模拟酸雨腐蚀下预应力混凝土梁的抗弯性能研究

为了探讨酸雨腐蚀环境对预应力混凝土梁抗弯性能的影响,制作了8根预应力混凝土梁,从混凝土强度等级、预应力度和钢绞线腐蚀率等方面,进行8根预应力混凝土梁的三分点静载试验。试验结果及分析表明,混凝土强度对屈服后试验梁的抗弯性能影响较大,对弹性阶段的刚度影响较小;随着预应力度的增加,试验梁的开裂荷载逐渐增大,进入裂缝阶段后,刚度下降速度逐渐加快;钢绞线腐蚀率越大,试验梁的极限抗弯承载力越低;腐蚀率在一定范围内（>3.22%）,随着腐蚀率的增大,预应力混凝土梁试件的开裂弯矩、屈服弯矩和极限弯矩明显降低。根据试验结果,提出了模拟酸雨环境下预应力混凝土梁试件抗弯承载力的计算方法,同时采用ANSYS软件对预应力混凝土梁进行非线性有限元分析,将试验梁的计算值和模拟值与试验值进行比较,均吻合较好。     

Theory of open thin-walled composite and prestressed beams

Summary Composite and prestressed beams having open thin-walled cross-sections involving concrete as an aging linear viscoelastic material, prestressing steel with relaxation property, and two other steel members as elastic materials are considered. The expressions for stresses and generalized displacements referring to any given open thin-walled composite cross-section and to any compliance function of concrete are developed without mathematical neglects. In the framework of the theory of composite and prestressed open thin-walled beams there exists only one approximate solution based on the approximate algebraic stress-strain relation for concrete where the prestressing steel is introduced as an elastic material. The exact theory is significant because on the basis of it is possible to create approximate calculating methods and because we can verify whether approximate methods are sufficiently accurate for the engineering practice.

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Theorie dünnwandiger, offner und vorgespannter Verbundträger

Übersicht Behandelt werden vorgespannte Verbundträger mit beliebigem dünnwandigen, offenen Profil. Der Verbund besteht aus alterndem, linear-viskoelastischen Beton, relaxierendem Saannstahl und zwei weiteren elastischen Stahlstegen. Die Ausdrücke für die Spannungen und verallgemeinerten Verschiebungen werden ohne Einschränkung der Nachgiebigkeitsfunktion des Betons hergeleitet. Im Rahmen der Theorie existiert bisher nur eine Näherungslösung; sie beruht auf einer Näherungsbeziehung zwischen den Spannungen und Verzerrungen des Betons, wobei der Spannstahl als elastisch eingeführt wird. Die exakte Theorie ist deshalb bedeutsam, weil man mit ihr näherungsweise Berechnungsmethoden entwickeln kann und prüfen kann, ob Näherungsmethoden hinreichend genau sind für ingenieurmäßige Zwecke.

     

预应力钢管混凝土组合构件的稳定性研究

给出了预应力筋初始张拉力和有效张拉力的计算方法．根据弹性力学理论和能量法原理,建立了组合构件挠曲微分方程,推导了各种边界条件的预应力钢管混凝土组合构件的压屈载荷计算公式,并由强度条件确定了界限长细比．算例分析表明,对超过界限长细比的钢管混凝土组合构件,施加预应力可以有效地提高其稳定承载力．     

循环载荷下碳纤维薄板增强RC梁的疲劳性能试验研究

以碳纤维薄板(CFL)增强RC梁为研究对象,通过对循环载荷作用下增强梁的三点弯曲疲劳试验研究,得到了增强梁的线性对数疲劳寿命曲线和跨中挠度的演化规律,外推得到了极限疲劳强度和抗弯刚度的演化规律,揭示了增强梁的疲劳破坏机理。循环载荷下CFL增强RC梁的破坏模式包括混凝土开裂、碳纤维薄板与混凝土界面剥离、主筋屈服等模式,疲劳破坏过程具有明显的损伤成核、稳定扩展、失稳扩展三阶段发展规律。与普通RC梁相比较,CFL增强RC梁的裂缝分布较均匀、密集,粘贴CFL对增强梁的初始抗弯刚度提高幅度较小,对疲劳损伤阶段的抗弯刚度则提高了约一倍。根据CFL增强RC梁的疲劳寿命曲线得到其极限疲劳强度为25.42 kN,为三点弯曲静载下极限承载力的58.5%。     

锈蚀钢筋混凝土双筋矩形梁抗弯承载力分析

钢筋锈蚀是钢筋混凝土桥梁的主要病害之一。在锈蚀钢筋混凝土双筋矩形截面梁中,钢筋锈蚀易造成结构性能退化,并引起钢筋和混凝土相对滑移,导致结构的承载力降低,受拉区的钢筋与混凝土变形不协调。通过构造新的几何条件,推导了锈蚀钢筋混凝土双筋矩形梁正截面极限抗弯承载力计算公式。对室内快速锈蚀双筋矩形梁进行正截面抗弯承载力实验,结果表明推导的锈后双筋矩形梁正截面抗弯承载力公式的计算值与实验值吻合较好。上述工作为进一步进行工程实践奠定了基础。     

On shear lag effects in orthotropic composite beams

Based upon the linearised theories of the bending and stretching of thin plates, an analysis is presented for the interaction between non-prismatic beams and an orthotropic concrete plate. It is shown that an exponential representation for the steel beam profiles provides a suitable basis for studying interaction in continuous non-prismatic beams, and for deducing suitable effective widths of slab for design purposes. The influence of “elastic” shear connection modulus is studied, as well as the effect of the varying flexural rigidity of the steel beams. The dependence of interaction on shear connection modulus in continuous beams is demonstrated through deflexion and slip characteristics, and so also is the dependence of interaction on the severity of the variation of flexural rigidity. The solution can be specialised to the limiting case of prismatic steel beams and a concrete slab and also to the solutions of rectangular plates with certain edge conditions.     

Analysis of bending and buckling of pre-twisted beams: A bioinspired study

Twisting chirality is widely observed in artificial and natural materials and structures at different length scales. In this paper, we theoretically investigate the effect of twisting chiral morphology on the mechanical properties of elas- tic beams by using the Timoshenko beam model. Particular attention is paid to the transverse bending and axial buckling of a pre-twisted rectangular beam. The analytical solution is first derived for the deflection of a clamped-free beam under a uniformly or periodically distributed transverse force. The critical buckling condition of the beam subjected to its self- weight and an axial compressive force is further solved. The results show that the twisting morphology can significantly improve the resistance of beams to both transverse bending and axial buckling. This study helps understand some phenomena associated with twisting chirality in nature and provides inspirations for the design of novel devices and structures.     

FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTION OF RC BEAMS STRENGTHENED WITH PRESTRESSED CFRP UNDER CYCLIC BENDING LOADS

The application of prestressed carbon reinforced polymer(prestressed CFRP)in reinforced concrete(RC)members can improve the mechanical properties of strengthened structures and strengthening efficiency.This paper proposed a semi-empirical prediction formula of fatigue lives of the RC beams strengthened with prestressed CFRP under bending loads.The formula is established based on the fatigue life prediction method of RC beams and fatigue experimental data of non-prestressed CFRP reinforced beams done before.Fatigue effect coefficient of the formula was confirmed by the fatigue experiments of the RC beams strengthened with prestressed carbon fiber laminate(prestressed CFL)under cyclic bending loads.Fatigue lives of the strengthened beams predicted using the formula agreed well with the experimental data.     

冲击荷载与火灾联合作用下SFRC梁的力学行为

为了探究冲击荷载与火灾联合作用下钢纤维混凝土(steel fiber reinforced concrete, SFRC)梁的力学性能,联合应用高性能落锤试验系统、四点弯曲实验装置与装配式电炉开展了4根SFRC梁的冲击实验与高温恒载实验,观察了其破坏模式并记录了跨中位移和钢筋应变的时程曲线,探讨了冲击损伤SFRC梁的抗火性能。此外,在实验研究的基础上,考虑材料的应变率强化效应及温度软化效应,建立数值模型,首先对梁进行冲击加载模拟,并以冲击模拟结果为初始状态,采用热-力“顺序”耦合方法,对冲击加载与高温恒载联合作用下SFRC梁的力学行为进行了三维宏观有限元数值模拟。同时,考虑混凝土内部结构非均质性的影响,采用类似步骤,开展了细观模拟。宏/细观模拟结果与实验结果的良好吻合验证了本文数值方法的合理性与有效性,并体现了细观方法的优越性。研究发现,冲击能量较小时,SFRC梁在冲击荷载作用下,尽管局部混凝土开裂,梁整体残余变形较小,抗火性能有一定程度的下降;随着钢纤维掺量增大,混凝土基体抗剪强度增大,SFRC梁在冲击荷载作用下的开裂形态由弯剪裂缝并存向以弯曲裂缝为主转变;冲击损伤SFRC梁在高温恒载作用下裂缝分布较为集中,且发生脆性破坏。     

Effective widths of rectangular slabs stiffened along two opposite edges by prestressed edge beams

The present analysis is an attempt to determine the portion of a rectangular slab that is acting with its two parallel stiffening edge beams, through which prestressing loads are applied to the entire section, in resisting load. Employing the well known theories of bending of plates and beams, the constitutive equations governing the behaviour of this type of composite system are presented. In particular, the equation of compatibility of strains between the slab edges and the stiffening edge beams at their junctions is formulated. In doing this, the biaxial nature of the bending of the edge beams, ignored in earlier formulations [1], has been incorporated. The results of the present analysis show that, under transverse loading, the portion of the slab, called the effectiv width, that can be considered effective as a part of each of the stiffening edge beams in determining stresses and deflexions is not significantly different from that obtained for an unprestressed section or a simply reinforced section. The effective width of the slab when such a section is subjected to only prestressing loads however shows a significant difference. We conclude from this that a single table of effective widths could be adopted for design purposes when considering transverse bending of this type of composite system whether the section is prestressed or not. Typical stress distributions due to (i) prestress alone, (ii) transverse loading alone and (ii) combined prestress and transverse loading are presented to demonstrate that the present formulation is versatile enough to solve problems involving prestressed edge beams in this type of composite assembly.     

一般大气环境下锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁的时变可靠度分析

根据一般大气环境下锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁中的钢筋截面损失时变模型和抗剪、抗弯承载力退化模型,建立了考虑其随机性的极限状态方程。基于概率守恒原理分析得到满足该极限状态方程的概率密度演化方程,并引入吸收边界条件,提出了梁时变可靠度的计算方法。以受对称集中荷载的锈蚀钢筋混凝土简支梁为例,展示了目标函数的概率密度演化过程,并讨论了配置不同直径箍筋和不同厚度保护层时的时变可靠度。结果表明,在保证梁具有足够初始抗剪强度和抗弯强度的前提下,适当增大保护层厚度和箍筋直径(具有相同配箍率)能延缓混凝土构件力学性能的退化。通过和100万次蒙特卡洛模拟结果的对比可知,选用本文方法能在以付出较小计算代价的前提下,获得计算精度良好的分析结果。     

随机载荷下碳纤维薄板增强RC梁试验研究

桥梁等钢筋混凝土结构在运营期所受活载为随机载荷。研究随机载荷作用下碳纤维薄板(Carbon Fiber Laminate简称CFL)片材增强钢筋混凝土构件的疲劳性能,对于采用碳纤维薄板技术加固桥梁等混凝土结构有重要的指导意义。本文通过随机载荷作用下碳纤维薄板增强RC梁的三点弯曲疲劳试验,得到了增强梁的S-N曲线和跨中挠度的演化规律,揭示了随机载荷下增强梁的疲劳破坏机理。随机载荷下碳纤维薄板增强RC梁的破坏模式包括钢筋断裂、碳纤维薄板剥离、混凝土压坏等破坏形态,疲劳破坏过程具有明显的损伤成核、稳定扩展、失稳扩展的三阶段发展规律。     

性能增强再生混凝土梁受弯性能试验研究

设计并完成了6根再生混凝土梁试件,其中1根普通再生混凝土梁,3根不同硅粉掺量再生混凝土梁,2根子午线钢纤维与尼龙纤维组成的混杂纤维再生混凝土梁。对该6根梁进行了抗弯性能试验,探讨了普通及性能增强再生混凝土梁受力变形机理及破坏特征。试验结果表明：普通及性能增强再生混凝土梁受力过程仍具有较为明显的弹性、开裂、屈服、极限四个过程;其受力过程基本符合平截面假定,能够按照混凝土结构设计规范(GB50010-2010)进行结构设计;相较于普通再生混凝土,性能增强再生混凝土梁在抗开裂及极限承载力等性能方面更为优异,能够应用于工程实际。最后利用ABAQUS有限元软件对试验梁试件进行了有限元分析,结果表明有限元分析所获得的受弯过程与试验过程吻合较好,验证了试验的正确性。     

部分共同作用框架组合梁有限元分析模型

本文提出了一种新的适用框架整体分析的组合梁有限元模型。在分析了相互作用程度对组合梁刚度影响的基础上,根据Newmark等人的一维部分相互作用理论,建立起部分共同作用组合梁平衡微分方程;结合框架组合梁受力特点引入合理的边界条件,推导出了能够考虑滑移的组合梁单元弹性刚度方程;还给出了常见非节点荷载的等效荷载公式。该组合梁单元节点自由度少,每个构件只需一个单元来模拟,方便了带组合梁钢框架的结构分析。本文的研究还为进一步地考虑混凝土开裂、压碎,钢材屈服等非线性因素,建立组合梁单元弹塑性刚度矩阵提供了理论基础。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF CRACK GROWTH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS BASED ON XFEM1)

基于最大主应力准则,利用扩展有限元法对钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的裂纹扩展进行数值模拟。通过与已有模型试验结果的比对,验证了该方法的准确性与有效性。研究发现,带裂纹钢筋混凝土构件的裂纹扩展与力学性能不但受到单裂纹的尺寸、位置、倾角的影响,而且还受多裂纹间位置关系的影响;其中,裂纹横向分布位置和裂纹纵向分布位置是影响带裂纹钢筋混凝土梁裂缝扩展的主要因素。     

有初应力钢筋混凝土压弯扭构件非线性有限元分析

钢管初应力是钢管混凝土在大跨度桥梁,高层超高层建筑应用中广大工程技术人员关心的问题,本文在钢材随动强化模型和混凝土边界模型的基础上编制了计算有初应力的钢管钢混凝压弯扭构件全过程曲线的非线性有元程序。     

混凝土楔入劈拉和三点弯曲断裂过程的细观数值模拟

基于离散元思想和Voronoi单元划分技术,利用混凝土细观刚体弹簧元模型,开展了混凝土楔入劈拉试件和三点弯曲切口梁的断裂过程数值仿真分析。从裂缝开展过程、试件破坏形态、荷载-张口位移曲线(P-CMOD)和断裂能等方面,将数值分析结果与已有的试验结果进行了对比。结果表明,细观刚体弹簧元法较准确地模拟了混凝土楔入劈拉试件和三点弯曲切口梁断裂过程。最后,分析了缝高比和骨料体积含量对混凝土断裂过程的影响规律,发现断裂能随骨料体积含量呈单调递增趋势。     

体外预应力梁摩擦效应的非线性分析

构造了简单的体外预应力梁的摩擦单元,摩擦单元位于转向块和体外筋之间的角平分线上,能模拟转向块和体外筋之间的有摩擦或无摩擦滑移。考虑混凝土、钢筋和体外筋应力-应变的非线性关系,采用梁截面弯矩-轴力-曲率的三折线模型,探讨了体外预应力梁的性能。对简支梁和连续梁的不同因素进行计算,包括不同摩擦系数、不同体外筋和钢筋面积、不同偏心距以及对称和非对称荷载形式。计算结果表明,对于简支梁和对称荷载下的连续梁,承载力的摩擦效应可以忽略,最大预应力增量和挠度的摩擦效应不宜忽略,最小预应力增量的摩擦效应明显;对于非对称荷载下的连续梁,承载力、最大和最小预应力增量以及挠度的摩擦效应不可忽略。     

Testing of Prestressed Concrete Shell Under Long-Term Load and Unload

The results of experimental testing of a cylindrical prestressed concrete shell under long-term load and unload are given. The shell is reinforced by welded steel mesh in the top and bottom layers, with a different reinforcement area in the longitudinal and in the transversal directions, as well as by two straight prestressing tendons within the longitudinal sides. The shell is supported at corners only. Lateral displacements are disabled at the corner. The shell was prestressed first and then loaded by a permanent static load for a year. Then, the permanent load was removed. Shell defections as well as strains of concrete, reinforcement and tendons were measured at several points throughout a year and a half following the prestressing and loading.     

Crack growth in concrete slab resting on steel beam: softening and damage accumulation

Analyzed in this work is the four-point bending of a concrete slab supported by a steel beam. An edge crack is assumed to prevail on the tension side of the concrete that would grow gradually while the overall stiffness and local fracture toughness of the concrete would also degrade as damage accumulates. The latter two quantities are assumed to decrease with increasing deflection of the composite system. These effects are incorporated into the strain energy density criterion that can simultaneously predict crack initiation and growth including the event of final termination. Numerical results on load and deflection are obtained for two different composite concrete/steel beam systems such that the prevailing geometric material and loading parameters are accounted for as a combination. The distances between the local and global stationary values of the volume energy density are also determined as an indication of fracture instability. An edge crack tends to extend more stably as the compressive zone ahead increases with deflection of the composite beam.