Evolution of the Flow Field around a Circular Cylinder and a Sphere upon Instantaneous Start with a Supersonic Velocity

Evolution of the flow field around a circular cylinder and a sphere instantaneously starting with a constant supersonic velocity (M = 5 and Re = 10⁵) from the state at rest is studied by means of numerical integration of unsteady twodimensional Navier–Stokes equations.     

Forced Axisymmetric Vibrations of an Electrically Excited Hollow Sphere Made of a Continuously Inhomogeneous Piezoceramic Material*

International Applied Mechanics - The forced axisymmetric vibrations of a hollow sphere made of a functionally graded radially polarized piezocelectric material are studied using the spatial theory...     

圆柱附加旋转整流罩表面压力分布及气动力特性

对圆柱附加固定整流罩的已有研究表明,它在降低升阻力和抑制涡激振动方面有优良的效果。但固定整流罩具有方向敏感性,当来流方向改变后效果会受到显著影响,甚至起到增加升阻力和加剧涡激振动的反作用。本文给圆柱附加了圆弧直径为40mm,形状夹角α分别为30°、45°、60°、75°和90°五种尺寸的旋转整流罩,并进行了风洞实验。其中整流罩可以自由地围绕圆柱轴线旋转。实验结果表明:旋转整流罩在流体力产生的力矩作用下,旋转至一个偏离尾流中心线固定角度的动态平衡位置,而平衡位置偏转角δ随着形状夹角α的增大而增大。附加旋转整流罩后,相对单圆柱能够提高尾迹区域压力,并能使时均阻力和脉动升力分别在α=30°和α=75°时获得最大43.5%和67.0%的降低。此外,对于小α(α≤60°)情况,漩涡脱落频率明显高于单圆柱情况,而对于大α(α≥75°)情况,则与单圆柱情况相接近。所有旋转整流罩升力主频的幅值较之单圆柱有了很大程度的降低,可见旋转整流罩在抑制漩涡脱落方面有很好的效果。     

Nonaxisymmetric Deformation of Solids of Revolution Made of Elastic Orthotropic Materials with Different Tensile and Compressive Moduli

A method is proposed to allow for the difference of the tensile and compressive moduli of compound orthotropic bodies of revolution subject to nonaxisymmetric loading and heating. The compliance matrix is symmetrized by introducing weighting coefficients that take into account the influence of the sign of stresses in two mutually perpendicular directions on the corresponding coefficients of this matrix __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 41, No. 7, pp. 47–57, July 2005.     

Comparison of Calculated and Experimental Data on Supersonic Flow past a Circular Cylinder

The supersonic perfect-gas flow past a circular cylinder is studied on the basis of a numerical analysis of the time-dependent two-dimensional Reynolds equations using a differential q– turbulence model with reference to the experimental conditions. The calculations are carried out at Reynolds and Mach numbers Re=2× 10⁵ and M=1.1, 1.3, and 1.7 and the experimental investigations at Re=1.62×10⁵–2×10⁵ and Mach numbers on the interval 0.7 M 1.7. The calculated and experimental data on the pressure coefficient distribution over the cylinder surface, the location of the separation point on the surface, and the pressure drag coefficient are compared.     

水下圆柱壳体固有频率的近似计算分析

水下发射导弹在出、入水以及水下运行过程中,由于流体、水动力以及运动速度的影响,产生附加质量和轴向荷载作用,影响结构振动频率.本文针对水下高速运动结构,给出了流体影响、轴向荷载分别作用以及二者同时作用下,结构频率的固有频率计算方法;并从理论分析、数值模拟和实验研究三个方面对水下的结构的固有频率进行了分析和研究.近似计算表明计算结果具有较好的一致性,而且由于流体和轴向荷载的影响,结构的固有频率有明显下降的趋势,而且对低阶频率影响较大.     

Method of Solving the Problem of Thermoradiation Plasticity for Layered Axisymmetric Bodies Made of Isotropic and Orthotropic Materials*

International Applied Mechanics - A method for the numerical analysis of the elastic and plastic stress–strain state of layered bodies of revolution made of isotropic and orthotropic...     

The Effect of Elastic Surface Coating on the Finite Deformation and Bifurcation of a Pressurized Circular Annulus

A plane-strain theory of an elastic solid coated with a thin elastic film on part or all of its boundary was developed recently by Steigmann and Ogden (1997a). In this paper the theory is applied to the (plane-strain) problem of a thick-walled circular cylindrical tube which is subject to both internal and external pressure and which has an elastic coating on one or both of its circular cylindrical boundaries. The effect of the coating on the symmetrical response of the annular cross-section of the tube is determined first. It is noted, in particular, that while the pressure may exhibit a maximum followed by a minimum during inflation for an uncoated tube it may be a monotonic increasing function of the radius for a coated tube with coating elastic modulus sufficiently large. Next, the possibility of bifurcation from a symmetrical configuration is examined and again the influence of the coating is analysed. The effect of a coating on the outer boundary is compared with that on the inner boundary. Specifically, during compression, coating on the outer boundary delays bifurcation compared with the uncoated case. On the other hand, when the coating is on the inner boundary, bifurcation is either delayed or advanced relative to the uncoated situation depending on the values of the bending stiffness and tube thickness parameters. Generally, bifurcation is delayed by an increase in the magnitude of the bending stiffness of the coating at fixed values of the other parameters. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小孔节流气体静压润滑的离散化和计算收敛

通过在雷诺方程式中增加一流量项,以避免求解雷诺方程时,为满足流量条件而求解压力梯度所带来的噪声和误差,并将不同坐标系内的雷诺方程式变换成为相同形式,以简化数值计算;对加权余量法和变分求极值法这2种将微分方程离散化的方法进行了分析;探讨了小气膜时出现发散的原因并提出了应对措施。     

Computation of Vortex Shedding and Radiated Sound for a Circular Cylinder: Subcritical to Transcritical Reynolds Numbers

The Lighthill acoustic analogy combined with Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes flow computations are used to investigate the ability of existing technology to predict the tonal noise generated by vortex shedding from a circular cylinder for a range of Reynolds numbers (100 < Re < 5 million). Computed mean drag, mean coefficient of pressure, Strouhal number, and fluctuating lift are compared with experiment. Two-dimensional calculations produce a Reynolds number trend similar to experiment but incorrectly predict many of the flow quantities. Different turbulence models give inconsistent results in the critical Reynolds number range (Re≈ 100000). The computed flow field is used as input for noise prediction. Two-dimensional inputs overpredict both noise amplitude and frequency; however, if an appropriate correlation length is used, predicted noise amplitudes agree with experiment. Noise levels and frequency content agree much better with experiment when three-dimensional flow computations are used as input data. Received 5 May 1998 and accepted 28 September 1998     

铝-碳纤维复合材料复合防护屏设计与实验研究

针对空间碎片防护性能要求,本文设计了一种新型的多层铝-碳纤维复合材料防护屏,本文应用二级轻气炮对铝防护屏、碳纤维环氧复合材料防护屏及铝-碳纤维环氧复合材料防护屏进行了高速撞击实验,对比了三种防护屏的防护性能,研究了厚度和面密度相同时防护屏的防护性能差异。研究结果表明铝-碳环氧复合材料复合防护屏具有更加优异的防护性能。     

On Spatial and Material Settings of Thermo-Hyperelastodynamics

The relevant relations pertaining to thermo-hyperelastodynamics are developed in spatial and material setting. These are besides the kinematics essentially the appropriate formulations of the balance of momentum and the resulting balance of kinetic energy for the mechanical part and the balances of energy and entropy for the thermodynamical part. The attempt is here to mirror the thermodynamics underlying the spatial setting by the corresponding thermodynamics of the material setting. Thus a number of interesting and new relations between the two settings or rather motion problems, that would have been overlooked otherwise, are discovered. Summarizing, the main aim of this work is twofold: on the one hand to highlight the intriguing duality of the spatial and the material setting of thermo-hyperelastodynamics and on the other hand to provide the necessary tools for an elegant transition between these two settings. Thereby, the underlying strong interest of the material setting rests in particular in the interpretation of the corresponding material forces as the thermodynamical driving quantities for the motion of general defects relative to the ambient material.     

On Extension and Torsion of Strain-Stiffening Rubber-Like Elastic Circular Cylinders

This paper is concerned with investigation of the effects of strain-stiffening on the response of solid circular cylinders in the combined deformation of torsion superimposed on axial extension. The cylinders are composed of incompressible isotropic nonlinearly elastic materials. Our primary focus is on materials that undergo severe strain-stiffening in the stress-stretch response. In particular, we consider two particular phenomenological constitutive models for such materials that reflect limiting chain extensibility at the molecular level. The axial stretch γ and twist that can be sustained in cylinders composed of such materials are shown to be constrained in a coupled fashion. It is shown that, in the absence of an additional axial force, a transition value γ=γ _t of the axial stretch exists such that for γ<γ _t , the stretched cylinder tends to elongate on twisting whereas for γ>γ _t , the stretched cylinder tends to shorten on twisting. These results are in sharp contrast with those for classical models such as the Mooney-Rivlin (and neo-Hookean) models that predict that the stretched circular cylinder always tends to further elongate on twisting. We also obtain results for materials modeled by the well-known exponential strain-energy widely used in biomechanics applications. This model reflects a strain-stiffening that is less abrupt than that for the limiting chain extensibility models. Surprisingly, it turns out that the results in this case are somewhat more complicated. For a fixed stiffening parameter, provided that the stretch is sufficiently small, the stretched bar always tends to elongate on twisting in the absence of an additional axial force. However, for sufficiently large stretch, the cylinder tends to shorten on undergoing sufficiently small twist but then tends to elongate on further twisting. These results are of interest in view of the widespread use of exponential models in the context of the mechanics of soft biological tissues. The special case of pure torsion is also briefly considered. In this case, the resultant axial force required to maintain pure torsion is compressive for all the models discussed here. In the absence of such a force, the bar would elongate on twisting reflecting the celebrated Poynting effect.      

Study of the Resonant Vibrations and Dissipative Heating of Thin-Walled Elements Made of a Physically Nonlinear Material

An approximate formulation is given to a dynamic coupled thermomechanical problem for physically nonlinear inelastic thin-walled structural elements within the framework of a geometrically linear theory and the Kirchhoff–Love hypotheses. A simplified model is used to describe the vibrations and dissipative heating of inhomogeneous physically nonlinear bodies under harmonic loading. Nonstationary vibroheating problem is solved. The dissipative function obtained from the solution for steady-state vibrations is used to simulate internal heat sources. For the partial case of forced vibrations of a beam, the amplitude–frequency characteristics of the field quantities are studied within a wide frequency range. The temperature characteristics for the first and second resonance modes are compared.     

考虑剪切变形的各向同性,正交各向异性矩形板的屈曲和后屈曲

本文讨论考虑横向剪切变形的各向同性、正交各向异性矩形板的屈曲和后屈曲性态。应用Reissner理论,采用文[1]提供的摄动方法,给出了完善和非完善各向同性、正交各向异性矩形板的后屈曲平衡路径,并与薄板理论结果作了比较。     

Influence of the Physical Properties of the Material on the Thermomagnetoelastic Behavior of a Flexible Conical Shell with Orthotropic Conductivity and Joule Heat

International Applied Mechanics - Differential equations of thermomagnetoelasticity for flexible axisymmetric conical shells made of isotropic and orthotropic materials taking into account Joule...     

热载荷作用下梯度多孔材料梁弯曲及过屈曲力学行为的研究

基于Bernoulli-Euler梁理论,引入物理中面解耦了复合材料结构的面内变形与横向弯曲特性,研究了梯度多孔材料矩形截面梁在热载荷作用下的弯曲及过屈曲力学行为．假设沿梁厚度方向材料的性质是连续变化的,利用能量法推导了矩形截面梁的控制微分方程和边界条件,并用打靶法对无量纲化的控制方程进行数值求解．利用计算得到的结果分析了材料的性质、热载荷、边界条件对矩形截面梁非线性力学行为的影响．结果表明,对称材料模型下,固支梁与简支梁均显示出了典型的分支屈曲行为特征,而其临界屈曲热载荷值均会随着孔隙率系数的增加而单调增加．非对称材料模型下,固支梁仍显示出分支屈曲行为特征,但其临界屈曲热载荷不再随着孔隙率系数的变化而单调变化;而对于两端简支梁,发生了弯曲变形,弯曲挠度随载荷的增大而增大．     

On Cavitation, Configurational Forces and Implications for Fracture in a Nonlinearly Elastic Material

Experiments on polymers indicate that large tensile stress can induce cavitation, that is, the appearance of voids that were not previously evident in the material. This phenomenon can be viewed as either the growth of pre-existing infinitesimal holes in the material or, alternatively, as the spontaneous creation of new holes in an initially perfect body. In this paper our approach is to adopt both views concurrently within the framework of the variational theory of nonlinear elasticity. We model an elastomer on a macroscale as a void-free material and, on a microscale, as a material containing certain defects that are the only points at which hole formation can occur. Mathematically, this is accomplished by the use of deformations whose point singularities are constrained. One consequence of this viewpoint is that cavitation may then take place at a point that is not energetically optimal. We show that this disparity will generate configurational forces, a type of force identified previously in dislocations in crystals, in phase transitions in solids, in solidification, and in fracture mechanics. As an application of this approach we study the energetically optimal point for a solitary hole to form in a homogeneous and isotropic elastic ball subject to radial boundary displacements. We show, in particular, that the center of the ball is the unique optimal point. Finally, we speculate that the configurational force generated by cavitation at a non-optimal material point may be sufficient to result in the onset of fracture. The analysis utilizes the energy-momentum tensor, the asymptotics of an equilibrium solution with an isolated singularity, and the linear theory of elasticity at the stressed configuration that the body occupies immediately prior to cavitation. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.