ij) with \begin{align*}\sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j=1}^n a_{ij}=0\end{align*} and a (small) k × k symmetric positive semidefinite matrix B = (b_ij). The goal is to find a partition {S₁,…,S_k} of {1,…n} which maximizes \begin{align*}\sum_{i=1}^k\sum_{j=1}^k \left(\sum_{(p,q)\in S_i\times S_j}a_{pq}\right)b_{ij}\end{align*}. We design a polynomial time approximation algorithm that achieves an approximation ratio of \begin{align*}\frac{R(B)^2}{C(B)}\end{align*}, where R(B) and C(B) are geometric parameters that depend only on the matrix B, defined as follows: if b_ij = 〈v_i,v_j〉 is the Gram matrix representation of B for some \begin{align*}v_1,\ldots,v_k\in \mathbb{R}^k\end{align*} then R(B) is the minimum radius of a Euclidean ball containing the points {v₁,…,v_k}. The parameter C(B) is defined as the maximum over all measurable partitions {A₁,…,A_k} of \begin{align*}\mathbb{R}^{k-1}\end{align*} of the quantity \begin{align*}\sum_{i=1}^k\sum_{j=1}^k b_{ij}\langle z_i,z_j\rangle\end{align*}, where for i∈{1,…,k} the vector \begin{align*}z_i\in \mathbb{R}^{k-1}\end{align*} is the Gaussian moment of A_i, i.e., \begin{align*}z_i=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^{(k-1)/2}}\int_{A_i}xe^{-\|x\|_2^2/2}dx\end{align*}. We also show that for every ε > 0, achieving an approximation guarantee of \begin{align*}(1-\varepsilon)\frac{R(B)^2}{C(B)}\end{align*} is Unique Games hard. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2013     

r-Numbers completion problems of partial upper canonical form I

A pair (A, B), where A is an n × n matrix and B is an n × m matrix, is said to have the nonnegative integers sequence {r_j}_j=1^p as the r-numbers sequence if r₁ = rank(B) and r_j = rank[B AB … A^j−1 B] − rank[B AB … A^j−2B], 2 ≤ j ≤ p. Given a partial upper triangular matrix A of size n × n in upper canonical form and an n × m matrix B, we develop an algorithm that obtains a completion A_c of A, such that the pair (A^c, B) has an r-numbers sequence prescribed under some restrictions.     

3×3 Orthostochastic matrices and the convexity of generalized numerical ranges

Let $\text{U}$₃ be the set of all 3 × 3 unitary matrices, and let A and B be two 3 × 3 complex nor?al matrices. In this note, the authors first give a necessary and sufficient condition for a 3 × 3 doubly stochastic matrix to be orthostochastic and then use this result to consider the structure of the sets $\text{W}$ (A) = {Diag UAU¹ : U ∈ $\text{U}$₃} and W(A,B) = {Tr UAU¹B: U ∈ $\text{U}$₃}, where ¹ denotes the transpose conjugate.     

Extremal Systems with Upper-Bounded Odd Intersections

In this paper we determine the maximum cardinality m of a family A= {A ₁,..., A _m} of subsets of a set of n elements with the property that for each A _i there are at most s A _j such that |A _i ∩ A _j | is odd (even). A tight upper bound is given in the case s < c(2 ^n,2/n). In the remaining cases we give an asymptotically tight upper bound. As an application we give a tight upper-bound for the cardinality of a family with even multi-intersection. Both results generalize a result of Berlekamp and Graver.     

Upper triangular operator matrices with the single-valued extension property

If A=(Aij)_1?i,j?n∈B(X) is an upper triangular Banach space operator such that AiiAij=AijAjj for all 1?i?j?n, then A has SVEP or satisfies (Dunford's) condition (C) or (Bishop's) property (β) or (the decomposition) property (δ) if and only if Aii, 1?i?n, has the corresponding property.     

Distributions for which div v = F has a continuous solution

The equation div v = F has a continuous weak solution in an open set U ? ?^m if and only if the distribution F satisfies the following condition: the F(φ_i) converge to 0 for every sequence {φ_i} of test functions such that the support of each φ_i is contained in a fixed compact subset of U, and in the L¹ norm, {φ_i} converges to 0 and {?φ_i} is bounded. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Closed-Range Composition Operators on {\mathbb{A}^2} and the Bloch Space

For any analytic self-map j{\varphi} of {z : |z| <  1} we give four separate conditions, each of which is necessary and sufficient for the composition operator C_j{C_{\varphi}} to be closed-range on the Bloch space B{\mathcal{B}} . Among these conditions are some that appear in the literature, where we provide new proofs. We further show that if C_j{C_{\varphi}} is closed-range on the Bergman space \mathbbA²{\mathbb{A}^2} , then it is closed-range on B{\mathcal{B}} , but that the converse of this fails with a vengeance. Our analysis involves an extension of the Julia-Carathéodory Theorem.     

Amenable groups,stationary measures and partitions with independent iterates

Suppose a discrete amenable group G acts freely on a probability space (X, , μ) and {g _i } is any mixing sequence of group elements, that is μ(g _i ⁻¹ A ∩ B) → μ(A)μ(B) for all A, B ∈ . Then given any finite partition P and ε > 0 there is a subsequence {h _j } of {g _i } and a partition P′ differing from P on a set of measure less than ε such that the partitions {gP: g ∈ IP′{h _j }} are jointly independent, where IP′{h _j } denotes the set

On Derived Equivalences for Selfinjective Algebras

We show that if A is a representation-finite selfinjective Artin algebra, then every P ^? ? K ^b(𝒫 _A ) with Hom _K(Mod?A)(P ^?,P ^?[i]) = 0 for i ≠ 0 and add(P ^?) = add(νP ^?) is a direct summand of a tilting complex, and that if A, B are derived equivalent representation-finite selfinjective Artin algebras, then there exists a sequence of selfinjective Artin algebras A = B ₀, B ₁,…, B _m  = B such that, for any 0 ≤ i < m, B _i+1 is the endomorphism algebra of a tilting complex for B _i of length ≤ 1.     

L2(Rs)中正交尺度函数和正交小波的Fourier变换紧支集的刻画

借助于Fourier变换,在较弱条件下给出了φ(x)是L²(R^s)上正交尺度函数的一个充分必要条件.进一步, 假设 {Ψ_μ } 是正交小波, 且正交小波的Fourier变换紧支集是 ∪_μsupp{ψ_μ} =∏^s_i=1[A_i, D_i] -∏^s_i=1(B_i, C_i),A_i≤B_i≤C_i≤D_i, i =1, 2,… , s. 则在最弱条件“每一个 |ψ_μ| 在ω∈∂(∏^s_i=1[A_i, D_i]) 上连续'下, 该文通过一些不等式和等式给出了正交尺度函数和正交小波的Fourier变换紧支集的刻画.文中的结论全面改进了龙瑞麟和张之华的结果.     

Limit Laws for Sums of Independent Random Products: the Lattice Case

Let {V _i,j ;(i,j)∈ℕ²} be a two-dimensional array of independent and identically distributed random variables. The limit laws of the sum of independent random products

Disjoint skolem sequences and related disjoint structures

A Skolem sequence of order n is a sequence S = (s₁, s₂…, s²ⁿ) of 2n integers satisfying the following conditions: (1) for every k ∈ {1, 2,… n} there exist exactly two elements s_i,S_j such that S_i = S_j = k; (2) If s_i = s_j = k,i < j then j ? i = k. In this article we show the existence of disjoint Skolem, disjoint hooked Skolem, and disjoint near-Skolem sequences. Then we apply these concepts to the existence problems of disjoint cyclic Steiner and Mendelsohn triple systems and the existence of disjoint 1-covering designs. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A note on the triangle conjecture

We prove some particular cases of the following conjecture of Perrin and Schützenberger, known as “the triangle conjecture.” Let A = {a, b} be a two-letter alphabet, d a positive integer and let B_d = {aⁱba^j| 0 ? i + j ? d}. If X ? B_d is a code, then |X| ? d + 1.     

Block partitions of sequences

Given a sequence A = (a ₁, …, a _n ) of real numbers, a block B of A is either a set B = {a _i , a _i+1, …, a _j } where i ≤ j or the empty set. The size b of a block B is the sum of its elements. We show that when each a _i ∈ [0, 1] and k is a positive integer, there is a partition of A into k blocks B ₁, …, B _k with |b _i ?b _j | ≤ 1 for every i, j. We extend this result in several directions.     

Orthogonal random vectors and the Hurwitz-Radon-Eckmann theorem

In several different aspects of algebra and topology the following problem is of interest: find the maximal number of unitary antisymmetric operatorsU _i inH = ℝ ⁿ with the propertyU _i U _j = −U _j U _i (i≠j). The solution of this problem is given by the Hurwitz-Radon-Eckmann formula. We generalize this formula in two directions: all the operatorsU _i must commute with a given arbitrary self-adjoint operator andH can be infinite-dimensional. Our second main result deals with the conditions for almost sure orthogonality of two random vectors taking values in a finite or infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaceH. Finally, both results are used to get the formula for the maximal number of pairwise almost surely orthogonal random vectors inH with the same covariance operator and each pair having a linear support inH⊕H. The paper is based on the results obtained jointly with N.P. Kandelaki (see [1,2,3]).     

On an Approximate Solution of the Dirichlet Problem for the Generalized Laplacian

For an arbitrary differential operator P of order p on an open set X ? R ⁿ, the Laplacian is defined by Δ = P*P. It is an elliptic differential operator of order 2p provided the symbol mapping of P is injective. Let O be a relatively compact domain in X with smooth boundary, and B_j(j = 0…,p — 1) be a Dirichlet system of order p ? 1 on ?O. By {C_j} we denote the Dirichlet system on ?O adjoint for {B_j} with respect to the Green formula for P. The Hardy space H²(O) is defined to consist of all the solutions f of Δf = 0 in O of finite order of growth near the boundary such that the weak boundary values of the expression {B_jf} and {C_j(Pf)} belong to the Lebesgue space L²(?O). Then the Dirichlet problem consists of finding a solution f ? H²(O) with prescribed data {B_jf} on ?O. We develop the classical Fischer-Riesz equations method to derive a solvability condition of the Dirichlet problem as well as an approximate formula for solutions.     

Convergence of Point Processes with Weakly Dependent Points

For each n≥1, let {X _j,n }_1≤j≤n be a sequence of strictly stationary random variables. In this article, we give some asymptotic weak dependence conditions for the convergence in distribution of the point process $N_{n}=\sum_{j=1}^{n}\delta_{X_{j,n}}For each n≥1, let {X _j,n }_1≤j≤n be a sequence of strictly stationary random variables. In this article, we give some asymptotic weak dependence conditions for the convergence in distribution of the point process N_n=?_j=1ⁿd_Xj,nN_{n}=\sum_{j=1}^{n}\delta_{X_{j,n}} to an infinitely divisible point process. From the point process convergence we obtain the convergence in distribution of the partial sum sequence S _n =∑ _j=1 ⁿ X _j,n to an infinitely divisible random variable whose Lévy measure is related to the canonical measure of the limiting point process. As examples, we discuss the case of triangular arrays which possess known (row-wise) dependence structures, like the strong mixing property, the association, or the dependence structure of a stochastic volatility model.